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Contents
• Artificial Intelligence
• History of AI

Chapter Three • Levels of AI

• Types of AI
• How humans think
Artificial Intelligence • Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
• Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
Intelligence.
• Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking • Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” • Therefore, artificial intelligence as the “copy of something natural
• Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power." (i.e., human beings) „WHO‟ is capable of acquiring and applying the
information it has gained through exposure.”
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based
which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions. skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
• Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge. • In Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to
do some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Intelligence is composed of: • Artificial Intelligence system is composed of Agent and its
• Reasoning Environment.
• Learning • An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can
• Problem Solving perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon
• Perception and that environment through effectors.
• Linguistic Intelligence • Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve
• Artificial Intelligence system is composed of them.
• Agent and • Machine perception is the ability to use input from
• Environment. sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to
deduce aspects of the world.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• High-profile Examples of AI include • AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are
• Autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars) capable of performing tasks that humans are very good at.
• Medical diagnosis • Example: recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech,
• Creating art (such as poetry. E.g. Poem Portrait) and decision making in a constrained environment.
• Proving mathematical theorems • Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the machine
• Playing games (such as Chess or Go) can learn as it goes rather than having every action programmed
• Search engines (such as Google search) by humans.
• Online assistants (such as Siri) • Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the
• Image recognition in photographs field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms that
• Spam filtering improve automatically through experience.
• Prediction of judicial decisions and
• Online advertisements
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Need for Artificial Intelligence

• The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in
1959.
• Why we need AI at this time?
• Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract
1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with
features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
• The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like
deep learning.
humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-
friendly manner.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

• Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence is
1. Replicate human intelligence
composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
perception, language understanding, etc
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as: • To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial
• Proving a theorem Intelligence requires the following disciplines
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to • High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very
fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre- costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world
experience or information. requirements.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision • Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines
making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will
Chess game.
only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with high accuracy. • No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may
can be risky. sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to • Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirements. technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
as a self driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, • No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine
facial recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of
(for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for
translation like google translate ), etc. human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

History of AI [Reading Assignment] Levels of AI

• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
• Uses rules as the knowledge representation
• Is a system that applies human-made rules to store, sort and manipulate
data. In doing so, it mimics human intelligence.
• It’s a logical program that uses pre-defined rules to make deductions and
choices to perform automated actions.
• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
• Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are
being applied in.
• They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans,
and their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries
arise.
• Eg. chatbots and “robo advisors”
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Levels of AI Levels of AI
• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise • Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence
• Expertise and Domain Specific Knowledge. (AGI)
• These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in massive • These systems have human-like intelligence
volumes of information which they can use for decision making. • AGI is the intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand
• Eg. AlphaGo or learn any intellectual task that a human being can.
• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines • Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
• These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to • AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
themselves and others – they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, domain.
knowledge, and how their own logic works. • Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might
• This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other be, yet we would hope examples would include solving problems we have
machines. failed to so far, such as world hunger and dangerous environmental
• At the moment these algorithms are still in development, however, change.
commercial applications are expected within the next few years • A few experts who claim it can be realized by 2029.
• Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example in the film Ex
Machina or Terminator.

Levels of AI Levels of AI
• • Stage 7 –Singularity and Transcendence
• This leads to a massive expansion in human capability.
• Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a future
successor of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares ideas,
solves problems collectively, and even gives others access to our dreams as
observers or participants.
• Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the human body
and connect to other forms of intelligence on the planet – animals, plants,
weather systems, and the natural environment.
• Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google‟s Director of
Engineering, suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a result of
exponential rates of progress across a range of science and technology
disciplines.
• The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible and human
consciousness could never be digitized
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Types of AI Based on Capabilities

• Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, these are 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• Based on Capabilities and • Is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
• Based on Functionality • cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task.
• Also called as Weak AI.
• Is the most common and currently available AI in the world
• Can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• E.g. Apple Siri , IBM's Watson supercomputer ,Google translate, playing
chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars,
speech recognition, and image recognition.

Based on Capabilities Based on Capabilities

2. General AI
• Is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task 3. Super AI
with efficiency like a human. • Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that cognitive properties.
could be smarter and think like a human on its own. • This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.
• Currently, there is no such system exists which could come • It is an outcome of general AI.
under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a • Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability
human. to think, to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will communicate on its own.
take lots of effort and time to develop such systems. • Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
• The development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.
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Based on Functionality Based on Functionality

1. Reactive Machines: 2. Limited Memory
• The most basic types of Artificial Intelligence • Can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
• Do not store memories or past experiences for future time.
actions • These machines can use stored data for a limited time period
• Only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per only.
possible best action. • As the name suggests they have limited memory or short-lived
memory
• Eg. IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's AlphaGo • Eg. Self-driving cars : can store the recent speed of nearby cars,
the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other information
to navigate the road.

Based on Functionality How Humans Think

3. Theory of Mind • Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of
• Understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to three main stages:
interact socially like humans. • Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
• Still not developed • Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from
4. Self Awareness the surrounding environment.
• is the future of Artificial Intelligence • Make decisions as a reaction towards what you
• will be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness, received as input and interpreted and evaluated.
sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
• does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
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Mapping Human Thinking to AI Components Influencers of Artificial Intelligence

• Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is • Influencers of AI includes:
possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or • Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
components of AI systems. • Advancements in computer processing speed and New chip
• In the first stage, humans acquire information from their architectures
surrounding environments through human senses, such as sight, • Cloud computing and Application Program Interfaces
hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs, such as • Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-
eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the hands. demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
• In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which • The emergence of data science
perceives information from the surrounding environment. • The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data
in various forms, either structured or unstructured, which is like data
• Eg: Sensors like voice recognition and visual imaging recognition mining.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence AI Tools and Platforms

• AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
• AI in agriculture • AI in Social Media
• To organize and manage massive
difficult problems in computer science, like:
• Very helpful for farmers
• As agriculture robotics, solid and crop amounts of data • Search and optimization
monitoring • AI in Data Security • Logic
• AI in Healthcare • used to make your data more safe and • Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
• to make a better and faster diagnosis secure. • Classifiers and statistical learning methods
than humans. • AI in Travel &Transport • Neural networks
• AI in education • Use chatbots which can make human- • Control theory
• as a teaching assistant like interaction with customers
• Languages
• Eg: chatbot • AI in Robotics
• AI in Finance and E-commerce
• Most common artificial intelligence platforms include Microsoft
• AI in Entertainment
AZURE Machine Learning, Google Cloud Prediction API, IBM
• AI in Gaming : eg chess • AI in the Automotive Industry Watson, TensorFlow, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES, [Link],
Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi, MindMeld, and Meya.
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Sample AI Application
• Commuting • Online Shopping
• Googles AI-powered predictions • Search (Amazon)
• Ridesharing Apps like Uber • recommendations for products
• E-mail • Mobile Use
• Voice-to-text
• Spam filters
• Smart personal Assistants (Siri)
• Smart e-mail categorization
• AI in education
• Social Networking
• Facebook
END OF CHAPTER THREE
• As a teaching assistant • Instagram
• Eg: chatbot
NEXT CHAPTER IS IoT