TOPIC 2: APA 7th edition REFERENCING GUIDE

Lesson Outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the students can:

1. Be familiarized with the style and method of using APA

Referencing guide
2. Use the pattern of referencing in their academic/technical
writing
 Terminologies:

APA – American Psychological Association

DOI/doi-Digital Object Identifier
URL-Uniform Resource Locator
In-text citation/ parenthetical - reference within the
body of the academic essay
Reference page (like bibliography)
 Terminologies:
para - paragraph
paras. – paragraphs
n.d. – no date
p. - page
pp. – pages
et al [L. et alii] - and others
volume (issue) – issuance of a material
ampersand – [&]
Ed.- Editor
Eds.- Editors
The American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing
Style is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas you have used in your assignments.

WHY CITE SOURCES?

Citing sources accomplishes the following:
provides a way to give proper credit to the sources used in
writing the paper
enables the reader to find the information for themselves
adds credibility and provides strength for your arguments
WHEN TO CITE SOURCES?

Credit must be given whenever:

1. quoting from a source (copying from the source word for

word)

2. summarizing or rephrasing information from a source

into one's own words
HOW TO CITE SOURCES?
APA style requires 2 elements:
1. in-text references (quote directly, summarise, paraphrase a
material)
• located in the text of the paper
• tells the reader what information was borrowed and where it
came from
2. a list of references
• located at the end of the paper
• tells the reader what sources were used to write the paper and
provides complete information about the sources
The in-text references and list of references work together to give
complete credit to the sources that are used in writing the paper.
The in-text reference in the paper should correspond with the
beginning of the citation in the list of references.
APA style requires brief references in the text of the paper and
complete reference information at the end of the paper.
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
An in-text reference is generally given in one of two ways.
1. For rephrased information (information put into your own
words):
use author's surname followed immediately by the copyright
year in parenthesis within the sentence
OR
provide the author's surname and copyright year in
parenthesis at the end of the sentence before the full stop
2. For quoted information (information copied
word for word):
use the author's surname followed immediately by the
copyright year in parenthesis and the page from which the
information was copied in parenthesis at the end of the
sentence
OR
provide the author's surname, copyright year, and page in
parenthesis at the end of the sentence before the full stop
About In-Text Citation
In APA, in-text citations are inserted in the body of your research paper to
briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point
the reader to more complete information in the reference list at the end of
the paper.

•In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a comma
and the publication year enclosed in parentheses: (Smith, 2007).
•If you are quoting directly the page number should be included, if given. If
you are paraphrasing the page number is not required.
•If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the
title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the title, such as italics:
(Naturopathic, 2007).
[Link]
When you are citing two different sources that share the same author and year
of publication, assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c,
etc.). Assign these letters according to which title comes first alphabetically.
Use these letters in both in-text citations and the Reference list.
Example In-Text:
Paraphrasing content from first source by this author (Daristotle, 2015a). "Now
I am quoting from the second source by the same author" (Daristotle, 2015b, p.
50).
Example Reference List entries:
Daristotle, J. (2015a). Name of book used as first source. Toronto, ON: Fancy
Publisher.
Daristotle, J. (2015b). Title of book used as second source. Toronto, ON: Very
Fancy Publisher.
[Link]
 Sample In-Text Citation- Narrative
Example 1:
Paulson and Allen (1997) acknowledge that their student-
teachers “discovered that the need to tailor a portfolio
was influenced by how much personal risk could result
were they to bare their own perspectives” (p. 289).
The author’s name appears within the text of the sentence
itself, with the date directly after it; the page on which the
quotation can be found is in parentheses at the end of the
quotation.
Sample In-Text Citation - Parenthetical
Example 2:
One study found that teachers “discovered that
the need to tailor a portfolio was influenced by how
much personal risk could result were they to bare their
own perspectives” (Paulson & Allen, 1997, p. 289).
The author’s name, the publication date, and the
page number on which the quotation appears are included
in the parentheses after the quotation.
 General Guidelines In-text citations
• Cite a source in the text of your paper using the author’s last name and the year
of publication. One or both of these elements will be in parentheses, depending
on the situation.
• For two authors, cite both every time. For three or more authors, cite all the first
time and after that, cite the first author and use the Latin phrase “et al.”
• Include the full citation in the reference list at the end of the paper for each in-
text citation used.
• Separate citation elements with commas. Required sentence punctuation goes
outside the parentheses.
o Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003).
o In 2003, Kessler’s study of epidemiological samples showed that…

[Link]
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Citing a specific part of a source, with or without direct quotations, requires the page
number, with p. for a single page or pp. for multiple pages before the number. If there are
no page numbers, use the paragraph number with the abbreviation para. If there is neither
page nor paragraph numbers, cite the heading.
o Rogers (1961) has identified genuineness and transparency as two important elements of
a helping relationship (p. 37).
o Through brain scans of live chimpanzees, researchers have found that, as with humans,
“the language-controlling…” (Begley, 1998, p. 57).
o Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for “regulation in cyber space”
(para. 4).
o In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that “the level of perceived
disability … less by their physical condition” (Discussion section, para. 1).
o “Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels … changing
consumption behavior” (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory Labeling Has
Targeted”).
References
• The heading (centered, bold, capitalized) on the page of sources should be References.
• Double space the entire list, both between and within entries (this will not be done on this handout).
• Arrange entries alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work. If no author is given, start
with the first significant word in the title.
• Include as much of the date as is provided – (year, month day) if possible, or (year, month), or (year).
• In titles of articles and books (but not journal titles), capitalize only the first word of the title, the first
word of the subtitle, and proper names.
• Begin each entry at the left margin. If there is more than one line, each subsequent line should be indented
one half inch (“hanging indent” in the Paragraph menu of Microsoft Word)
• Include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) information in the standard citation format for all electronic
documents – articles, books, or websites – unless your instructor tells you otherwise.
o A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to each article available electronically to identify its
content and provide a persistent link to its location online, since URLs can change.
o Use the DOI in whichever format it is provided with the article. Examples: doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
or [Link]
East Carolina University Libraries. (2022, March 25). APA Citation Style, 7th edition. [Link]
Authors: In-Text Citations

Authors' Names

Type of Citation Narrative Format Parenthetical Format

One work by one author Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007)
One work by two authors Walker and Allen (2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004)
One work by three or more authors Bradley et al. (1999) (Bradley et al., 1999)

Organizations or Groups as Authors

Narrative
Narrative Parenthetical
Format, Parenthetical
Format, First Format,
Type of Citation Subsequent Format, First
Citation in Subsequent
Citations in Citation in Text
Text Citations in Text
Text
Groups as National
(National Institute
authors (readily Institute of
NIMH (2003) of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
identified through Mental Health
[NIMH], 2003)
abbreviation) (NIMH, 2003)
Groups as University of
University of (University of (University of
authors (no Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh (2005) Pittsburgh, 2005) Pittsburgh, 2005)
abbreviation) (2005)