RURAL, URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, MODEL – 4

Module – 4:
 Industrialisation: Impact on town planning, Urbanisation causes, its effect on town
and cities, remedial measures both in urban and rural planning
 Circulation pattern in cities: Urban roads and streets, their functional classification,
traffic survey data and its use in town planning

4.1. INDUSTRIALISATION

Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group
from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re organization of
an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. It is a process of converting socio-economic
order in which Industry is dominant.

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a society is

transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

Characteristics of Industrialization includes:

 Economic growth
 More efficient division of labour
 Use of technological innovation to solve problems
 Production of inexpensive manufactured goods in large quantities
 Technological dependence on conditions outside human control

The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the

Industrial Revolution. Took place from mid- 18th to early 19th century in certain areas in
Europe and America. It started in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Switzerland, Germany
and France. Characteristics of this early Industrialization were technological progress, a shift
from rural to industrial area, financial investments in new Industrial structure. Later
commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.

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The Second Industrial Revolution labels the later changes in the mid 19th century after the
refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing
of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric power lines. The invention
of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steel works and textile factories
replaced homes as the place of work.

Third Industrial Revolution uses electronic and information technology to automate

production.

Fourth Industrial Revolution is the digital revolution.

4.1.1. Causes of Industrialisation

 Rapid increase in population

 Rise in demand of goods
 Unemployment
 Quality and quantity of Products

4.1.2. Impact or Consequences of Industrialisation

 Rapid Growth of Cities / Urbanization: Industrialization often leads to the rapid

growth of urban areas as people migrate from rural areas in search of employment
opportunities in factories and industries.
 Increased Infrastructure Development: Urban areas expand to accommodate the
growing population, leading to increased investment in infrastructure, including roads,
transportation systems, and utilities.
 Zoning and Land Use Changes: Industrialization results in the need for specific
zones for industrial, commercial, and residential areas within cities. This necessitates
changes in land use planning.
 Environmental Impact: Industrialization can bring environmental challenges, such
as pollution and resource depletion, which urban planning must address through
regulations and sustainable practices.
 Social and Cultural Shifts: Industrialization can lead to shifts in social structures and
lifestyles, affecting the design of urban spaces and facilities.
 Exploitation of resources
 Change in Family structure

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 Elimination of family trades and professions

 Health problems
 Population explosion

Industrial Development and Progress after Independence of India

India made considerable economic progress since its Independence, especially the expansion
and diversification of production both in industry and agriculture. And other likes,

 Industrial Investment has increased

 Modern techniques were introduced
 Entrepreneur have come up with the help of government
 Industrial centers were developed all across the country
 Facilities of Power, communication, roads etc. has increased

4.2. URBANISATION

Increase in the volume of the total population in urban areas is called Urbanization. Or
The mass movement of people from rural to urban areas, i.e., cities and towns is called
Urbanization. It is a process in which population in cities and town increases. Or
Urbanization refers to the transformation of society whereby rural economy is being
transformed to advanced industrial economy. Or Urbanization is the social process
whereby cities grows and societies become more urban.

Urbanization is one of the common characteristics of economic development. With the gradual
growth of the economy, the process of urbanization depends on the shift of surplus population
from rural to urban areas along with the growth of some industrialized urban centres.

Due to social and economic pressure, people from backward villages started to move towards
urbanized centres in search of job.

The pace of urbanization is fast if the industrial growth is fast. The pace of urbanization
gradually declines only when the proportion of urban population to total population of the
country becomes too high.

4.2.1. Causes of Urbanisation

 Industrialization: The growth of industries and factories in urban areas attracts a rural
population seeking employment and better living conditions.

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 Rural-Urban Migration: People from rural areas often move to urban centers in search
of economic opportunities, education, and improved quality of life.
 Natural Population Growth: Urbanization is also driven by natural population growth
within cities and towns.
 Infrastructure Development: Better infrastructure and amenities in urban areas can
attract people from rural regions.
 Government Policies: Government policies and incentives can encourage urbanization,
such as the development of industrial and technology hubs.
 Modernization
 Commercialization
 Social Benefits
 Employment Opportunities

4.2.2. Positive Effects of Urbanisation

Basic Amenities – Clean water, housing, electricity, etc.

Accessibility – Medical facility, Higher and better education, transportation, better

employment, entertainment, etc.

Better Social Amalgamation

4.2.3. Problems due to Urbanization

 Population Pressure / Overcrowding: Rapid urbanization can strain urban infrastructure

and services, leading to congestion, inadequate housing, and limited access to basic
amenities.
 Environmental Challenges: Urbanization often contributes to environmental issues like
air and water pollution, as well as increased energy consumption.
 Housing and Land Issues: The demand for housing can lead to increased property prices
and land use conflicts.
 Social Disparities: Urbanization can exacerbate social and economic disparities, with
marginalized communities often residing in informal settlements.
 Infrastructure Needs: Cities must invest in infrastructure and public services to meet
the demands of a growing population.
 Unemployment

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 Increase in slum areas

 Increase in Traffic
 Pollution
 Global warming
 Deforestation

4.2.4. Remedial Measures in Urban Planning

 Comprehensive Urban Planning: Create and implement comprehensive urban plans that
address housing, transportation, and infrastructure needs while ensuring sustainability
and inclusivity.
 Zoning and Land Use: Properly zone areas for industrial, commercial, and residential
use, and ensure that land use regulations are followed.
 Affordable Housing: Develop affordable housing options to accommodate the needs of
the urban poor and ensure access to decent living conditions.
 Green Urban Spaces: Design and maintain green spaces, parks, and urban forests to
mitigate environmental challenges and improve the quality of life.
 Public Transportation: Invest in efficient public transportation systems to reduce
congestion and pollution.
 Community Engagement: Involve the community in the planning process to ensure that
urban development meets their needs and expectations.

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4.2.5. Remedial Measures in Rural Planning

 Rural Development Initiatives: Promote rural development and the diversification of

the rural economy to reduce the push factor for rural-to-urban migration.
 Infrastructure Development: Improve rural infrastructure, including roads, schools,
healthcare facilities, and utilities, to enhance the quality of life and reduce the attraction
of urban areas.
 Agricultural Support: Support and invest in rural agriculture to create sustainable
livelihoods and reduce the need for urban migration.
 Land Reforms: Implement land reforms that address land ownership and usage issues
to prevent displacement and conflicts.
 Digital Connectivity: Improve digital connectivity in rural areas to enable economic
opportunities and access to information and services.

4.3. URBAN ROADS AND STREETS

A city or a town is admired by its road system. A well-arranged layout of a town is spoiled, if
it does not contain a well-designed road pattern connecting the various parts of town. The urban
roads play an important role in the development of town or city and as such, they attract many
evils such as heavy traffic congestion, ribbon development, etc., if not properly planned

The efficiency of an urban area is greatly influenced by the urban infrastructure of roads
together with public services. The urban road system should be such that it results into free
flow of traffic with safety.

4.3.1. Objectives of Urban Roads

 To facilitate communication of men and materials between the various centres of the
town.
 To provide air and light to the properties situated on their edges.
 To provide space for laying the public utility services like water mains, drainage pipes,
electric cables, telephone lines, etc.

4.3.2. Requirements of Good City Road

 It should accommodate amenities such as parking places, enough lighting, etc.

 It should afford safety to vehicles and pedestrains by footpaths, traffic signs, etc.

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 It should be cheap and durable.

 It should be resting on the unyielding soil.
 It should have good alignment and visibility.
 It should possess easy gradients and smooth curves.
 It should possess well designed junctions.
 It should remain in dry condition.
 Its overall performance should bring the traffic to minimum extent.
 It wearing surface should be impervious and impermeable to the rain water.
 Its width and camber should be proper.

4.3.3. Factors to be considered in designing a Town Road

 Destination
 Importance of road
 Nature of traffic
 Use of road

4.3.4. Classification of Urban Roads

Functional classification of urban roads is a system that categorizes roads based on their
primary purpose and the type of traffic they are intended to serve. This classification helps in
urban planning, transportation management, and the design of road networks. The functional
classification typically includes several categories, each with a specific set of characteristics.

Functional classification helps urban planners and transportation engineers make informed
decisions about road design, traffic management, and land use planning. It ensures that
different types of roads serve their intended functions efficiently and contribute to a well-
organized and accessible urban transportation network. Keep in mind that the specific
classification system may vary by jurisdiction, and local authorities may adapt these
classifications to suit their specific urban planning needs. While the specifics may vary between
countries and regions, the following is a general framework for the functional classification of
urban roads:

 Arterial Roads: These roads are designed to carry high volumes of traffic over longer
distances within and between urban areas. The road which connects the town to a state
highway or national highway. Include ring roads, by-pass roads, etc., allow free

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movement of fast traffic at high speeds. Wide lanes, high speed limits, and limited
access points. They often connect different parts of the city and may include major
thoroughfares or highways.
 Sub-arterial Roads: Also known as major roads or secondary roads. Contained within
city limits and they connect important town / city centres. Slow moving traffic over
short distance. Intersection provided with suitable traffic signals.
 Collector Roads: Collectors are intermediate roads that gather traffic from local streets
and funnel it into the arterial road network. Moderate traffic volumes, moderate speed
limits, and more direct access to adjacent properties compared to arterial roads. They
may serve as feeder roads connecting local streets to major arteries.
 Local Roads: Local roads, also known as minor roads, collect traffic from various parts
of the town and led it to another minor road or major road. Primarily provide access to
properties, residences, and businesses within neighborhoods. Importance is given to
the non-vehicular traffic. Local roads are not allowed to touch or to come in contact
with the arterial roads. Lower speed limits, narrower lanes, and frequent intersections.
They are designed to accommodate lower traffic volumes and prioritize local access
over through-traffic.
 Residential Streets: A road which serves the needs of an internal portion of a local
area. These streets are specifically designed to serve residential neighborhoods,
providing access to homes and ensuring safety for pedestrians and cyclists. Special
attention is paid to the social, commercial and other requirements of the local
community. Low speed limits, narrow lanes, and a focus on traffic calming measures
such as speed bumps, sidewalks, and landscaping to enhance safety.
 Cul-de-Sacs and Dead-End Streets: Cul-de-sacs and dead-end streets are designed to
limit through-traffic, providing a quiet and safe environment for residential areas.
Typically low-traffic areas with limited access. Cul-de-sacs often have a circular or
turnaround design.
 Pathways: Also known as pedestrian ways. Accesses leading to individual shops or
premises. Vehicular traffic is not allowed to move on the pathways
 Specialized Roads: Some urban areas may have specialized roads designed for specific
purposes, such as bus lanes, bicycle lanes, pedestrian zones, or other modes of

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transportation. These roads are tailored to meet the specific needs of the intended users,
promoting sustainable transportation and enhancing safety.

4.4. CIRCULATION PATTERN OF STREET IN CITIES

4.4.1. Rectangular street system

In this pattern, the streets are usually of equal width and they cross at right angles as shown in
below figure. It is also known as grid-iron or chequer-board pattern. This pattern is suitable
for flat or level country without any predominant natural features. The outstanding examples
of this pattern are Philadelphia (U.S.A) and Jaipur (India).

4.4.2. Rectangular with superimposed diagonals street system

This arrangement is an improvement on grid-iron pattern. The diagonal streets provide direct
communication between distant parts of the town as shown in below figure. The points where
diagonals meet are utilized for park, garden, memorial, etc. However, a dangerous intersection
in formed at the crossing point of diagonal street and rectangular street. Washington, the capital
of U.S.A., is the outstanding example of this road pattern. This city is considered to be one of
the most beautiful cities of the world. It was designed by L. Enfant and was planned
methodically in advance.

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4.4.3. Concentric street system

In this pattern, the ring roads or circumferential roads are connected by radial roads as shown
in the below figure and it results into concentric development. This pattern is also known as
the Spider’s Web system. The concentric system is developed mainly due to the removal of
encircling walls and fortifications. If, however, the radial roads are not fully developed, they
will overload the central part of the town where they intersect. Moscow (U.S.S.R.), Vienna
(Austria), Paris (France) and Frankfurt-Reiderwald (Germany) have adopted this street pattern
to a certain extent.

4.4.4. Radial street system

In this pattern, the ring roads spring from a central civic centre like the spokes of a wheel as
shown in below figure. Such an arrangement increases the significance and importance of civic

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centre which may be in the form of palace, market, public office building, historical monument,
beauty spots, etc.

The radial pattern forms large blocks of trapezoidal shape and as there are chances of mare
wastage of land in the design of buildings, this pattern may prove to be uneconomical from the
construction point of view. Karlsruhe (Germany) is an outstanding example of this pattern.

4.4.5. Combination of radial and rectangular street systems

In this arrangement, the radial streets are blended or mixed with rectangular streets as shown
in below figure. Such a combination can be used with great success especially where
topographical features are favourable and it is possible to derive advantages of both the street
systems. The outstanding examples of this pattern are London (U.K.), Canberra (Australia) and
New Delhi (India).

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4.4.6. Irregular mediaeval street system

Some of the old cities of middle ages, developed in an irregular way without any definite plan
of the street system, possess this type of pattern. The growth of town or city is unmethodical
and illogical. The mediaeval street pattern naturally does not efficiently serve the modern
traffic and such towns are referred to as irregular mediaeval towns. The town of this category
are Nurenberg (Germany), Nasik and Varanasi (India).

4.4.7. Topographical street system

In this arrangement, the advantage is taken of the natural topographical features of the town
such as river, lake, sea view, hillock, etc. This system is also known as the organic street
pattern as it resembles the plan of a microscope slide showing the cell structure of vegetable
or animal tissues. It is also sometimes referred to as the studied irregularities.

The street of system is absolutely unplanned as shown in below figure and all sorts of
irregularities are seen in this type of street pattern. The streets may not be continuous and they
may be of variable widths. The size and shape of open spaces are irregular and there are number
of curvatures.

The street pattern, however, becomes pleasing and attractive only if it is in conformity with
topography of the area and natural surroundings. As a rule, this system can only be applied in
small towns, satellite towns and in some districts of large cities. The outstanding examples of
this pattern are Letchworth and Bourne-mouth (U.K.), Montreal (Canada), Amber and
Vijayanagar (India).

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4.4.8. Combination of rectangular and irregular street system

In this arrangement, a combination of rectangular pattern and irregular streets is made. The
rectangular layout indicates the recent development and the irregular pattern indicates earlier
growth of town. When it is difficult or too costly to improve the existing irregular street system,
a combination is formed. The outstanding example of this type of street system is Edinburgh
(U.K.).

The above mentioned street systems of the existing towns and cities can suitably be applied
and adjusted for the street pattern of a modern town. It will however be necessary to study and
to analyse the present as well as the future traffic likely to use the streets of the modern town.
The street pattern of the modern town should be designed in such a way that it effectively
serves various parts of the town as desired and as conceived by the town planner.

4.5. TRAFFIC SURVEY DATA

Traffic survey data collection is essential for urban planning and transportation engineering.
Traffic survey data can include various parameters, such as traffic volume, speed, congestion,
vehicle types, and more. This data is collected through several methods, including:

 Manual Traffic Counts: Personnel count and classify vehicles manually at specific
locations and times. This is a cost-effective method but may be less accurate for large-
scale data collection.
 Automatic Traffic Counters: These devices use sensors, cameras, or loops embedded
in the road to automatically collect data on traffic volume, speed, and vehicle
classification.
 GPS and Mobile Apps: GPS data and mobile apps can be used to collect data on traffic
movements and congestion in real-time.
 Surveys and Questionnaires: Surveys can gather data on commuter habits, mode of
transportation, and route preferences.
 Traffic Cameras: Cameras positioned at intersections or along roadways can provide
visual data for monitoring traffic flow and congestion.

4.5.1. Usage of Traffic Survey Data in Town Planning

Traffic survey data plays a crucial role in town planning by providing valuable information on
the movement of vehicles, pedestrians, and other modes of transportation within a specific area.

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This data is collected through various methods, such as traffic counts, surveys, and
observations, and it helps urban planners make informed decisions to optimize transportation
systems, improve safety, and enhance overall urban design.

Traffic survey data is a fundamental tool in town planning, providing insights that enable
planners to create more efficient, safe, and sustainable urban environments. The data-driven
approach helps in making informed decisions and optimizing the use of transportation
resources within a town or city. Here are some ways in which traffic survey data is used in
town planning:

 Traffic flow analysis: Data on vehicle movements and traffic patterns help planners
understand how traffic flows through different parts of the town. Analysis of peak hours
and congestion points helps identify areas that require traffic management
interventions.
 Traffic management: The data informs the implementation of traffic management
strategies, such as signal timings, lane configurations, and one-way street systems.
 Safety Improvements: Data helps identify accident-prone areas, allowing for safety
improvements like the installation of traffic lights, speed limits adjustments, or
pedestrian crossings.
 Transportation modelling: Planners use traffic survey data to create transportation
models that simulate the impact of different development scenarios, new infrastructure
projects, or changes in land use on traffic patterns.
 Public transportation planning: Information on commuting patterns helps in the
planning and optimization of public transportation routes and schedules. Integration of
public transport systems with other modes of transportation can be improved based on
the observed travel behaviours.
 Parking planning: Data on parking demand and usage helps planners design efficient
parking facilities and determine appropriate parking regulations. This information is
crucial for balancing the need for parking spaces with the overall urban design
objectives.
 Land use planning: Traffic surveys assist in aligning land use planning with
transportation infrastructure to create more sustainable and accessible urban spaces.
Decisions on zoning, mixed-use developments, and the location of commercial and
residential areas can be influenced by traffic data.

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 Environmental impact assessment: Analysis of traffic survey data contributes to

assessing the environmental impact of transportation activities, helping in the
development of environmentally sustainable urban plans.
 Future growth planning: Projections based on traffic data are used to plan for future
population growth and its impact on transportation needs.

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