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Number System Notes

The document outlines various number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, detailing their bases, digits, and common uses. It explains the relationships between these bases and provides methods for converting between them, as well as the representation and hierarchy of different types of numbers. Additionally, it highlights the applications of these number systems in computing and everyday life.

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5 views2 pages

Number System Notes

The document outlines various number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, detailing their bases, digits, and common uses. It explains the relationships between these bases and provides methods for converting between them, as well as the representation and hierarchy of different types of numbers. Additionally, it highlights the applications of these number systems in computing and everyday life.

Uploaded by

faithmwaniki034
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Number System - Notes

A number system is a method of representing numbers using symbols or digits. Each system
has a base (or radix) that tells how many unique digits it uses.

1. Types of Number Systems


Type Base Digits Used Example Common Use

Binary 2 0, 1 (1011)₂ = 11₁₀ Used in


computers and
digital systems

Octal 8 0–7 (25)₈ = 21₁₀ Used in some


computing
systems

Decimal 10 0–9 (347)₁₀ Used in


everyday life

Hexadecimal 16 0–9, A–F (2F)₁₆ = 47₁₀ Used in


computer
memory and
programming

2. Relationship Between Bases


Binary (Base 2)
Octal (Base 8) = 2³
Decimal (Base 10)
Hexadecimal (Base 16) = 2⁴
Hence:
• 1 Hex digit = 4 Binary digits (bits)
• 1 Octal digit = 3 Binary digits

3. Conversion Between Number Systems


A. Binary ↔ Decimal
Binary to Decimal: Multiply each bit by powers of 2 and sum up.
Example: (1011)₂ = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 11₁₀
Decimal to Binary: Divide by 2 repeatedly and write remainders in reverse.
Example: (13)₁₀ = (1101)₂

B. Binary ↔ Octal
Group binary digits in groups of 3 (from right to left).
Example: (110011)₂ = (63)₈
C. Binary ↔ Hexadecimal
Group binary digits in groups of 4.
Example: (11100110)₂ = (E6)₁₆

D. Decimal ↔ Octal/Hexadecimal
Use repeated division by base 8 or 16.
Example: (45)₁₀ ÷ 8 → (55)₈

4. Representation of Numbers
• Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …
• Integers: …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …
• Rational Numbers: Can be written as p/q (q ≠ 0)
• Irrational Numbers: Cannot be expressed as fraction (e.g., √2, π)
• Real Numbers: Include rational + irrational
• Complex Numbers: a + bi (where i = √-1)

5. Hierarchy of Numbers
Complex Numbers
└── Real Numbers
├── Rational Numbers
│ ├── Integers
│ │ ├── Whole Numbers
│ │ │ └── Natural Numbers (1, 2, 3, …)
│ └── Fractions
└── Irrational Numbers

6. Applications
• Binary → Computer processing, logic gates.
• Decimal → Human counting and arithmetic.
• Hexadecimal → Memory addresses, color codes.
• Octal → UNIX file permissions.

7. Key Points
• Base (Radix): Number of unique digits.
• MSB (Most Significant Bit): Leftmost digit in binary.
• LSB (Least Significant Bit): Rightmost digit in binary.
• Computers use binary, humans use decimal or hexadecimal for readability.

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