NORTH GEORGETOWN SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS SBA

Layout of the Physics Laboratory Report

1. Date:
2. Title: a statement on what the lab is about.
3. Aim: - The purpose of the experiment.
- Always begins with the words:
• To determine…. Or
• To investigate…. Or
• To find out…. Or
• To demonstrate
4. Apparatus and Materials:
- Apparatus is the different lab equipment supplied or used.
- Materials are the chemicals, reagents or biological material used.
- USE A LIST – it is easier to read!
5. Diagram: a clear illustration of how the apparatus was set up to carry out the
experiment.
Drawings should be done with pencil; the title should be underlined (upper
case letters) and placed at the bottom of the diagram.
6. Method/Procedure: all the necessary steps taken to do the experiment, must
be written in a sequential order and in past tense without personal pronouns.
Number your steps.
7. Observations/Results: the presentation of actual data, for example: tables,
graphs etc. all tables and graphs must have a title above it describing what is
contained within. A good result should summarize all the findings from the
experiment.
8. Calculations: Formulae and equations used that is relevant to the experiment.
9. Discussion: the purpose of the discussion is to interpret the results, that is, to
analyze, explain and compare them. A good discussion must include theory
about the topic, show trends in graphs/results and compare the actual results
to the theoretical (known) results.
10. Precautions: This is a brief outline of all the safety measures and actions that
must be or was taken to increase the accuracy of the results – using equipment,
use of chemicals e.g. clean apparatus, reading at eye level etc.
11. Limitations: Any uncontrollable factor or variable which might make the
results less reliable.
12. Sources of Error: An error that can affect the results. It is due to inaccuracy
by the experimenter, which could have been avoided if more careful.
13. Conclusion: A summary of everything that has been done. It should not be
more than a couple sentences. The reader must be able to look at the
conclusion and know how successful the findings were. It must ‘answer’ the
main objective (Aim).
Experiment: #1
Title: Simple Pendulum
Aim: To determine how the period of swing varies with the length of a
pendulum.
Apparatus/Materials:
Metre rule, stop watch, Stand and clamp, brass bob, scissors, string
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set up a simple pendulum with the use of a stand, clamp and a string.
2. Adjust the string in the clamp to make the pendulum length 100 cm.
3. Leave the bob to swing freely side to side for 20 complete
oscillations.
4. Calculate the time for one complete swing.
5. Decrease the length of the string each time by 10 cm, count and
record the time for 20 complete swings.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5.
7. Record the results in the table provided.
8. Plot graphs of T against L and T2 against L. Calculate the gradient
of the graph T2 against L.
9. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity using the formula
g=4π2÷T2/l.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Time for 20
Length of
complete T= X÷20/s T2/s2
pendulum/cm
oscillations/s
1 2 Average
100
90
80
70
 60
50
40
30
20
10

Calculations:
Note: Must show calculations for average, period (T), period
squared (T2), gradient, Acceleration due to gravity(g)

Discussion:
Note:
- Define what is a simple pendulum.
- Briefly explain the relationship between T2 and increase in
length of pendulum.
- State what is the theoretical value for the acceleration due to
gravity and compare it with the experimental value.
- Briefly explain if the value of acceleration due to gravity is
affected by location.
- State one source of error or limitation.
- State one way of improving the experiment.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skills assessed for in this experiment is ORR/AI
Experiment #2
Title: Moments/ Turning forces
Aim: To determine the mass of an aluminum lug nut using the law of
moments.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Metre rule, Retort stand and clamp, two known masses (1000 g and
100 g), aluminum lug nut, thread, sticky label.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Fix the clamp firmly on the retort stand with its rod horizontal. Fix
a sticky label along the top of the rod and draw a line down this
parallel to the rod.
2. Tie threads to the three objects with loops that will easily go around
the metre rule.
3. Hang the heavy known mass with the thread loop on the 10.0 cm
mark on the metre rule and the aluminum lug nut at the 90.0 cm
mark.
4. Rest the rule, with its unmarked flat side down, on the rod of the
clamp. Move the ruler along the rod until it balances.
5. Read the mark on the rule directly above the line you have drawn on
the sticky label on the rod of the clamp, to the nearest millimeter.
6. Add the smaller known mass on the same side of the rule as the
larger one at about the 30 cm mark.
7. Rebalance the rule, but this time do so by finding a position of
balance such that the drawn line is exactly on a millimeter line. You
do this by finding an approximate balance point, setting the rule on
the nearest millimeter marking and adjusting the small known mass
until you get an exact balance.
8. Repeat the experiment twice.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Known masses (1000 g and 100 g) Aluminum lug nut

Distance of Distance of
Reading on Reading on Distance of
Balance larger smaller Reading on
rule for rule for Aluminum
point /mm known mass known mass rule for
larger smaller lug nut from
from from Aluminum
known known balance
balance balance lug nut/mm
mass/mm mass/mm point/mm
point/mm point/mm

100 300 900

100 300 900

Calculations:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term moment of a force
- State the principle of moments
- State the experimental value for the mass of the aluminum lug
nut. By how much does the experimental value differ from the
true value. Give two reasons why this is so.
- State one source of error or limitation.
- State one way of improving the experiment.

Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed for in this experiment is ORR
Experiment #3
Title: Centre of gravity
Aim: To determine the center of gravity of an object (lamina) with a
regular and an irregular shape.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Clamp and stand, brass bob, pin, scissors, pencil, ruler, sheet of
cardboard.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. With the use of a scissors cut a piece of cardboard into a regular and
an irregular shape(lamina). Make three small holes near the edges
of the laminas.
2. Place a pin through one of the holes and clamp it to the stand
ensuring that the lamina can swing freely.
3. Attached a plumb line to the pin.
4. When the plumb line and the lamina stop swinging, draw a cross on
plumb line with a pencil.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 for the other two holes.
6. Remove the lamina from the pin and draw straight lines with a ruler
from each hole to the opposite cross.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term Centre of gravity.
- State how the Centre of gravity was found for each object.
- Give two reasons why Centre of gravity is important in
engineering.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed for in this experiment is MM
 Experiment #4
Title: Hooke’s law
Aim: To determine the spring constant of a spring.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, spring, 12 masses of 10g.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Arrange a stand to hold a millimeter scale close to a hanging spiral
spring.
2. Attach a pointer to the end of the spring and take a scale reading of the
pointer for an unstretched, unloaded spring.
3. Hang a slotted mass hanger on the end of the spring and take a series
of scale readings as slotted masses are added to the hanger, increasing
force or load.
4. Record the readings in a table.
5. Calculate the stretching force using F=mg, where g=10 Nkg-1
6. Calculate the increase in length or extension of the spring by subtracting
the initial length or scale reading for the unloaded spring from all the
loaded readings.
7. Calculate for all the readings the value of the ratio: stretching
force/extension.
8. Plot a graph of extension against stretching force.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Mass on Extension
Stretching Scale 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
hanger, of
force/N reading/mm 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
m/kg spring/mm
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
 0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1

Calculations:
Discussion:
Note:
- State Robert Hooke’s law.
- Briefly explain the relationship of the graph. Does the spring
obey Hooke’s law?
- State two important uses of Hooke’s law in the field of
engineering.
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed for in this experiment is ORR.
Experiment #5
Title: Isaac Newton laws of motion
Aim: To understand how dynamic systems (rocket) works by studying
Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Scissors, straw, string, scotch tape, balloons.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Blow up a balloon and scotch tape it unto a straw which could slide
along a string.
2. Release the air from the balloon and observe how it moves along the
string.
3. Discuss the observations in relations to Newton’s three laws of
motion.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define what is a rocket.
- State Newton’s three laws of motion.
- Relate the movement of the balloon to the three laws.
- Briefly state two uses of Newton’s law in the field of engineering.
- State one source of error or limitation.
- State one way of improving the experiment.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed for in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #6
Title: Momentum in collision
Aim: To observe and describe the transfer of momentum between two
objects in collision.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Plastic/metal rulers with centre track, flat table, three text books, two
marble of similar size, one large marble, pencil.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Make a low ramp by placing one end of a ruler on a text book.
2. Place another ruler on a flat table so that one end touches the end of
the ramp.
3. Place one of the small marble at the half way point of the flat ruler.
Place a book at the end of the flat ruler to prevent the marbles from
rolling off.
4. Place another small marble 2 cm from the top of the ramp and record
your observations before and after collision.
5. Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a large marble on the ramp in place of the
small one.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a large marble on the flat ruler and release
the small marble from the top of the ramp.
7. Record observations.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observations:
Objects Before Collision After collision
Small + Small
marbles
Small + Large
marbles
Large + Small
marbles
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term momentum.
- State the law of conservation of momentum.
- Explain how momentum was transferred between the marbles
in each scenario. State whether the collisions were elastic or
inelastic.
- Briefly state two uses of law of conservation of momentum in the
field of engineering.
- State one source of error or limitation.
- State one way of improving the experiment.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed for in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #7
Title: Potential Energy
Aim: To determine the energy lost when stretching an elastic cord.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Length of rubber cord or a thick rubber band that will support a mass
of about 1 kg, newton-meter reading to 10 N (x 0.5 N) or spring balance
calibrated in kg or lbs., metre rule, large stout paper clip, string.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the unstretched length of the cord or band on the metre rule
when it is just not in tension. Record the length, L.
2. With the apparatus arranged as shown in the diagram, apply forces
of between 0.5 N and 10 N (in steps of 0.5 N) by pulling on the
newton-metre. For each force applied, note and record the stretched
length, L’. Record your results in a table like the one shown below.
Take care that the force applied increases steadily up to maximum
of 10 N, and try to keep the time interval between measurements
roughly the same throughout.
3. Now reduce the pulling force in steps of 0.5 N, again ensuring that
there is a steady reduction down to zero. Try to keep the time
interval between measurements the same as in step 2. Record all
readings of force and stretched lengths in your table in the
appropriate columns.
4. Plot a graph of pulling force against extension, using scales that will
produce a large graph.
5. Determine the number of centimeter squares below the force
increasing graph, and determine the number below the ‘force
decreasing’ graph. Find the difference between these two. Use this
value in step 7.
6. Calculate the value of 1 cm squared of graph paper from the scale
used. For example, if your scales were 1 cm to represent 10 mm of
extension (along the x axis) and 1 cm to represent 1 N (along the F
axis), then 1 cm squared would represent 1 N x 10 mm of work or
10 N mm of work, or 10 N x 10-3 m, 10 x 10-3 N m, that is 10-2 J of
work, since 1 N x 1 m = 1 joule. Use the value that you calculate in
the next step
7. Multiply the number of centimeter squares (step 2) by the value
obtained for 1 cm squared in joules (step 3) to find the energy lost
in stretching the rubber cord and returning it to its former condition
of no tension.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Original length, L/mm =
Stretched length,
Pulling force, F/N Extension, (L’-L)/mm
L’/mm

increasing decreasing increasing decreasing increasing decreasing

Calculations:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term potential energy.
- State the different forms of potential energy.
- Explain what happened to the energy lost when stretching the
cord.
- State two important use of potential energy in the field of
engineering.
- Car tires are made from rubber. Why is the hysteresis effect
important in tire design?
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is ORR.
Experiment #8
Title: Law of conservation of energy.
Aim: To study the law of conservation of energy using a simple
pendulum.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Metre rule, brass bob, scissors, string.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set up a simple pendulum with a length of 100 cm.
2. Fix a pointer opposite to the position of the bob when it is hung at
rest.
3. Displace the simple pendulum 10 degrees to one side and allow it to
swing side to side.
4. Stand in front of the pendulum so that your eyes are leveled with the
bob at right angle to the swing.
5. Explain observations.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observations:
Discussion:
Note:
- State the law of conservation of energy.
- Explain your observations in relation to the law of conservation
of energy.
- State two important use of law of conservation of energy in the
field of engineering.
- State one limitation or source of error.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #9
Title: Power
Aim: To determine the amount of power a human can exert when
running up a flight of stairs.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Metre rule, stop watch, scale, Five volunteers(students).
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the height of one step using the metre rule.
2. Count the total number of steps that make the stair.
3. Multiply the number of steps by the height of each step to determine
the total distance of the stairs.
4. Measure and record the mass of each runner using a scale.
5. Allow a volunteer to run up the flight of stairs and record the time
taken.
6. Repeat step 5 one more time.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 using the other four volunteers.
8. Calculate the power exerted by each runner using the formula,
Power = work done ÷ time.
Note: Procedure must be always written in past tense in lab report.
Results: Title of table
Height of Height of
Time/s
step: /cm stairs: /cm

Name of
1 2 Average Mass/kg Power/ W
Volunteers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term power.
- State the SI unit for power.
- Discuss the factors that affected the power output of the five
volunteers.
- State two important uses of power in the field of engineering.
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skills assessed in this experiment are MM / AI.
Experiment #10
Title: Hydrostatic
Aim: To investigate the factors that cause the increase in pressure
within a liquid.
Apparatus/ Materials:
500 ml and 100 ml Beakers, 1 or 2 plastic bottle, 2-inch nail, water.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Obtain an empty 1-liter plastic bottle.
2. Make three holes of equal spacing on the bottle using a 2-inch nail,
starting from the base and seal them with plasticine.
3. Place the bottle on a level table.
4. Place three beakers of similar size away from the bottle to capture
the water as it leaves the bottle.
5. Pour water into the bottle using the 500 ml beaker until it reaches
the top.
6. Remove the plasticine from the three holes of the bottle starting from
the top and record observations.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observations:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term pressure.
- State the formula that is associated with pressure in liquids and
state the meaning of each parameter.
- Explain briefly the parameters that affect the pressure within a
liquid.
- State two important uses of pressure in a liquid in the field of
engineering or medicine.
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #11
Title: Specific heat capacity
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of an aluminum lug nut
by the method of mixtures.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Thermometer, 500 ml beaker, measuring cylinder, conical flask, glass
stirrer, copper rod, hot plate (electric stove), Styrofoam
cup(calorimeter), thread, aluminum lug nut, water.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the mass of an aluminum lug nut using a triple beam
balance.
2. Tie the aluminum lug nut with a thread and place it in water that is
boiling. Measure the temperature of the boiling water.
3. Measure 200 cm3 of water at room temperature using a measuring
cylinder.
4. Measure the mass of an empty beaker using a triple beam balance.
Pour the 200 cm3 of water into the empty beaker and measure the
beaker using a triple beam balance. Record your measurement.
5. Pour the 200 cm3 of water from the beaker into a dry Styrofoam cup.
Measure and record its initial temperature using a thermometer.
6. Quickly transfer the aluminum lug nut from the boiling water into
the water contained in the Styrofoam cup. Place the lid (not shown)
over the Styrofoam cup. Stir the water gently and record its final
temperature.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results:
Calculation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term specific heat capacity.
- State the formula that relates specific heat capacity by the
method of mixture.
- State the theoretical value for the specific heat capacity of
aluminum and compare it to the experimental value.
- State two important uses of knowing the specific heat capacity
of materials in the field of engineering.
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is MM/AI.
 Experiment #12
Title: Specific latent heat of fusion
Aim: To determine the freezing point of naphthalene by the cooling
curve method.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Test tube, test tube rack, hot plate (electric stove), test tube holder,
thermometer, stop watch, beaker, naphthalene, water
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Heat about quarter of a test tube of naphthalene in a water bath.
2. When all the naphthalene has changed to liquid, remove the test tube
from the water bath and allow the liquid naphthalene to cool in the test
tube.
3. While the naphthalene is cooling, take its temperature every minute
until all the naphthalene has solidified. Continue taking the temperature
of the solidified naphthalene every minute for about 10 minutes.
4. Note: You must also observe the temperature at which solid
naphthalene first appears and that at which liquid naphthalene
disappears.
5. Record your data in the table provided.
6. Plot a graph of temperature (y - axis) against time (x - axis).
7. From the graph you obtained, determine the freezing point of the
naphthalene sample.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.

Results: Title of table

Time/s Temperature/°C
60
120
180
240
 300
360
420
480
540
600

Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term specific latent heat.
- Define the term specific latent heat of fusion.
- Read off from the graph the experimental value for
melting/freezing point of naphthalene.
- Explain using the kinetic theory the different phase change that
occurred from the melting to the solidification of the
naphthalene.
- State the one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is MM/AI.
Experiment #13
Planning and design Experiment #1
- Observation/Problem/Research question Stated
- Hypothesis
- Aim
- Apparatus/Materials
- Diagram
- Variables
Independent
Dependent
Control
- Procedure
- Expected Results
- Limitation/Source of Error
- Precaution
Experiment #14
Planning and design Experiment #2
- Observation/Problem/Research question Stated
- Hypothesis
- Aim
- Apparatus/Materials
- Diagram
- Variables
Independent
Dependent
Control
- Procedure
- Expected Results
- Limitation/Source of Error
- Precaution
Experiment #15
Title: Speed of sound waves
Aim: To determine the speed at which sound travels.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Tape measure of 100 m, stop watch, volunteers.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure at right angle to a large wall a distance of 20 m.
2. Make sharp clapping sound by hitting your hands together. Repeat
the clapping sound at regular time intervals to coincide exactly with
the echoes.
3. Start the stop watch at zero. Record the time taken to make ten claps.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 two more times.
5. Determine the speed at which sound travels using the formula:
!"#$%&'( $*%+(,,(- 1-
Speed of sound = ,v=
."/( $%0(& $

Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab

report.
Results:
Time taken for Time taken for one
Number of trials
ten(10) claps/s (1) clap/s
1
2
3
Average

Calculation:

Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term speed.
- Define the term longitudinal waves.
- Explain briefly how sound waves are transmitted through air.
- State the theoretical value at which sound travels and compare
this value with the experimental value.
- State two factors that can affect the speed at which sound travels
through air and relate this to the experiment.
- State one source of error or limitation.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is MM.
Experiment #16
Title: Refraction
Aim: To determine the refractive index of a rectangular glass block.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Rectangular glass block, protractor, ruler(transparent), 4 optical pins,
drawing board, cardboard.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1) Fix the paper on the board and place the glass block on it.
2) Draw the outline of the glass block on the paper.
3) Draw a normal and incident ray of 10° with a protractor.
4) Fix the optical pins on the incident ray.
5) Place the rectangular glass block on the outline drawn in step 2.
6) Look through the glass block with one eye squinted and position two
optical pins in line with the two pins on the other side of the glass
block.
7) Remove the glass block, mark the position of the two optical pins
using a pencil and draw a straight line through them.
8) Draw arrow heads on the direction in which the light ray travels
through the block.
9) Draw the on the same side of the glass block an incident ray of 20°,
30°,40°,50°, and 60°.
10) Repeat steps 4 to 8 using the angles given in step 9.
11) Calculate the sine of the angle of incidence and the angle of
refraction.
12) Plot a graph of the sine values for the angles of incidence
against the sine of angle of refraction.
13) Calculate the gradient of the graph and hence determine the
refractive index for the glass block.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Sine of the Sine of the
Angle of Angle of
angle of angle of
incidence/° refraction/°
incidence refraction
10
20
30
40
50
60

Calculation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term refraction.
- State the laws of refraction.
- State the theoretical value for the refractive index of glass.
Compare this value with that of the experimental value.
- Explain briefly what happen to the light ray when it entered the
glass block and then exited.
- State one source of error or limitation.

Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is ORR.
Experiment #17
Title: Critical angle and total Internal reflection (Periscope)
Aim: To observe how light can undergo total internal reflection
through a periscope.
Apparatus/ Materials:
A pair of scissors, tow mirrors (6 cm x 6 cm), a square, a ruler, sticky
(adhesive tape), a spoon, a piece of cardboard (6 cm square) a piece of
strong cardboard (32 cm x 50 cm), a pencil
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Using the ruler, divide (do not cut) the cardboard (32 cm x 50 cm)
into four (4) equal parts, each 8 cm wide. Draw a 6 cm square twice
as shown in picture. Cut these squares out.
2. Cut the 6 cm square in half diagonally to make a right angle triangle.
3. Place a right angle triangle on the top strip of the cardboard as shown
in the figure (2). Draw a diagonal line using a pencil then cut along
this line to make a notch as shown in figure 2. Repeat this in the
three other places as shown in figure 1.
4. Fold the cardboard into shape and join the sides with sticky tape to
look like figure 3.
5. Place the two mirrors through the notches as shown in figure 2 so
that the reflective surfaces face each other.
6. Get behind a wall or window sill so that the top of the periscope is
sticking above your head. Look at the mirror through the square in
the bottom of the periscope in (figure 4).
7. Record your observations.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the terms critical angle and total internal reflection.
- Describe briefly what you observe in the bottom mirror inside
the periscope.
- Give an explanation (using illustrations, or diagrams) for your
observations.
- Give one example of the benefits of this technology to humans.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #18
Title: Series and Parallel Circuits
Aim: 1. To make a series circuit.
2. To make a parallel circuit.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Ohmmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, bulbs, batteries, wires, nails/paper
clips, ply board.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set up a series circuit using the components listed in the apparatus
and materials.
2. Predict the brightness of the bulbs on the circuit before the switch is
closed.
3. Record observations.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by making a parallel circuit.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term series circuit.
- Define the term parallel circuit.
- State how a voltmeter and an ammeter should be set up when
measuring the potential difference and current in a series and
parallel circuit.
- State which type of circuit (series or parallel) is preferable in
wiring a house and briefly explain why.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is MM.
Experiment #19
Title: Current and voltage relationship
Aim: To determine whether copper sulphate solution obey Ohm’s law.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Ammeter, voltmeter, beaker, 9 - volt battery, copper electrodes,
rheostat, switch, wires, aqueous or dilute copper sulphate solution.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect up the circuit as shown in the diagram, but without making
any connection to the power source.
2. Show the wired circuit to the teacher.
3. After the teacher has approved the wiring, connect the power source,
under the teacher’s supervision.
4. Vary the resistance of the rheostat so as to obtain a variety of current
readings on the ammeter and corresponding voltage readings on the
voltmeter.
5. Arrange the data in the table provided.
6. Plot a graph of voltage (V) on y-axis against current (I) on x-axis for
the copper sulphate solution used in the experiment.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Voltage/V Current/A
Discussion:
Note:
- State ohm’s law
- Define what is an ohmic conductor.
- Does the copper sulphate solution obey ohm’s law? Explain your
answer.
- State one way in which electrical conduction in the copper
sulphate solution differs from conduction in a copper wire.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is ORR.
Experiment #20
Title: Electromagnetism
Aim: To investigate the principle by which an electromagnet works.
Apparatus/ Materials:
One 4.5- volt cell/two- 1.5 volt cells / one 9 -volt cell, one square piece
of wood approximately 5 cm W x 5 cm L x 1 cm H, one metal paper
clip for each switch, two push pins/ thumb tacks, thin insulated copper
wire (approximately 75 cm), one large nail (2”-3”), 10 metal pins/
small nails (tack nails) / small paper clips, one pair of scissors, one
sheet paper.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Push the two pins (thumbs tacks) into the wood, 2 cm apart and
attach one end of the paper clip to one of the push pins.
2. Make a switch using the paper clips shown in the diagram.
3. Cut a piece of thin insulated copper wire 15 cm long. Attach one end
to the battery contact and the other end to the push pin attached to
the paper clip as shown in the diagram.
4. Cut another piece of wire 60-70 cm long. Wind the insulated copper
wire 25 times around the nail. Attach one end of the same wire to
the other battery contact and the other end of the wire to the second
push pin as shown in diagram.
5. Use the paper clip to make a connection between the two push pins
as shown in the diagram. Serves as the switch in the circuit.
6. Place 10 metal pins/ small nails/tack nails/ small paper clips on a
sheet of paper.
7. Bring the point of the nail near to the pins on the paper. Record your
observations.
8. Disconnect the switch and increase the number of turns of the
insulated copper wire on the nail by 10.
9. Turn on switch and try to attract pins with the point of the nail.
Record observations.
10. Turn off the switch by moving the paper clip. Record
observation.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Observation:
Discussion:
Note:
- Define what is electromagnetism.
- State what happened when the point of the nail was brought
near to the pins at step 7?
- Explain what happened when the point of the nail was brought
near to the pins at step 9.
- State what happened when the switch was turned off at step 10
- Explain briefly your observations at steps 9 and 10.
- State two uses of electromagnets.
Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is AI.
Experiment #21
Title: Radioactivity
Aim: To determine the half - life of a simulated radioactive decay
process using marked match sticks.
Apparatus/ Materials:
Match sticks, marker (black), black plastic bag, flat counter or table.
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Count a number of marked matchsticks (e.g. 50) and place them in
suitable container (e.g. a plastic bag, can or box). Record this initial
count of ‘un-decayed nuclei’, and designate this throw as throw
number zero (0)
2. After shaking the matchsticks in the container thoroughly, pour the
matchsticks over a wide area on a table top. Remove all the ‘decayed
nuclei’ (matchsticks that landed with their mark uppermost). Count
and record the number of ‘un- decayed nuclei’ present at the end of
the throw, as well as the throw number.
3. Put the ‘decayed nuclei’ to one side. Replace the ‘undecayed nuclei’
in the container.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for about 15 throws.
5. Plot a graph of number of ‘undecayed nuclei’ against time (number
of throws).
6. Using the graph in the previous step, determine the half-life of the
matchsticks decay process by considering:
(i) 50 as the initial number of ‘undecayed nuclei’.
(ii) 40 as the initial number of ‘undecayed nuclei’.
Note: Procedure must be written in past tense at all times in lab
report.
Results: Title of table
Number of throws Number of undecayed nuclei
0
1
2
 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Discussion:
Note:
- Define the term radioactivity.
- Define the term half-life.
- Briefly explain how an atom undergoes radioactive decay.
- State the name of three of the particles that are release during a
radioactive decay.
- Which of the three particles is the most dangerous.
- State the name of the instrument used to detect these radioactive
particles.

Conclusion:
- Note: Conclusion must answer the Aim of the experiment.
- Note: The skill assessed in this experiment is ORR.
Experiment #22
Planning and design experiment #3
- Observation/Problem/Research question Stated
- Hypothesis
- Aim
- Apparatus/Materials
- Diagram
- Variables
Independent
Dependent
Control
- Procedure
- Expected Results
- Limitation/Source of Error
- Precaution
Experiment #23
Implementation (Skill assessed: AI)
- Aim
- Apparatus/ Materials
- Diagram
- Procedure (must be written in past tense)
- Results
- Calculation
- Discussion
- Limitation/Source of error
- Precaution
- Reflection
- Conclusion
Experiment #1: Simple Pendulum Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph #1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2
Correct quantity on each axis 1 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #1: Simple Pendulum Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
Correct calculation for average periodic time 1
Correct calculation for periodic time 1
Correct calculation for periodic time squared 1
Correct calculation for gradient of straight line 1
Correct calculation for acceleration due to gravity with
2
correct unit (ms-2)
State value of acceleration due to gravity to 3 significant
2
figures
Brief discussion relevant to experiment 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #2: The Principle of Moments Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 2
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
State correctly the principle of moments 2
Record step by step calculations for unknown mass 2
Conclusion answers aim of experiment 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #3: Center of Gravity Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Measurement and Manipulation Score Score Score
Appropriately attired before entering laboratory 1
Correct set up of experiment 2
Diligently follow instructions given in procedure 2
Allow lamina to swing freely before drawing line 1
Correct drawing of line along plumbline with pencil 1
Correct manipulation of plumbline and lamina to establish
1
point of intersection
Correct identification of point for center of gravity 1
Obey all rules in laboratory 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #4: Robert Hooke’s Law Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph
Correct quantity on each axis 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #5: Isaac Newton Laws of Motion Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
State Isaac Netwon’s Laws of Motion 3
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
2
experiment
Discuss Isaac Newton laws of motion in relation to the
2
experiment
Outline how Isaac Netwon’s laws of motion are applicable to
2
engineering or any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #6: Momentum in Collision Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
State the law of conservation of momentum 3
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
2
experiment
Discuss the law of conservation of momentum in relation to the
2
experiment
Outline how the law of conservation of momentum is
2
applicable to engineering or any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #7: Potential Energy Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph
Correct quantity on each axis 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #8: Law of Conservation of Energy Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
State the law of conservation of energy 3
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
2
experiment
Discuss the law of conservation of energy in relation to the
2
experiment
Outline how the law of conservation of energy is applicable to
2
engineering or any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #9: Power Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
Correct definition of power 2
State correct formula to calculate power 1
Correct calculation for power using the appropriate formulas 3
State correct unit for power after calculations, to at least three
1
significant figures
Outline how the derived quantity power, is applicable to
1
engineering or any other field
Brief discussion relevant to experiment 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #9: Power Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Measurement and Manipulation Score Score Score
Diligently follow instruction given in procedure 1
Measure height of each step at eye level to no more than 0.1
2
cm, using a meter rule
Measure time to run up flight of stairs to no more than 0.01 s,
2
using stop watch
Measure mass of each participant to no more than 0.1 g,
2
using electronic scale
Actively engage in activity avoiding all distractions 1
Obey all rules in laboratory 2
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #10: Hydrostatics (Pressure) Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
State correct definition of pressure 2
State the parameters (i.e., height, and density) that affect the
2
pressure in a fluid
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
2
experiment
Brief discussion on pressure in fluids in relation to experiment 2
Outline how the law of conservation of energy is applicable to
1
engineering or any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #11: Specific Heat Capacity (Method of
Max. Teacher Moderator
Mixtures)
Score Score Score
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation
Correct definition of specific heat capacity 2
State correct formula to calculate specific heat capacity 1
Correct calculation for specific heat capacity by method of
3
mixtures using the appropriate formulas
State correct unit for specific heat capacity after calculation to
1
at least three significant figures
Outline how the law of conservation of energy is applicable to
1
engineering or any other field
Brief discussion relevant to experiment 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #11: Specific Heat Capacity (Method of

Max. Teacher Moderator
Mixtures)
Score Score Score
Skill: Measurement and Manipulation
Appropriately attired before entering laboratory 1
Correct set up of experiment 1
Diligently follow instructions given in procedure 1
Measure correctly the mass of aluminium lug nut using
1
electronic balance
Measure correctly the mass of 200g of water using electronic
1
balance
Measure correctly temperature of boiling water using
1
thermometer
Measure correctly initial temperature of water in calorimeter 1
Quickly transfer aluminium lug nut from boiling water to
1
calorimeter to reduce heat loss
Measure correctly final temperature of water and aluminium
1
lug nut in calorimeter
Obey all rules in laboratory 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #12: Specific Latent Heat of Fusion –
Max. Teacher Moderator
Freezing Point of Naphthalene
Score Score Score
Skill: Measurement and Manipulation
Appropriately attired before entering laboratory 1
Correct set up of experiment 1
Diligently follow instructions given in procedure 1
Measure correctly temperature of naphthalene when it is
2
completely melted using thermometer
Measure correctly temperature of naphthalene when it first
2
solidifies
Measure correctly temperature of naphthalene as it cools
2
every 60 seconds for 10 minutes using thermometer
Obey all rules in laboratory 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #12: Specific Latent Heat of Fusion – Freezing

Max. Teacher Moderator
Point of Naphthalene
Score Score Score
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation
Correct definition of specific latent heat of fusion 2
State the correct value for the melting/freezing point of
1
naphthalene
Explain using kinetic theory how cooling occurs in naphthalene 3
Correctly identify the states of matter naphthalene particles go
1
through while cooling
Discuss briefly the difference/similarity in the theoretical and
1
experimental value of the melting point of naphthalene
Outline how the law of conservation of energy is applicable to
1
engineering or any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #13: Planning and Design Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: P & D Score Score Score
Statement of hypothesis 1
Aim 1
Apparatus and Materials 1
Labelled diagram 1
Method written in present tense 1
Variables:
- independent
3
- dependent
- control
Expected results 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of
1
error/precaution/assumption
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #14: Planning and Design Skill: Max. Teacher Moderator

P&D Score Score Score
Statement of hypothesis 1
Aim 1
Apparatus and Materials 1
Labelled diagram 1
Method written in present tense 1
Variables:
- independent
3
- dependent
- control
Expected results 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of
1
error/precaution/assumption
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #15: Speed of Sound Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Measurement and Manipulation Score Score Score
Diligently follow instruction given in procedure 2
Measure distance of 20 meters from wall to participants using
2
50 meters tape measure
Measure time to make 10 claps to no more than 0.01 s, using
2
stopwatch
Clap in time to coincide with echoes 2
Actively engage in activity avoiding all distractions 2
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #16: Refraction Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph
Correct quantity on each axis 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #17: Critical Angle/Total Internal Reflection

Max. Teacher Moderator
(Periscope)
Score Score Score
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation
State correct definition of critical angle 2
State correct definition of total internal reflection 2
State correct formula to calculate critical angle 1
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
1
experiment
Discuss the role of critical angle and total internal reflection in
1
relation to experiment
Outline how the periscope is applicable to engineering or any
2
other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #18: Series and Parallel Circuits Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Measurement and Manipulation Score Score Score
Have correct materials to make series circuit 1
Have correct materials to make parallel circuit 1
Set up series circuit correctly (working) 2
Set up parallel circuit correctly (working) 2
Identify bulb, switch, wire and battery of a series and parallel
1
circuit
Demonstrate that series circuit is broken when one bulb is
1
removed
Demonstrate that parallel circuit is unaffected when one bulb
1
is removed
Follow all rules when inside laboratory 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #19: Current and Voltage Relationship Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph
Correct quantity on each axis 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #20: Electromagnetism (Electromagnet) Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: Analysis and Interpretation Score Score Score
Correct definition of electromagnetism 2
Make logical inferences from observations recorded from
2
experiment
Discuss the role of electromagnetism in relation to experiment 2
State at least one factor that affects the strength of an
1
electromagnet
Outline how the electromagnet is applicable to engineering or
2
any other field
State one appropriate limitation/source of error 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #21: Radioactivity (Simulation lab) Max. Teacher Moderator
Skill: Observation, Recording and Reporting Score Score Score
Correct format in writing lab report 1
Step by step procedure written in past tense 1
Table with physical quantities, symbols and units stated
1
clearly
Diagram drawn neatly and labelled 1
Graph
Correct quantity on each axis 1
Correct title at top of graph paper 1
Correct scale used stated clearly 1
Points plotted accurately using circle or cross 1
Points plotted to occupy 80% of graph paper 1
Correctly drawn, line of best fit/smooth curve 1
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:

Experiment #22: Planning and Design Max. Teacher Moderator

Skill: P & D Score Score Score
Statement of hypothesis 1
Aim 1
Apparatus and Materials 1
Labelled diagram 1
Method written in present tense 1
Variables:
- independent
3
- dependent
- control
Expected results 1
State one appropriate limitation/source of
1
error/precaution/assumption
TOTAL 10
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Experiment #23: Implementation of Planning and Design
Max. Teacher Moderator
Experiment
Score Score Score
Skill: Analysis and Interpretation
Method written in past tense 1
Results-present information clearly in table format or written
2
paragraph
Results-state correct formula and/or equations 2
Discussion contains explanation of data or observation 2
Discussion contains interpretation of results supported by data
2
or observation
Discussion identifies trends from data or observation 1
Identify one appropriate precaution 2
Identify one appropriate limitation or source of error 1
Reflection identifies relationship and patterns within data,
5
knowledge and understanding gained from experiment
Conclusion answers aim of experiment 2
TOTAL 20
Signature of Teacher: Date:
Signature of Moderator: Date:
Planning and Design Physics Experiments

1. Plan and design an experiment to compare at least three

characteristics of a zinc carbon primary cell with those of a lead
acid battery.

2. In the seventeenth century, two conflicting theories concerning the

nature of light were put forward. Plan and design an experiment to
determine one difference between the two theories of light.

3. Plan and design an experiment to determine whether hot water

freezes faster than cold water.

4. Plan and design an experiment to determine whether distilled water

freezes faster in metal containers as compared to plastics containers.

5. Plan and design an experiment to determine if black surfaces absorb

more radiation as compared to shiny surfaces.

6. Plan and design an experiment to determine the specific heat

capacity of honey by the method of mixtures.

7. Plan and design an experiment to determine why an ammeter

connected in parallel to the components of a circuit will not work.
However, when a voltmeter is connected the same way. It works.

8. Plan and design an experiment to determine why concrete columns

with steel rebars can bear more loads as compared to concrete
columns with no steel rebars.

9. Plan and design an experiment to determine which brand of primary

cell (such as Duracell, rocket, Panasonic etc. provides longer
duration of electrical energy. Choose at least four battery brands to
make your comparison.
 10. Plan and design an experiment to determine why fishes appear
close to the surface of a pond of water when they are further below.

11. Plan and design an experiment to determine if an object (metal

object) increases in mass when heated, according to the caloric
theory.

Instructions: Choose any three (3) of the twelve (12) planning

and design experiments to work on.

Format for writing up Planning and Design Experiment

1. Experiment #
2. Hypothesis
3. Aim
4. Apparatus and materials
5. Diagram
6. Variables
- Independent (The variable that may be affected by a change in the
independent variable).
- Dependent (The variable that is being altered or investigated)
- Control (a variable that is kept constant)
7. Method (must be written in present tense)
8. Expected results/Assumptions
9. Precautions
10. Limitations/sources of error
Instructions: After you have chosen your three planning and design
from the list, you must implement one of them.
Format for writing up implementation
1. Experiment #
2. Title
3. Aim
4. Apparatus and materials
5. Diagram
6. Method (must be written in past tense)
7. Results
8. Calculations
9. Discussion
10. Sources of error/limitation
 11. Precautions
12. Conclusion

Note: For more information, kindly check the Physics syllabus, pages
61 to 66.