UNIT -02

DATA TRANSMISSION

1. Parallel and serial data transmission

2. Line configuration , synchronous / asynchronous communication
3. Bit Rate / Baud Rate transmission channel , RS-232C and RS -449 interface standards.

Parallel and serial data transmission

Serial Transmission:
In Serial Transmission, data-bit flows from one computer to another computer in bi-direction. In this
transmission, one bit flows at one clock pulse. In Serial Transmission, 8 bits are transferred at a time
having a start and stop bit.

Parallel Transmission:
In Parallel Transmission, many bits are flow together simultaneously from one computer to another
computer. Parallel Transmission is faster than serial transmission to transmit the bits. Parallel
transmission is used for short distance.

Difference between Serial and Parallel Transmission:

[Link] Serial Transmission Parallel Transmission

In serial transmission, data(bit) flows in bi- In Parallel Transmission, data flows in
1.
direction. multiple lines.
2. Serial Transmission is cost-efficient. Parallel Transmission is not cost-efficient.
In serial transmission, one bit transferred at one In Parallel Transmission, eight bits transferred
3.
clock pulse. at one clock pulse.
Serial Transmission is slow in comparison of Parallel Transmission is fast in comparison of
4.
Parallel Transmission. Serial Transmission.

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[Link] Serial Transmission Parallel Transmission
Generally, Serial Transmission is used for Generally, Parallel Transmission is used for
5.
long-distance. short distance.
The circuit used in Serial Transmission is The circuit used in Parallel Transmission is
6.
simple. relatively complex.

Advantages

Serial transmission

 It is cost-effective
 It is appropriate for long-distance communication.
 More reliable

Parallel transmission

 Transmits data at a higher speed.

 Suits better for short-distance communication.
 Set of bits are transferred simultaneously.

Disadvantages

Serial transmission

 Data transmission rate is low.

 Throughput relies on the bit rate.

Parallel transmission

 It is a costly transmission system.

 In order to transmit the data over long ranges, the thickness of the wire has to be increased to
diminish signal degradation.
 There are multiple communication channels required.

Line configuration , synchronous / asynchronous communication

Line Configuration
Line configuration refers to the way two or more communication devices attached to a link. Line
configuration is also referred to as connection. A Link is the physical communication pathway that
transfers data from one device to another. For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in same way to the same link at the same time.
There are two possible line configurations.
1. Point-to-Point.
2. Multipoint.

Point-to-Point

A Point to Point Line Configuration Provide dedicated link between two devices use actual length of
wire or cable to connect the two end including microwave & satellite link. Infrared remote control &

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tvs remote control.
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most
point-to-point line configurations use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but
other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible.
Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the easiest and most conventional
network topologies. It is also the simplest to establish and understand. To visualize, one can consider
point to point network topology as two phones connected end to end for a two way communication

Multipoint Configuration
Multipoint Configuration also known as Multidrop line configuration one or more than two
specific devices share a single link capacity of the channel is shared.

More than two devices share the Link that is the capacity of the channel is shared now. With shared
capacity, there can be two possibilities in a Multipoint Line Config:

 Spatial Sharing: If several devices can share the link simultaneously, its called Spatially
shared line configuration

 Temporal (Time) Sharing: If users must take turns using the link , then its called Temporally
shared or Time Shared Line Configuration

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Synchronous Transmission:
In Synchronous Transmission, data is sent in form of blocks or frames. This transmission is the full
duplex type. Between sender and receiver the synchronization is compulsory. In Synchronous
transmission, There is no gap present between data. It is more efficient and more reliable than
asynchronous transmission to transfer the large amount of data.

Asynchronous Transmission:
In Asynchronous Transmission, data is sent in form of byte or character. This transmission is the half
duplex type transmission. In this transmission start bits and stop bits are added with data. It does not
require synchronization.

Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission:

[Link] Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission

In Synchronous transmission, Data In asynchronous transmission, Data is sent in

1.
is sent in form of blocks or frames. form of byte or character.

2. Synchronous transmission is fast. Asynchronous transmission is slow.

3. Synchronous transmission is costly. Asynchronous transmission is economical.

In Synchronous transmission, time In asynchronous transmission, time interval of

4.
interval of transmission is constant. transmission is not constant, it is random.

In Synchronous transmission, There In asynchronous transmission, There is present

5.
is no gap present between data. gap between data.

While in asynchronous transmission,

Efficient use of transmission line is
6. transmission line remains empty during gap in
done in synchronous transmission.
character transmission.

7. Synchronous transmission needs Asynchronous transmission have no need of

precisely synchronized clocks for synchronized clocks as parity bit is used in this

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 the information of new bytes. transmission for information of new bytes

Bit Rate / Baud Rate transmission channel , RS-232C and RS -449 interface standards

1. Bit rate :
Bit rate is the number of binary bits (1s or 0s) transmitted per second.

Bit rate = number of bits transmitted/ total time (in seconds)

The bit rate can also be defined in terms of baud rate:

Bit rate = Baud rate x bits per signal or symbol

2. Baud rate :
Baud rate is the rate at which the number of signal elements or changes to the signal occurs
per second when it passes through a transmission medium. The higher a baud rate is the faster
the data is sent/received.

Baud rate = number of signal elements/total time (in seconds)

For Example:

Image 1

 In Image 1, Number of signal elements (marked in red color) = 3, Number of bits

transmitted (1, 0, 1) = 3. So, Here Bit rate = 3/1 = 3 bits per second. And, Baud rate =
3/1 = 3 baud per second.

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Image 2

 In Image 2, Number of signal elements (marked in red color) = 6, Number of bits

transmitted (1, 1, 0) = 3. So, Here Bit rate = 3/1 = 3 bits per second. and, Baud rate =
6/1 = 6 baud per second.

Why baud rate is important ?

Baud rate is important because:

 Baud rate can determine the bandwidth requirements for transmission of the signal.
 Baud rate is also used for the calculation of the Bit rate of a communication channel.
 It is a tuning parameter (i.e., it adjusts the Network congestion in data networking) for
the transmission of a signal.
 It specifies how fast data can be sent over a serial line or serial interface (it’s an
interface that sends data as a series of bits over a single wire.).

Media use to describe the data path that forms the physical channels between the sender &
receiver.

The medium by which information is transmitted is known as transmission channels. The

transfer of data is measured in the form of bandwidth the higher the bandwidth the more data
will transfer.

Transmission channels
Guided media Unguided media
Twisted pair wire Radio wave communication

Coaxial cable Satellite communication

Fiber optical cable VSATs

Infrared waves

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Guided media:-

In this category, the communication device is attached to each other directly with cables. The
data signal is restricted to a cable for transmission so, it is known as guided media.

i) Twisted pair wire:-

It is the most commonly used communication media used in LAN for the transfer of data
between various computers. They are also used in telephone lines to transfer data signal &
voice they are made up of copper wire plastic. The transmission of data takes place at a speed
of 9600 bits/second within a distance of 100 meters.

ii) Coaxial cable:-

Coaxial cable consists of copper wire as the core surrounded by an insulating material. The
insulator is encased by a cylindrical conductor often closed with mesh conductor & the outer
mesh conductor is covered with protective plastic there are two types of coaxial cable:-

 50-ohm cable:- It is used in digital transmission.

 75-ohm cable:- It is used in analog transmission. On cable TV.

(Its bandwidth is 80 times more than twisted pair)

iii) Optical Fiber:-

The fiber optic cable transmits light signals rather than electrical signals. In this technique,
fiber has an inner core of glass or plastic that conducts the data transfer rate in fiber optics are
billions bit second. They are highly used in cable operators, telephone & broadband internet
companies. They are made up of glan & is then as human hair. They are coated with plastic
also known as a jacket.

Unguided media:-

Media in which the signals are not guided through a solid medium are known as unguided
media. Air is the medium through which electromagnetic energy can flow easily. It is also
known as unbounded media.

i) Radio wave:-

Radio waves have frequencies between 10 kilohertz & 1 gigahertz. It can broadcast in
omnidirectional. Various kinds of an antenna can use to broadcast radio signals.

ii) Satellite communication:-

Satellite microwave system transmits a signal between directional parabolic antennas & the
satellite in orbit is about 36000km above the equator, because of this microwave system can
reach the most remote places on earth & communication with mobile devices. When it sends
at 6ghz signal to the satellite so. To reach it of 36000km the signal got very weak & then
amplification is done in satellite & then it sends to receive at 4ghz.

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iii) VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals):-

These tiny terminals have 1 meter wide antennas & can put out one watt of power. The uplink
is generally 19.2 kbps but the downlink is about 512 kbps. In many VSAT systems, the micro
station does not have enough power to communicate directly with one another. Instead, a hub
with a large high gain antenna is needed to relay between VSAT. In this either sender or
receiver has a large antenna & powerful amplification. The time delay or end to end transmit
time is between 250 to 300 millisecond.

iv) Infrared and millimeter waves:-

Infrared & millimeter waves are widely used for short-range communication. The remote
control used on television, VCR, VCD, DVD players, etc. Use infrared communication. They
are relatively directional cheap & easy to build but do not pan through solid objects. Infrared
is used for indoor wireless LAN. The computer in an office in the building can be equipped
with relatively unfocused transmitters & receivers.

What is RS232?

RS232C “Recommended Standard 232C” is the recent version of Standard 25 pin whereas,
RS232D which is of 22 pins. In new PC’s male D-type which is of 9 pins.

RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial communication, it is used for connecting
computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial data exchange between them.

 It obtains the voltage for the path used for the data exchange between the devices.
 It is used in serial communication up to 50 feet with the rate of 1.492kbps.
 The RS232 is used for connecting Data Transmission Equipment (DTE) and Data
Communication Equipment (DCE).

Universal Asynchronous Data Receiver &Transmitter (UART) used in connection with

RS232 for transferring data between printer and computer.

These connectors are known as the DB-9 Connector as a serial port and they are of two
type’s Male connector (DTE) & Female connector (DCE).

Electrical Specifications

The electrical specifications of RS232 given below:

 Voltage Levels: RS232 also used as ground & 5V level. Binary 0 works with voltages up to
+5V to +15Vdc. It is called as ‘ON’ or spacing (high voltage level) whereas Binary 1 works
with voltages up to -5V to -15Vdc. It is called as ‘OFF’ or marking (low voltage level).

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  Received signal voltage level: Binary 0 works on the received signal voltages up to +3V to
+13 Vdc & Binary 1 works with voltages up to -3V to -13 Vdc.
 Line Impedances: The impedance of wires is up to 3 ohms to 7 ohms & the maximum cable
length are 15 meters, but new maximum length in terms of capacitance per unit length.
 Operation Voltage: The operation voltage will be 250v AC max.
 Current Rating: The current rating will be 3 Amps max.
 Dielectric withstanding voltage: 1000 VAC min.

How RS232 Works?

RS232 works on the two-way communication that exchanges data to one another. There are
two devices connected to each other, (DTE) Data Transmission Equipment & (DCE) Data
Communication Equipment which has the pins like TXD, RXD, and RTS& CTS. Now,
from DTE source, the RTS generates the request to send the data. Then from the other side
DCE, the CTS, clears the path for receiving the data. After clearing a path, it will give a
signal to RTS of the DTE source to send the signal. Then the bits are transmitted from DTE
to DCE. Now again from DCE source, the request can be generated by RTS and CTS of
DTE sources clears the path for receiving the data and gives a signal to send the data. This is
the whole process through which data transmission takes place.

TXD TRANSMITTER
RXD RECEIVER
RTS REQUEST TO SEND
CTS CLEAR TO SEND
GND GROUND

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RS-449

The RS-449 specification, also known as EIA-449 or TIA-449, defines the functional and mechanical
characteristics of the interface between data terminal equipment, typically a computer, and data
communications equipment, typically a modem or terminal server.

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