Problems    59

Q2.19 From the top of a tall building, you throw one ball straight up 2.9 •• A ball moves in a straight Figure E2.9
with speed v0 and one ball straight down with speed v0. (a) Which ball line (the x-axis). The graph in
vx (m/s)
has the greater speed when it reaches the ground? (b) Which ball gets Fig. E2.9 shows this ball’s velocity
to the ground first? (c) Which ball has a greater displacement when it as a function of time. (a) What are 3.0
reaches the ground? (d) Which ball has traveled the greater distance the ball’s average speed and aver-
when it hits the ground? age velocity during the first 3.0 s? 2.0
Q2.20 You run due east at a constant speed of 3.00 m>s for a distance of (b) Suppose that the ball moved in 1.0
120.0 m and then continue running east at a constant speed of 5.00 m>s such a way that the graph segment
for another 120.0 m. For the total 240.0 m run, is your average velocity after 2.0 s was -3.0 m>s instead of t (s)
O 1.0 2.0 3.0
4.00 m>s, greater than 4.00 m>s, or less than 4.00 m>s? Explain. + 3.0 m>s. Find the ball’s average
Q2.21 An object is thrown straight up into the air and feels no air re- speed and average velocity in this
sistance. How can the object have an acceleration when it has stopped case.
moving at its highest point? 2.10 •• A physics professor leaves her house and walks along the
Q2.22 When you drop an object from a certain height, it takes time T to sidewalk toward campus. After 5 min it starts to rain, and she ­returns
reach the ground with no air resistance. If you dropped it from three times home. Her distance from her house as a function of time is shown
that height, how long (in terms of T) would it take to reach the ground? in Fig. E2.10. At which of the labeled points is her velocity (a) zero?
(b) constant and positive? (c) constant and negative? (d) increasing in
EXERCISES magnitude? (e) decreasing in magnitude?

Section 2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity

Figure E2.10 x (m)
2.1 • A car travels in the + x-direction on a straight and level road.
IV
For the first 4.00 s of its motion, the average velocity of the car is
400 III
vav@x = 6.25 m>s. How far does the car travel in 4.00 s?
2.2 •• In an experiment, a shearwater (a seabird) was taken from its 300
nest, flown 5150 km away, and released. The bird found its way back
200 V
to its nest 13.5 days after release. If we place the origin at the nest and
extend the + x@axis to the release point, what was the bird’s average ve- II
100 I
locity in m>s (a) for the return flight and (b) for the whole episode, from
leaving the nest to returning? t (min)
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.3 •• Trip Home. You normally drive on the freeway between San
Diego and Los Angeles at an average speed of 105 km>h 165 mi>h2, and
the trip takes 1 h and 50 min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy 2.11 •• A test car travels in a Figure E2.11
traffic slows you down and you drive the same distance at an average straight line along the x-axis. The x ( m)
speed of only 70 km>h 143 mi>h2. How much longer does the trip take? graph in Fig. E2.11 shows the car’s C
40 B
2.4 •• From Pillar to Post. Starting from a pillar, you run 200 m east position x as a function of time. D
30 A
(the +x@direction) at an average speed of 5.0 m>s and then run 280 m Find its instantaneous velocity at 20
west at an average speed of 4.0 m>s to a post. Calculate (a) your aver- points A through G. 10 E
age speed from pillar to post and (b) your average velocity from pillar
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
to post. F G t ( s)
2.5 • Starting from the front door of a ranch house, you walk 60.0 m
due east to a windmill, turn around, and then slowly walk 40.0 m west
to a bench, where you sit and watch the sunrise. It takes you 28.0 s Section 2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
to walk from the house to the windmill and then 36.0 s to walk from 2.12 • Figure E2.12 shows the velocity of a solar-powered car as a
the windmill to the bench. For the entire trip from the front door to the function of time. The driver accelerates from a stop sign, cruises for
bench, what are your (a) average velocity and (b) average speed? 20 s at a constant speed of 60 km > h, and then brakes to come to a stop
2.6 •• A Honda Civic travels in a straight line along a road. The car’s 40 s after leaving the stop sign. (a) Compute the average accelera-
distance x from a stop sign is given as a function of time t by the equa- tion during these time intervals: (i) t = 0 to t = 10 s; (ii) t = 30 s to
tion x1t2 = at 2 - bt 3, where a = 1.50 m>s2 and b = 0.0500 m>s3. t = 40 s; (iii) t = 10 s to t = 30 s; (iv) t = 0 to t = 40 s. (b) What is
Calculate the average velocity of the car for each time interval: (a) t = 0 the instantaneous acceleration at t = 20 s and at t = 35 s ?
to t = 2.00 s; (b) t = 0 to t = 4.00 s; (c) t = 2.00 s to t = 4.00 s.
Figure E2.12 vx (km>h)
Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
60
2.7 • CALC A car is stopped at a traffic light. It then travels
along a straight road such that its distance from the light is given 50
by x1t2 = bt 2 - ct 3, where b = 2.40 m>s2 and c = 0.120 m>s3.
40
(a) Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval t = 0
to t = 10.0 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at 30
t = 0, t = 5.0 s, and t = 10.0 s. (c) How long after starting from rest
20
is the car again at rest?
2.8 • CALC A bird is flying due east. Its distance from a tall building 10
is given by x1t2 = 28.0 m + 112.4 m>s2t - 10.0450 m>s32t 3. What is t (s)
the instantaneous velocity of the bird when t = 8.00 s? O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
60     CHAPTER 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

2.13 • CALC A turtle crawls along a straight line, which we’ll (b) how much longer would it take you to stop, and (c) what total dis-
call the x-axis with the positive direction to the right. The equation tance would you travel from when you first apply the brakes until the
for the turtle’s position as a function of time is x 1t2 = 50.0 cm + car stops?
12.00 cm>s2t - 10.0625 cm>s22t 2. (a) Find the turtle’s initial velocity, 2.23 •• BIO Automobile Airbags. The human body can survive an
initial position, and initial acceleration. (b) At what time t is the velocity acceleration trauma incident (sudden stop) if the magnitude of the ac-
of the turtle zero? (c) How long after starting does it take the turtle to celeration is less than 250 m>s2. If you are in an automobile accident
return to its starting point? (d) At what times t is the turtle a distance of with an initial speed of 105 km>h 165 mi>h2 and are stopped by an air-
10.0 cm from its starting point? What is the velocity (magnitude and di- bag that inflates from the dashboard, over what minimum distance must
rection) of the turtle at each of those times? (e) Sketch graphs of x ver- the airbag stop you for you to survive the crash?
sus t, vx versus t, and ax versus t, for the time interval t = 0 to t = 40 s. 2.24 • Entering the Freeway. A car sits on an entrance ramp to a
2.14 •• CALC A race car starts from rest and travels east along a freeway, waiting for a break in the traffic. Then the driver accelerates
straight and level track. For the first 5.0 s of the car’s motion, the east- with constant acceleration along the ramp and onto the freeway. The
ward component of the car’s velocity is given by vx1t2 = 10.860 m>s32t 2. car starts from rest, moves in a straight line, and has a speed of 20 m>s
What is the acceleration of the car when vx = 12.0 m>s? 145 mi>h2 when it reaches the end of the 120-m-long ramp. (a) What is
2.15 • CALC A car’s velocity as a function of time is given by the acceleration of the car? (b) How much time does it take the car to
vx1t2 = a + bt 2, where a = 3.00 m>s and b = 0.100 m>s3. travel the length of the ramp? (c) The traffic on the freeway is moving
(a) Calculate the average acceleration for the time interval t = 0 to at a constant speed of 20 m>[Link] distance does the traffic travel while
t = 5.00 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration for t = 0 and the car is moving the length of the ramp?
t = 5.00 s. (c) Draw vx@t and ax@t graphs for the car’s motion between 2.25 • BIO Airbag Injuries. During an auto accident, the vehicle’s
t = 0 and t = 5.00 s. airbags deploy and slow down the passengers more gently than if they
2.16 • An astronaut has left the International Space Station to test a new had hit the windshield or steering wheel. According to safety standards,
space scooter. Her partner measures the following velocity changes, each airbags produce a maximum acceleration of 60g that lasts for only
taking place in a 10 s interval. What are the magnitude, the algebraic sign, 36 ms (or less). How far (in meters) does a person travel in coming to a
and the direction of the average acceleration in each interval? Assume complete stop in 36 ms at a constant acceleration of 60g?
that the positive direction is to the right. (a) At the beginning of the inter- 2.26 •• A cat walks in a straight line, which we shall call the x-axis,
val, the astronaut is moving toward the right along the x-axis at 15.0 m>s, with the positive direction to the right. As an observant physicist, you
and at the end of the interval she is moving toward the right at 5.0 m>s. make measurements of this cat’s motion and construct a graph of the
(b) At the beginning she is moving toward the left at 5.0 m>s, and at the feline’s velocity as a function of time (Fig. E2.26). (a) Find the cat’s
end she is moving toward the left at 15.0 m>s. (c) At the beginning she is velocity at t = 4.0 s and at t = 7.0 s. (b) What is the cat’s acceleration
moving toward the right at 15.0 m>s, and at the end she is moving toward at t = 3.0 s? At t = 6.0 s ? At t = 7.0 s ? (c) What distance does the cat
the left at 15.0 m>s. move during the first 4.5 s? From t = 0 to t = 7.0 s ? (d) Assuming that
2.17 •• CALC The position of the front bumper of a test car under the cat started at the origin, sketch clear graphs of the cat’s acceleration
microprocessor control is given by x 1t2 = 2.17 m + 14.80 m>s22t 2 - and position as functions of time.
10.100 m>s62t 6. (a) Find its position and acceleration at the instants
when the car has zero velocity. (b) Draw x-t, vx@t, and ax@t graphs for the Figure E2.26
motion of the bumper between t = 0 and t = 2.00 s. vx (cm>s)

Section 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 8

2.18 • Estimate the distance in feet that your car travels on the en- 6
trance ramp to a freeway as it accelerates from 30 mph to the freeway
4
speed of 70 mph. During this motion what is the average acceleration
of the car? 2
2.19 •• An antelope moving with constant acceleration covers the dis- t (s)
tance between two points 70.0 m apart in 6.00 s. Its speed as it passes O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the second point is 15.0 m>s. What are (a) its speed at the first point and
(b) its acceleration? 2.27 • BIO Are We Martians? It has been suggested, and not face-
2.20 •• A Tennis Serve. In the fastest measured tennis serve, the ball tiously, that life might have originated on Mars and been carried to the
left the racquet at 73.14 m>s. A served tennis ball is typically in con- earth when a meteor hit Mars and blasted pieces of rock (perhaps con-
tact with the racquet for 30.0 ms and starts from rest. Assume constant taining primitive life) free of the Martian surface. Astronomers know
acceleration. (a) What was the ball’s acceleration during this serve? that many Martian rocks have come to the earth this way. (For instance,
(b) How far did the ball travel during the serve? search the Internet for “ALH 84001.”) One objection to this idea is that
2.21 • A Fast Pitch. The fastest measured pitched baseball left the microbes would have had to undergo an enormous lethal ­acceleration
pitcher’s hand at a speed of 45.0 m>s. If the pitcher was in contact with during the impact. Let us investigate how large such an acceleration
the ball over a distance of 1.50 m and produced constant acceleration, might be. To escape Mars, rock fragments would have to reach its es-
(a) what acceleration did he give the ball, and (b) how much time did it cape velocity of 5.0 km>s, and that would most likely happen over a
take him to pitch it? distance of about 4.0 m during the meteor impact. (a) What would be
2.22 • You are traveling on an interstate highway at the posted speed the acceleration (in m>s2 and g’s) of such a rock fragment, if the ac-
limit of 70 mph when you see that the traffic in front of you has stopped celeration is constant? (b) How long would this acceleration last? (c) In
due to an accident up ahead. You step on your brakes to slow down as tests, scientists have found that over 40% of Bacillus subtilis bacteria
quickly as possible. (a) Estimate how many seconds it takes you to slow survived after an acceleration of 450,000g. In light of your answer to
down to 30 mph. What is the magnitude of the average acceleration of part (a), can we rule out the hypothesis that life might have been blasted
the car while it is slowing down? With this same average acceleration, from Mars to the earth?
 Problems    61

2.28 • Two cars, A and B, move Figure E2.28 the average acceleration in m>s2 that the ball has while it is being thrown,
along the x-axis. Figure E2.28 is a x (m)
as it moves from rest to the point where it leaves your hand.
graph of the positions of A and B ver- 25 2.37 •• A rock is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 24.0 m>s.
sus time. (a) In motion diagrams (like A Neglect air resistance. (a) At t = 1.0 s, what are the directions of the
20
Figs. 2.13b and 2.14b), show the posi- velocity and acceleration of the rock? Is the speed of the rock increasing
tion, velocity, and acceleration of each 15 B or decreasing? (b) At t = 3.0 s, what are the directions of the veloc-
of the two cars at t = 0, t = 1 s, and 10 ity and acceleration of the rock? Is the speed of the rock increasing or
t = 3 s. (b) At what time(s), if any, 5 decreasing?
do A and B have the same position? t (s) 2.38 •• A brick is dropped (zero initial speed) from the roof of a
(c) Graph velocity versus time for O 1 2 3 4 building. The brick strikes the ground in 1.90 s. You may ignore air
both A and B. (d) At what time(s), if resistance, so the brick is in free fall. (a) How tall, in meters, is the
any, do A and B have the same velocity? building? (b) What is the magnitude of the brick’s velocity just before it
(e) At what time(s), if any, does car A Figure E2.29 reaches the ground? (c) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs for the motion
pass car B? (f) At what time(s), if any, of the brick.
vx (m>s)
does car B pass car A? 2.39 •• A Simple Reaction-Time Test. A meter stick is held verti-
50
2.29 •• The graph in Fig. E2.29 cally above your hand, with the lower end between your thumb and first
45
shows the velocity of a motorcycle finger. When you see the meter stick released, you grab it with those
40
police officer plotted as a function two fingers. You can calculate your reaction time from the distance
35
of time. (a) Find the instantaneous the meter stick falls, read directly from the point where your fingers
30
acceleration at t = 3 s, t = 7 s, and grabbed it. (a) Derive a relationship for your reaction time in terms of
25
t = 11 s. (b) How far does the offi- this measured distance, d. (b) If the measured distance is 17.6 cm, what
20
cer go in the first 5 s? The first 9 s? is your reaction time?
15
The first 13 s? 2.40 •• Touchdown on the Moon. Figure E2.40
10
2.30 •• A small block has con- A lunar lander is making its descent to
5
stant acceleration as it slides down Moon Base I (Fig. E2.40). The lander
t (s)
a frictionless incline. The block is O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 descends slowly under the retro-thrust
released from rest at the top of the of its descent engine. The engine is cut
incline, and its speed after it has off when the lander is 5.0 m above the
traveled 6.80 m to the bottom of the incline is 3.80 m>s. What is the surface and has a downward speed of
speed of the block when it is 3.40 m from the top of the incline? 0.8 m>[Link] the engine off, the lander
2.31 •• (a) If a flea can jump straight up to a height of 0.440 m, is in free fall. What is the speed of the
what is its initial speed as it leaves the ground? (b) How long is it in lander just before it touches the sur- 5.0 m
the air? face? The acceleration due to gravity
2.32 •• A small rock is thrown vertically upward with a speed of on the moon is 1.6 m>s . 2

22.0 m>s from the edge of the roof of a 30.0-m-tall building. The rock 2.41 •• Launch Failure. A 7500 kg
doesn’t hit the building on its way back down and lands on the street rocket blasts off vertically from
below. Ignore air resistance. (a) What is the speed of the rock just before the launch pad with a constant upward acceleration of 2.25 m>s2
it hits the street? (b) How much time elapses from when the rock is and feels no appreciable air resistance. When it has reached a
thrown until it hits the street? height of 525 m, its engines suddenly fail; the only force act-
ing on it is now gravity. (a) What is the maximum height this
Section 2.5 Freely Falling Objects rocket will reach above the launch pad? (b) How much time will
2.33 • A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up with an initial speed elapse after engine failure before the rocket comes crashing down
of 8.20 m>s. How much time elapses until the bowling pin returns to the to the launch pad, and how fast will it be moving just b­efore
juggler’s hand? it crashes? (c) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs of the rocket’s­
2.34 •• You throw a glob of putty straight up toward the ceiling, motion from the instant of blast-off
which is 3.60 m above the point where the putty leaves your hand. to the instant just before it strikes the
The initial speed of the putty as it leaves your hand is 9.50 m>s. launch pad. Figure E2.42
(a) What is the speed of the putty just before it strikes the ceiling? 2.42 •• A hot-air balloonist, rising v = 5.00 m>s
(b) How much time from when it leaves your hand does it take the vertically with a constant velocity of
putty to reach the ceiling? magnitude 5.00 m>s, releases a sandbag
2.35 •• A tennis ball on Mars, where the acceleration due to grav- at an instant when the balloon is 40.0
ity is 0.379g and air resistance is negligible, is hit directly upward m above the ground (Fig. E2.42). After
and returns to the same level 8.5 s later. (a) How high above its origi- the sandbag is released, it is in free fall.
nal point did the ball go? (b) How fast was it moving just after it (a) Compute the position and velocity of
was hit? (c) Sketch graphs of the ball’s vertical position, vertical the sandbag at 0.250 s and 1.00 s after its
velocity, and vertical acceleration as functions of time while it’s in release. (b) How many seconds after its
the Martian air. release does the bag strike the ground?
2.36 •• Estimate the maximum height in feet that you can throw a base- (c) With what magnitude of velocity
ball straight up. (a) For this height, how long after the ball leaves your does it strike the ground? (d) What is the
hand does it return to your hand? (b) Estimate the distance in feet that the greatest height above the ground that the
ball moves while you are throwing it—that is, the distance from where sandbag reaches? (e) Sketch ay@t, vy@t,
the ball is when you start your throw until it leaves your hand. Calculate and y-t graphs for the motion. 40.0 m to ground
62     CHAPTER 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

2.43 • You throw a rock straight up and find that it returns to your 2.0 s of the race, that he starts from rest, and that he runs in a straight
hand 3.60 s after it left your hand. Neglect air resistance. What was the line. (a) How far has the sprinter run when he reaches his maximum
maximum height above your hand that the rock reached? speed? (b) What is the magnitude of his average velocity for a race of
2.44 • An egg is thrown nearly vertically upward from a point near these lengths: (i) 50.0 m; (ii) 100.0 m; (iii) 200.0 m?
the cornice of a tall building. The egg just misses the cornice on the way 2.54 • CALC A lunar lander is descending toward the moon’s surface.
down and passes a point 30.0 m below its starting point 5.00 s after it Until the lander reaches the surface, its height above the surface of the
leaves the thrower’s hand. Ignore air resistance. (a) What is the initial moon is given by y1t2 = b - ct + dt 2, where b = 800 m is the initial
speed of the egg? (b) How high does it rise above its starting point? height of the lander above the surface, c = 60.0 m>s, and d = 1.05 m>s2.
(c) What is the magnitude of its velocity at the highest point? (d) What (a) What is the initial velocity of the lander, at t = 0? (b) What is the
are the magnitude and direction of its acceleration at the highest point? velocity of the lander just before it reaches the lunar surface?
(e) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs for the motion of the egg. 2.55 ••• Earthquake Analysis. Earthquakes produce several types
2.45 •• A 15 kg rock is dropped from rest on the earth and reaches the of shock waves. The most well known are the P-waves (P for primary or
ground in 1.75 s. When it is dropped from the same height on Saturn’s pressure) and the S-waves (S for secondary or shear). In the earth’s crust,
satellite Enceladus, the rock reaches the ground in 18.6 s. What is the P-waves travel at about 6.5 km>s and S-waves move at about 3.5 km>s.
acceleration due to gravity on Enceladus? The time delay between the arrival of these two waves at a seismic record-
2.46 • A large boulder is ejected vertically upward from a volcano with ing station tells geologists how far away an earthquake occurred. If the time
an initial speed of 40.0 m>s. Ignore air resistance. (a) At what time after delay is 33 s, how far from the seismic station did the earthquake occur?
being ejected is the boulder moving at 20.0 m>s upward? (b) At what time 2.56 •• You throw a small rock straight up with initial speed V0 from
is it moving at 20.0 m>s downward? (c) When is the displacement of the the edge of the roof of a building that is a distance H above the ground.
boulder from its initial position zero? (d) When is the velocity of the boul- The rock travels upward to a maximum height in time Tmax, misses the
der zero? (e) What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration edge of the roof on its way down, and reaches the ground in time Ttotal
while the boulder is (i) moving upward? (ii) Moving downward? (iii) At after it was thrown. Neglect air resistance. If the total time the rock is in
the highest point? (f) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs for the motion. the air is three times the time it takes it to reach its maximum height, so
2.47 •• You throw a small rock straight up from the edge of a highway Ttotal = 3Tmax, then in terms of H what must be the value of V0?
bridge that crosses a river. The rock passes you on its way down, 6.00 s after 2.57 ••• A rocket carrying a satellite is accelerating straight up from the
it was thrown. What is the speed of the rock just before it reaches the water earth’s surface. At 1.15 s after liftoff, the rocket clears the top of its launch
28.0 m below the point where the rock left your hand? Ignore air resistance. platform, 63 m above the ground. After an additional 4.75 s, it is 1.00 km
above the ground. Calculate the magnitude of the average velocity of the
Section 2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration
rocket for (a) the 4.75 s part of its flight and (b) the first 5.90 s of its flight.
2.58 •• A block moving on a horizontal surface is at x = 0 when
2.48 •• Consider the motion described by the vx-t graph of Fig. E2.26.
(a) Calculate the area under the graph between t = 0 and t = 6.0 s. t = 0 and is sliding east with a speed of 12.0 m>s. Because of a net force
(b) For the time interval t = 0 to t = 6.0 s, what is the magnitude of the acting on the block, it has a constant acceleration with direction west
average velocity of the cat? (c) Use constant-acceleration equations to and magnitude 2.00 m>s2. The block travels east, slows down, reverses
calculate the distance the cat travels in this time interval. How does your ­direction, and then travels west with increasing speed. (a) At what value
result compare to the area you calculated in part (a)? of t is the block again at x = 0? (b) What is the maximum distance
2.49 • CALC A rocket starts from rest and moves upward from the
east of x = 0 that the rock reaches, and how long does it take the
surface of the earth. For the first 10.0 s of its motion, the vertical ac- rock to reach this point?
2.59 •• A block is sliding with constant acceleration down an incline.
celeration of the rocket is given by ay = 12.80 m>s32t, where the
+ y-direction is upward. (a) What is the height of the rocket above the The block starts from rest at t = 0 and has speed 3.00 m>s after it has
surface of the earth at t = 10.0 s? (b) What is the speed of the rocket traveled a distance 8.00 m from its starting point. (a) What is the speed of
when it is 325 m above the surface of the earth? the block when it is a distance of 16.0 m from its t = 0 starting point? (b)
2.50 •• CALC A small object moves along the x-axis with accelera-
How long does it take the block to slide 16.0 m from its starting point?
2.60 ••• A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates
tion ax1t2 = - 10.0320 m>s32115.0 s - t2. At t = 0 the object is at
x = - 14.0 m and has velocity v0x = 8.00 m>s. What is the x-­coordinate at a rate of 1.60 m>s2 for 14.0 s. It runs at constant speed for 70.0 s and
of the object when t = 10.0 s? slows down at a rate of 3.50 m>s2 until it stops at the next station. Find
2.51 •• CALC The acceleration of a motorcycle is given by
the total distance covered.
2.61 • A gazelle is running in a straight line (the x-axis). The graph in
ax1t2 = At - Bt 2, where A = 1.50 m>s3 and B = 0.120 m>s4. The
motor­cycle is at rest at the origin at time t = 0. (a) Find its position and ve- Fig. P2.61 shows this animal’s velocity as a function of time. During
locity as functions of time. (b) Calculate the maximum velocity it attains. the first 12.0 s, find (a) the total distance moved and (b) the displace-
2.52 •• CALC The acceleration of a bus is given by ax1t2 = at, where
ment of the gazelle. (c) Sketch an ax@t graph showing this gazelle’s
a = 1.2 m>s3. (a) If the bus’s velocity at time t = 1.0 s is 5.0 m>s, ­acceleration as a function of time for the first 12.0 s.
what is its velocity at time t = 2.0 s ? (b) If the bus’s position at time Figure P2.61 vx (m>s)
t = 1.0 s is 6.0 m, what is its position at time t = 2.0 s ? (c) Sketch ay@t, 12.0
vy@t, and x-t graphs for the motion.
8.00
PROBLEMS
2.53 • BIO A typical male sprinter can maintain his maximum accel- 4.00
eration for 2.0 s, and his maximum speed is 10 m> s. After he reaches
this maximum speed, his acceleration becomes zero, and then he runs at t (s)
constant speed. Assume that his acceleration is constant during the first O 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0
 Problems    63

2.62 •• Collision. The engineer of a passenger train traveling at nonzero time t is the object again at x = 0? (b) At the time calculated in
25.0 m>s sights a freight train whose caboose is 200 m ahead on the part (a), what are the velocity and acceleration of the object (magnitude
same track (Fig. P2.62). The freight train is traveling at 15.0 m>s in the and direction)?
same direction as the passenger train. The engineer of the passenger 2.70 • Egg Drop. You are on the Figure P2.70
train immediately applies the brakes, causing a constant acceleration roof of the physics building, 46.0 m
of 0.100 m>s2 in a direction opposite to the train’s velocity, while the above the ground (Fig. P2.70). Your
freight train continues with constant speed. Take x = 0 at the location physics professor, who is 1.80 m tall,
of the front of the passenger train when the engineer applies the brakes. is walking alongside the building at
(a) Will the cows nearby witness a collision? (b) If so, where will it take a constant speed of 1.20 m>s. If you
place? (c) On a single graph, sketch the positions of the front of the pas- wish to drop an egg on your profes-
senger train and the back of the freight train. sor’s head, where should the profes- 46.0 m
sor be when you release the egg?
Figure P2.62 Assume that the egg is in free fall.
2.71 ••• CALC The acceleration v = 1.20 m>s
of a particle is given by ax1t2 =
- 2.00 m>s2 + 13.00 m>s32t. (a) 1.80 m
vPT = 25.0 m>s Find the initial velocity v0x such that
the particle will have the same x-
a = -0.100 m>s2 coordinate at t = 4.00 s as it had at
vFT = 15.0 m>s
t = 0. (b) What will be the velocity at t = 4.00 s ?
200 m
2.72 •• A small rock is thrown straight up with initial speed v0 from
the edge of the roof of a building with height H. The rock travels up-
ward and then downward to the ground at the base of the building. Let
+y be upward, and neglect air resistance. (a) For the rock’s motion from
the roof to the ground, what is the vertical component vav@y of its aver-
age velocity? Is this quantity positive or negative? Explain. (b) What
does your expression for vav@y give in the limit that H is zero? Explain.
2.63 ••• A ball starts from rest and rolls down a hill with uniform ac- (c) Show that your result in part (a) agrees with Eq. (2.10).
celeration, traveling 200 m during the second 5.0 s of its motion. How 2.73 •• A watermelon is dropped from the edge of the roof of a build-
far did it roll during the first 5.0 s of motion? ing and falls to the ground. You are standing on the sidewalk and see
2.64 •• A rock moving in the +x-direction with speed 16.0 m>s has a the watermelon falling when it is 30.0 m above the ground. Then 1.50 s
net force applied to it at time t = 0, and this produces a constant accel- after you first spot it, the watermelon lands at your feet. What is the
eration in the -x-direction that has magnitude 4.00 m>s2. For what three height of the building? Neglect air resistance.
times t after the force is applied is the rock a distance of 24.0 m from its 2.74 ••• A flowerpot falls off a windowsill and passes the window
­position at t = 0? For each of these three values of t, what is the velocity of the story below. Ignore air resistance. It takes the pot 0.380 s to pass
(magnitude and direction) of the rock? from the top to the bottom of this window, which is 1.90 m high. How
2.65 • A car and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the far is the top of the window below the windowsill from which the flow-
car initially at some distance behind the truck. The truck has a constant erpot fell?
acceleration of 2.10 m>s2, and the car has an acceleration of 3.40 m>s2. 2.75 ••• Look Out Below. Sam heaves a 16 lb shot straight up, giv-
The car overtakes the truck after the truck has moved 60.0 m. (a) How ing it a constant upward acceleration from rest of 35.0 m>s2 for 64.0 cm.
much time does it take the car to overtake the truck? (b) How far was He releases it 2.20 m above the ground. Ignore air resistance. (a) What
the car behind the truck initially? (c) What is the speed of each when is the speed of the shot when Sam releases it? (b) How high above the
they are abreast? (d) On a single graph, sketch the position of each vehi- ground does it go? (c) How much time does he have to get out of its way
cle as a function of time. Take x = 0 at the initial location of the truck. before it returns to the height of the top of his head, 1.83 m above the
2.66 •• You are standing at rest at a bus stop. A bus moving at a con- ground?
stant speed of 5.00 m>s passes you. When the rear of the bus is 12.0 m 2.76 ••• A Multistage Rocket. In the first stage of a two-stage
past you, you realize that it is your bus, so you start to run toward it with rocket, the rocket is fired from the launch pad starting from rest but
a constant acceleration of 0.960 m>s2. How far would you have to run with a constant acceleration of 3.50 m>s2 upward. At 25.0 s after launch,
before you catch up with the rear of the bus, and how fast must you be the second stage fires for 10.0 s, which boosts the rocket’s velocity to
running then? Would an average college student be physically able to 132.5 m>s upward at 35.0 s after launch. This firing uses up all of the
accomplish this? fuel, however, so after the second stage has finished firing, the only
2.67 •• A sprinter runs a 100 m dash in 12.0 s. She starts from rest force acting on the rocket is gravity. Ignore air resistance. (a) Find the
with a constant acceleration ax for 3.0 s and then runs with constant maximum height that the stage-two rocket reaches above the launch
speed for the remainder of the race. What is the value of ax? pad. (b) How much time after the end of the stage-two firing will it take
2.68 •• CALC An object’s velocity is measured to be vx1t2 = a - bt 2, for the rocket to fall back to the launch pad? (c) How fast will the stage-
where a = 4.00 m>s and b = 2.00 m>s3. At t = 0 the object is at x = 0. two rocket be moving just as it reaches the launch pad?
(a) Calculate the object’s position and acceleration as functions of time. 2.77 •• Two stones are thrown vertically upward from the ground, one
(b) What is the object’s maximum positive displacement from the origin? with three times the initial speed of the other. (a) If the faster stone takes
2.69 •• CALC An object is moving along the x-axis. At t = 0 it is at 10 s to return to the ground, how long will it take the slower stone to re-
x = 0. Its x-component of velocity vx as a function of time is given by turn? (b) If the slower stone reaches a maximum height of H, how high
vx(t) = at - bt 3, where a = 8.0 m>s2 and b = 4.0 m>s4. (a) At what (in terms of H) will the faster stone go? Assume free fall.
64     CHAPTER 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

2.78 ••• During your summer internship for an aerospace company, you Figure P2.84
are asked to design a small research rocket. The rocket is to be launched t (s)
from rest from the earth’s surface and is to reach a maximum height of 0.9
960 m above the earth’s surface. The rocket’s engines give the rocket an 0.8
upward acceleration of 16.0 m>s2 during the time T that they fire. After the
0.7
engines shut off, the rocket is in free fall. Ignore air resistance. What must
0.6
be the value of T in order for the rocket to reach the required altitude?
2.79 ••• A helicopter carrying Dr. Evil takes off with a constant up- 0.5
ward acceleration of 5.0 m>s2. Secret agent Austin Powers jumps on 0.4
just as the helicopter lifts off the ground. After the two men struggle 0.3
for 10.0 s, Powers shuts off the engine and steps out of the helicop- 0.2
ter. Assume that the helicopter is in free fall after its engine is shut off, 0.1
and ignore the effects of air resistance. (a) What is the maximum height x (m)
above ground reached by the helicopter? (b) Powers deploys a jet pack 0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
strapped on his back 7.0 s after leaving the helicopter, and then he has
a constant downward acceleration with magnitude 2.0 m>s2. How far is 2.85 •• DATA In a physics lab experiment, you release a small steel
Powers above the ground when the helicopter crashes into the ground? ball at various heights above the ground and measure the ball’s speed
2.80 •• Cliff Height. You are climbing in the High Sierra when you just before it strikes the ground. You plot your data on a graph that has
suddenly find yourself at the edge of a fog-shrouded cliff. To find the the release height (in meters) on the vertical axis and the square of the
height of this cliff, you drop a rock from the top; 8.00 s later you hear final speed (in m2>s2) on the horizontal axis. In this graph your data
the sound of the rock hitting the ground at the foot of the cliff. (a) If points lie close to a straight line. (a) Using g = 9.80 m>s2 and ignoring
you ignore air resistance, how high is the cliff if the speed of sound the effect of air resistance, what is the numerical value of the slope of
is 330 m>s ? (b) Suppose you had ignored the time it takes the sound this straight line? (Include the correct units.) The presence of air resis-
to reach you. In that case, would you have overestimated or underesti- tance reduces the magnitude of the downward acceleration, and the ef-
mated the height of the cliff? Explain. fect of air resistance increases as the speed of the object increases. You
2.81 •• CALC An object is moving along the x-axis. At t = 0 it has repeat the experiment, but this time with a tennis ball as the object being
velocity v0x = 20.0 m>s. Starting at time t = 0 it has acceleration dropped. Air resistance now has a noticeable effect on the data. (b) Is
ax = - Ct, where C has units of m>s3. (a) What is the value of C if the the final speed for a given release height higher than, lower than, or the
object stops in 8.00 s after t = 0? (b) For the value of C calculated in same as when you ignored air resistance? (c) Is the graph of the release
part (a), how far does the object travel during the 8.00 s? height versus the square of the final speed still a straight line? Sketch
2.82 •• A ball is thrown straight up from the ground with speed v0. the qualitative shape of the graph when air resistance is present.
At the same instant, a second ball is dropped from rest from a height H, 2.86 ••• DATA A model car starts from rest and travels in a straight
directly above the point where the first ball was thrown upward. There line. A smartphone mounted on the car has an app that transmits the
is no air resistance. (a) Find the time at which the two balls collide. magnitude of the car’s acceleration (measured by an accelerometer)
(b) Find the value of H in terms of v0 and g such that at the instant when every second. The results are given in the table:
the balls collide, the first ball is at the highest point of its motion.
2.83 • CALC Cars A and B travel in a straight line. The dis-
Time 1s 2 Acceleration 1m , s2 2
tance of A from the starting point is given as a function of time by
xA1t2 = at + bt 2, with a = 2.60 m>s and b = 1.20 m>s2. The distance 0 5.95
of B from the starting point is xB1t2 = gt 2 - dt 3, with g = 2.80 m>s2 1.00 5.52
and d = 0.20 m>s3. (a) Which car is ahead just after the two cars leave 2.00 5.08
the starting point? (b) At what time(s) are the cars at the same point? 3.00 4.55
(c) At what time(s) is the distance from A to B neither increasing nor
4.00 3.96
decreasing? (d) At what time(s) do A and B have the same acceleration?
2.84 •• DATA In your physics lab you release a small glider from 5.00 3.40
rest at various points on a long, frictionless air track that is inclined
at an angle u above the horizontal. With an electronic photocell, you Each measured value has some experimental error. (a) Plot acceleration
measure the time t it takes the glider to slide a distance x from the re- versus time and find the equation for the straight line that gives the best
lease point to the bottom of the track. Your measurements are given in fit to the data. (b) Use the equation for a1t2 that you found in part (a)
Fig. P2.84, which shows a second-order polynomial (quadratic) fit to to calculate v1t2, the speed of the car as a function of time. Sketch the
the plotted data. You are asked to find the glider’s acceleration, which graph of v versus t. Is this graph a straight line? (c) Use your result from
is assumed to be constant. There is some error in each measurement, part (b) to calculate the speed of the car at t = 5.00 s. (d) Calculate the
so instead of using a single set of x and t values, you can be more ac- distance the car travels between t = 0 and t = 5.00 s.
curate if you use graphical methods and obtain your measured value of
the acceleration from the graph. (a) How can you re-graph the data so
that the data points fall close to a straight line? (Hint: You might want to
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
plot x or t, or both, raised to some power.) (b) Construct the graph you 2.87 ••• In the vertical jump, an athlete starts from a crouch and
described in part (a) and find the equation for the straight line that is the jumps upward as high as possible. Even the best athletes spend little
best fit to the data points. (c) Use the straight-line fit from part (b) to more than 1.00 s in the air (their “hang time”). Treat the athlete as a
calculate the acceleration of the glider. (d) The glider is released at a particle and let ymax be his maximum height above the floor. To explain
distance x = 1.35 m from the bottom of the track. Use the acceleration why he seems to hang in the air, calculate the ratio of the time he is
value you obtained in part (c) to calculate the speed of the glider when it above ymax>2 to the time it takes him to go from the floor to that height.
reaches the bottom of the track. Ignore air resistance.
 Answers    65

2.88 ••• Catching the Bus. A student is running at her top speed of MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE PROBLEMS
5.0 m>s to catch a bus, which is stopped at the bus stop. When the stu- BIO Blood Flow in the Heart. The human circulatory system is
dent is still 40.0 m from the bus, it starts to pull away, moving with a closed—that is, the blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart
constant acceleration of 0.170 m>s2. (a) For how much time and what into the arteries is constrained to a series of continuous, branching ves-
distance does the student have to run at 5.0 m>s before she overtakes sels as it passes through the capillaries and then into the veins as it re-
the bus? (b) When she reaches the bus, how fast is the bus traveling? turns to the heart. The blood in each of the heart’s four chambers comes
(c) Sketch an x-t graph for both the student and the bus. Take x = 0 at briefly to rest before it is ejected by contraction of the heart muscle.
the initial position of the student. (d) The equations you used in part 2.90 If the contraction of the left ventricle lasts 250 ms and the speed of blood
(a) to find the time have a second solution, corresponding to a later time flow in the aorta (the large artery leaving the heart) is 0.80 m>s at the end of the
for which the student and bus are again at the same place if they con- contraction, what is the average acceleration of a red blood cell as it leaves the
tinue their specified motions. Explain the significance of this second heart? (a) 310 m>s2; (b) 31 m>s2; (c) 3.2 m>s2; (d) 0.32 m>s2.
­solution. How fast is the bus traveling at this point? (e) If the student’s 2.91 If the aorta (diameter da) branches into two equal-sized arteries
top speed is 3.5 m>s, will she catch the bus? (f) What is the minimum with a combined area equal to that of the aorta, what is the diameter of
speed the student must have to just catch up with the bus? For what time one of the branches? (a) 1da; (b) da >12; (c) 2da; (d) da >2.
and what distance does she have to run in that case? 2.92 The velocity of blood in the aorta can be measured directly with ul-
2.89 ••• A ball is thrown straight up from the edge of the roof of a trasound techniques. A typical graph of blood velocity versus time dur-
building. A second ball is dropped from the roof 1.00 s later. Ignore ing a single heartbeat is shown in Fig. P2.92. Which statement is the best
air resistance. (a) If the height of the building is 20.0 m, what must the interpretation of this graph? (a) The blood flow changes direction at about
initial speed of the first ball be if both are to hit the ground at the same 0.25 s; (b) the speed of the blood flow begins to decrease at about 0.10 s;
time? On the same graph, sketch the positions of both balls as a func- (c) the acceleration of the blood is greatest in magnitude at about 0.25 s;
tion of time, measured from when the first ball is thrown. Consider the (d) the acceleration of the blood is greatest in magnitude at about 0.10 s.
same situation, but now let the initial speed v0 of the first ball be given
and treat the height h of the building as an unknown. (b) What must Figure P2.92
1.0

Blood velocity (m>s)

the height of the building be for both balls to reach the ground at the
same time if (i) v0 is 6.0 m>s and (ii) v0 is 9.5 m>s ? (c) If v0 is greater 0.8
than some value vmax, no value of h exists that allows both balls to hit 0.6
the ground at the same time. Solve for vmax. The value vmax has a simple 0.4
physical interpretation. What is it? (d) If v0 is less than some value vmin, 0.2
no value of h exists that allows both balls to hit the ground at the same
time. Solve for vmin. The value vmin also has a simple physical interpreta- 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
tion. What is it? Time (s)

ANSWERS

Chapter Opening Question

?
(iii) Acceleration refers to any change in velocity, including both speed- VP2.7.3 (a) 8.87 m>s (b) 0.854 s
ing up and slowing down. VP2.7.4 (a) 22gH (b) 2gH = 1>22 = 0.707 times the speed at
which it left your hand (c) 3H>4
Key Example ARIATION Problems VP2.8.1 (a) 0.398 s and 2.05 s (b) 2.75 s
VP2.5.1 (a) 4.5 s (b) 81 m VP2.8.2 0.447 s
VP2.5.2 (a) 4.80 m>s2 (b) 375 m VP2.8.3 (a) two; t = 0.338 s (moving upward) and t = 0.784 s (mov-
VP2.5.3 (a) 11.1 s (b) 222 m (c) 10.0 m>s ing downward) (b) none
VP2.5.4 (a) t = 2vC>1aT + aC2 (b) x = 2aTvC2>1aT + aC22 VP2.8.4 (a) t = v0>g (neither upward nor downward) (b) t = v0>2g
VP2.7.1 (a) y = 3.16 m, vy = 9.06 m>s, above your hand and moving (upward), t = 3v0>2g (downward)
upward (b) y = -1.92 m, vy = -13.5 m>s, below your hand and mov-
ing downward Bridging Problem
VP2.7.2 (a) y = -23.0 m, vy = - 22.7 m>s (b) vy = -14.9 m>s h = 57.1 m