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Q: Compare and contrast the aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes in terms of energy output and by-products.

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces a high energy output (approximately 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule) with carbon dioxide and water as by-products. In contrast, anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, resulting in a much lower energy output (about 2 ATP molecules per glucose) and by-products like lactic acid or ethanol. The efficiency and by-products of these processes vary significantly, affecting how organisms manage their energy needs under different conditions .

Q: In what way does the small intestine contribute to the digestion and processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?

The small intestine is crucial for the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It receives bile juice from the liver which neutralizes stomach acids and emulsifies fats. Additionally, pancreatic lipase and intestinal juices break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, while trypsin digests proteins. The digested nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls .

Q: What are the main components of blood and their individual functions in the human body?

Blood is composed of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular elements. Plasma is a colorless fluid that transports substances like glucose, amino acids, and urea. Cellular elements include red blood corpuscles (RBCs) that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood corpuscles (WBCs) that fight diseases, and blood platelets that aid in clotting .

Q: Why do aerobic animals produce lactic acid anaerobically and what does this indicate about their respiration processes?

Aerobic animals primarily rely on oxygen for tissue oxidation through aerobic respiration. However, in situations where oxygen supply is inadequate, certain tissues like muscles switch to anaerobic metabolism, which leads to the production of lactic acid. This indicates that while animals may be aerobically inclined, they possess the flexibility to adapt to anaerobic conditions temporarily to meet energy needs, showcasing the complex interplay between aerobic and anaerobic processes .

Q: What are the consequences of improper functioning of the respiratory pigments in human beings?

Haemoglobin is the key respiratory pigment in humans, responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returning carbon dioxide for exhalation. If haemoglobin does not function properly, it can lead to inadequate oxygen supply to tissues, resulting in conditions like anemia, fatigue, and reduced metabolic efficiency. In severe cases, impaired gas exchange can lead to organ dysfunction or failure .

Q: How do diffusion factors such as environmental conditions and plant requirements affect the direction of diffusion in plants?

Diffusion in plants is maintained by factors such as environmental conditions and plant requirements. Environmental conditions like humidity, temperature, and the concentration of gases can affect the rate and direction of diffusion. For instance, higher temperature may increase diffusion rates, while humidity can affect water vapor pressure and gas exchange. Additionally, the specific needs of the plant, such as nutrient and water uptake, can drive diffusion processes to prioritize areas with higher demand, such as active growth regions .

Q: How does the human excretory system regulate waste removal, and what roles do the kidneys play in this process?

The human excretory system, primarily through the kidneys, removes excess wastes and fluids such as urea, excess salts, and toxins from the blood. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is then excreted from the body, thus maintaining homeostasis by regulating water balance and electrolytes, which are crucial for bodily functions .

Q: How do amoebas perform holozoic nutrition, and what are the steps involved in this process?

Amoebas perform holozoic nutrition through phagocytosis, where they ingest food by engulfing it with pseudopodia, forming a food vacuole. The steps include ingestion, digestion where enzymes break down food within the vacuole, absorption of nutrients into the cytoplasm, assimilation where nutrients are used for the amoeba's growth and maintenance, and egestion of undigested material .

Q: Describe the role of alveoli in the respiratory process and how their structure supports their function.

Alveoli are tiny balloon-like structures within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Their walls are thin and surrounded by a network of capillaries, facilitating the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out. The large surface area provided by numerous alveoli increases the efficiency of this gas exchange process, allowing for effective respiration .

Q: Evaluate the significance of light-independent reactions during photosynthesis and their necessity for plant survival.

Light-independent reactions, or the Calvin Cycle, are crucial for photosynthesis as they convert carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. These reactions are necessary for plant survival because they generate carbohydrates, which serve as long-term energy storage and are used in building structural components like cellulose. Despite occurring independently of light, they are vital for sustaining plant metabolism and growth .

The document discusses life processes essential for survival in living beings, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, and reproduction. It details the human alimentary canal, the digestive system, and the processes of respiration and transportation in both plants and humans. Additionally, it covers the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and the lymphatic system.

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5 Lifeprocessesqb

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NODIA CBSE Chapterwise PYQ Science Class 10

Page 169

CHAPTER 5
Life Processes
Life processes are various essential processes which and grind the food. Food is mixed thoroughly with
take place in the body of living beings for their survival. saliva secreted by salivary glands and is swallowed
They are also called metabolic processes. These with the help of muscular tongue.
processes are nutrition, respiration, transportation, 1. Oesophagus is about 25 cm long muscular tube
excretion and reproduction. which passes food from mouth to stomach by its
peristaltic movements.
2. Stomach is a muscular bag. It contains gastric
1. Nutrition glands in its wall that secrete gastric juice,
Nutrition is the breakdown of complex food nutrients hydrochloric acid (HCl) and mucus. Stomach
into simpler forms and their utilisation to get energy stores food, churns it into a fine pulp called chyme
for various processes taking place in the body. and mixes gastric juice with it.
It may be of following types : 3. Small intestine is about 6 metres (20 feet) long and
2.5 cm wide coiled tube. It is the site of complete
1. Autotrophic Nutrition: Some organisms
digestion of food. It receives the secretions from
manufacture their food from simple inorganic
pancreas and liver. It has numerous finger-like
compounds. These organism are called autotrophs.
projections called villi for absorption of food. The
They are green plants, some bacteria and some
unabsorbed food is passed to large intestine.
protists.
4. Large intestine (colon) is about 1.5-1.8 metres
2. Chemosynthetic Nutrition: Non-green autotrophs
(5-6 feet) long and about 6 cm wide tube. It opens
like iron and sulphur bacteria prepare organic
outside through anus. Caecum is a small pouch in
food by using chemical energy released during
large intestine which ends into a blind tube called
oxidation of simple inorganic compounds.
vermiform appendix. In man, it has no function
3. Heterotrophic Nutrition: The organisms obtain and is a vestigial organ.
ready-made food from plants or animals, dead
5. Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are main
or alive. All animals, most protists and bacteria
digestive glands which help in digestion.
are heterotrophs. Heterotrophic nutrition may
be saprotrophic (fungi), parasitic (Cuscuta,
tapeworms, etc.) and holozoic (herbivores, 3. Digestion of food
carnivores, omnivores and scavengers). Digestion of food in different parts of alimentary canal
• Nutrition in unicellular organisms such as takes place by the secretions of digestive glands.
Amoeba, takes place through cell surface. 1. In mouth, enzyme salivary amylase present in
• In Amoeba food is captured by pseudopodia and saliva acts upon the starch of food. Gastric glands
gets enclosed in a food vacuole. Digestion occurs release hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus.
inside food vacuole. The digested food diffuses Hydrochloric acid makes food acidic. It destroys
into the cell cytoplasm and undigested part of bacteria present in the food. Mucus protects the
food is expelled at any point on the body surface. inner lining of stomach from action of HCl. Pepsin
• Nutrition in multicellular organisms such as digests proteins.
human beings takes place through a specialised 2. In small intestine, bile juice secreted by liver and
system called digestive system. stored in a pouch-like organ called gall bladder,
makes the medium alkaline for the action of
enzymes of pancreatic and intestinal juice and
2. Human alimentary canal
emulsifies fats. Trypsin brings about protein
Human alimentary canal is about 9 metres long tube, digestion. Lipase acts on emulsified fats and
from mouth to anus. In mouth, teeth bite, tear, chew breaks them into fatty acids and glycerol.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

In large intestine, the water from undigested Hair and mucous lining of nasal passages trap dust
food is absorbed and rest is removed from the body and bacteria coming with air and make inhaled air
through anus. moist.
1. The end products of carbohydrate, fat and protein Trachea opens in pharynx. Its opening in the
digestion are glucose, glycerol and fatty acids, and pharynx called glottis and is guarded by a cartilaginous
a acids respectively. flap called epiglottis. The wall of trachea is supported
2. Glucose and amino acids diffuse into the blood with C-shaped cartilaginous rings. Trachea is divided
through intestinal wall. Glycerol and fatty acids into two primary bronchi.
enter the lymph vessels or lacteals present in villi. 1. Each primary bronchus enters the lung of its
side and divides into secondary and tertiary
4. Respiration (segmental) bronchi. A bronchus with its branches
is called a bronchial tree.
Respiration is the process of oxidation or breaking
2. Each segmental bronchus after fine branching, ends
down of organic compounds (particularly glucose) to
in alveolar ducts which open into alveolar sacs.
obtain energy. Respiration may be :
3. Alveoli have enormous surface area for gaseous
1. Aerobic respiration, in which breakdown of
exchange and are covered with network of
glucose occurs in the presence of oxygen.
capillaries for rich blood supply.
2. Anaerobic respiration, in which breakdown of
4. Passage of air in human body is nostrils "
glucose occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Trachea " Bronchi " Alveolar sacs.
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of
The lungs are the main respiratory organs in man.
glucose, common to both types of respiration. It
They are a pair of conical, highly spongy, air-filled
occurs in cytoplasm. During glycolysis, one molecule
sacs formed of millions of alveoli. They are enclosed
of glucose (6-carbon molecule) is broken down into
by a double-layered membrane called pleura and are
two molecules of pyruvic acid or pyruvate (3-carbon
located inside the air-tight thoracic cavity. The right
molecule) with four molecules of ATP.
lung is larger with three lobes while the left lung has
1. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid inside the
just two lobes. Breathing is a mechanical process
mitochondria is broken down into CO2 , H2 O
which is completed in following two steps:
and energy is released. This process is called
Krebs cycle. 1. Inspiration: It is taking in of air. In this process,
2. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid breaks ribs and sternum are pulled upward, forward
into ethyl alcohol or ethanol (2-carbon molecule), and outward, diaphragm flattens increasing the
CO2 and releases energy. It is called anaerobic volume of thoracic cavity and causing lungs to
respiration. expand. Due to this, fresh air from air passages
rushes in to fill in the alveoli.
3. In lack (deficiency) of oxygen in muscles, pyruvic
acid breaks into lactic acid (3-carbon molecule) 2. Expiration: It is expelling of air out of lungs. In
and energy, is released. this process, ribs and sternum are pulled inward
which decreases the volume of thoracic cavity and
Respiration in plants occurs through stomata of
the air is forced out.
leaves, through lenticel in older portions of stems and
through root hair in roots. 3. Exchange of gases occurs between alveolar air and
Respiration in unicellular animals (Amoeba, blood in capillaries inside lung alveoli. Oxygen
Paramecium) and simple multicellular animals from the alveolar air diffuses into the blood and
(sponges, coelenterates, planarian and free-living carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the
nematodes) occurs as direct respiration and in alveolar air.
complex multicellular animals occurs as indirect 4. Transport of respiratory gases occurs by
respiration through skin (frog, earthworm, etc.), gills haemoglobin in RBCs of blood which combines
(fish, molluscs, etc.), air tubes or trachea (insects) with oxygen and forms an unstable compound,
book lungs (spider, scorpion) and lungs (vertebrates oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
except fish). in the tissues and releases oxygen.
5. Carbon dioxide produced during cellular
4.1 Respiratory System in Man respiration is removed as bicarbonate dissolved in
Air is taken into through nostrils and nasal passages blood plasma and is carried to the lungs. In lungs,
(Nose). They open into the pharynx by internal nares. bicarbonate releases CO2

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5. Transportation 7. Pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle

Transportation is the movement of glucose, oxygen and carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs.
and other organic and inorganic substances from one 8. Aorta or aortic arch arises from the left ventricle
part of the body to other. and supplies oxygenated blood to the whole body.
1. In unicellular and simple multicellular organisms, 9. In double circulation, separation of de-oxygenated
substances move from cell to cell by diffusion. and oxygenated blood results in two independent
2. In complex organisms, transport systems arc circulations: Pulmonary circulation for the
developed. oxygenation of de-oxygenated blood and systemic
circulation for the supply of oxygenated blood to
5.1 Transportation in Plants all body organs.

1. The upward movement of water and mineral salts

5.4 Heartbeat and Cardiac Cycle
from roots to the aerial parts (leaves, branches,
flowers, etc.) of the plant against the gravitational Working of heart includes rhythmic contractions
force is called ascent of sap. It occurs through (systole) and relaxations (diastole) of Cardiac cycle
xylem tissue throughout the plant body, is one complete heartbeat which includes one systole
2. Root pressure, cohesion-adhesion tension of water and one diastole.
molecules and the transpiration pull help in the
upward movement of sap from root to the apex of 5.5 Blood Pressure
a tree. The pressure exerted by the blood discharged due
The transport of food from leaves to different parts to contraction of left ventricle on the wall of blood
of plant is called as translocation. It is carried out by vessels is called blood pressure.
phloem tissue. 1. Systolic pressure (120 mm of Hg) is exerted during
ventricular contraction (ventricular systole).
5.2 Transportation in Human Beings
2. Diastolic pressure (80 mm of Hg) is exerted during
In human beings, transportation is carried out by relaxation of ventricle (ventricular diastole).
circulatory system. It is composed of blood, blood
vessels, heart, lymph and lymph vessels. 5.6 Blood Vessels
These are of three types :
5.3 Heart – The Pumping Machine
1. Arteries are distributing vessels. They carry blood
1. Heart is a muscular pumping organ of the size of from heart to various body organs.
a fist. It is enclosed in a sac called pericardium, 2. Veins are collecting vessels. They collect blood
formed of two pericardial membranes. from various parts of the body and carry it to the
2. Human heart is four-chambered. It consists of heart.
two auricles or atria and two ventricles. Auricles 3. Capillaries are microscopic vessels which form a
are receiving chambers, whereas ventricles are link between arteries and veins.
distributing chambers.
3. Each atrium opens into the ventricle of its side 5.7 Blood
by an atrioventricular aperture. A bicuspid valve
guards the left atrioventricular aperture, whereas It is a red-coloured fluid. The fluid matrix of blood
a tricuspid valve guards the right atrioventricular is called plasma. Blood cells or corpuscles (RBCs,
aperture. WBCs and platelets) are suspended in the plasma.
4. Three semilunar pulmonary valves guard the
opening of right ventricle into the pulmonary 5.8 Lymphatic System
aorta. Three semilunar aortic valves guard
opening of left ventricle into aorta. The lymphatic system consists of lymph (the fluid),
lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
5. Right auricle receives deoxygenated blood from
the body through superior or anterior vena cava 1. Lymph is filtered blood. It is a link between
or precaval and inferior or posterior vena cava or blood and tissue fluid which facilitates exchange
postcaval. of substances between blood and body cells by
diffusion. The tissue fluid on entering lymphatic
6. Left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the
capillaries is called lymph.
lungs via four pulmonary veins.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

117. How much water is used in photosynthesis or other 126. Which system is responsible for maintaining
metabolic activities ? osmoregulation and excretion ?
Ans : AI 2010 Ans : Delhi 2017

About 1 to 2% of the water absorbed by the plant is The urinary system or excretory system.
used up in photosynthesis and other metabolic activities.
127. Give reason why all organisms must excrete.
118. Under optimal conditions what quantity of water can Ans : Foreign 2012
leaf transpire in an hour ? All organisms must excrete because the metabolic
Ans : SQP 2015 wastes are very toxic and will be harmful to the body
Under optimal conditions, leaf can transpire an if stored.
amount of water equivalent to its own weight in less
128. Name the excretory organ in human.
than an hour.
Ans : AI 2009

119. What quantity of water does a tree transpire in its Kidney.

lifetime ?
129. Name the excretory unit in human.
Ans : AI 2013
Ans : Foreign 2014
On an average, a tree transpires water equivalent to
Nephron.
100 times its weight in its lifetime.
130. What is the shape of kidney in human beings ?
120. Minerals needed by plants are taken up in the
Ans : Delhi 2016
inorganic form. Name two such forms.
In human beings, kidneys are bean-shaped.
Ans : SQP 2011

Nitrates and phosphates. 131. Where are kidneys located in the human body ?
Ans : OD 2010
121. What is osmosis ?
The kidneys are located in the abdomen.
Ans : Foreign 2016
The movement of water molecules from a dilute 132. What are ureters ?
(weaker) solution to a concentrated (stronger) solution Ans : Foreign 2013
through a semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis. Ureters are excretory tubes which come out from each
kidney (one tube from one kidney) and open into the
122. What are the two factors that control the stomatal
urinary bladder.
opening ?
Ans : SQP 2018 133. What is urinary bladder ?
Rate of loss of water and intensity of light are the two Ans : OD 2007
factors that control the opening of stomata. Urinary bladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that stores
urine before being discharged outside the body.
123. Define the term ‘excretion’.
Ans : OD 2013 134. What is urethra ?
Excretion is the process of removal of metabolic waste Ans : Delhi 2009
products like urea, ammonia, CO2 and water from Urethra is a muscular tube present at the neck of the
the body. urinary bladder which throws out urine through an
opening at its end, the urinary opening.
124. What is osmoregulation ?
Ans : OD 2006 135. Name the chief nitrogenous waste product in the
Osmoregulation is the process which maintains the human urine.
right amount of water and proper ionic balance in the Ans : Foreign 2013
body. Urea.
125. What are the two basic changes which occur during 136. Blood passes through narrow capillaries and develops
biochemical reactions in the body ? very high pressure, as a result of which much fluid
Ans : Delhi 2011 part of blood is forced out. Where precisely in our
The two basic changes are : kidneys this process is occurring ?
(i) Production of toxic waste. Ans : AI 2013

(ii) Increase or decrease of water content in the body. Glomerulus of nephrons.

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(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch. (c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into (d) Absorption of vitamins
carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.
Ans :
(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
chains.
7. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the
Ans :
following from hydrochloric acid. Choose the correct
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into
one.
carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.
(a) Pepsin (b) Mucus
3. In which of the following groups of organisms, (c) Salivary amylase (d) Bile
food material is broken down outside the body and
absorbed ? Ans :
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba (b) Mucus
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould 8. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta liver ?
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm (a) Stomach (b) Small intestine
(c) Large intestine (d) Oesophagus
Ans :
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould Ans :
(b) Small intestine
4. Select the correct statement :
(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food. 9. A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice
water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. This
(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for
indicates that rice water contains
photosynthesis.
(a) complex proteins (b) simple proteins
(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food.
(c) fats (d) starch
(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon
dioxide and water into carbohydrates. Ans :
(d) starch
Ans :
(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food. 10. In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally
digested ?
5. Which is the correct sequence of parts in human
(a) Stomach (b) Mouth cavity
alimentary canal ?
(a) Mouth " stomach " small intestine " (c) Large intestine (d) Small intestine
oesophagus " large intestine Ans :
(b) Mouth " oesophagus " stomach " large (d) Small intestine
intestine " small intestine.
11. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the
(c) Mouth " stomach " oesophagus " small
following
intestine " large intestine
(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(d) Mouth " oesophagus " stomach " small
intestine " large intestine (b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
Ans :
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
(d) Mouth " oesophagus " stomach " small
intestine " large intestine Ans :
(d) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
6. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the
following events in the mouth cavity will be affected ? 12. When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids containing lime water, the lime water turned milky
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars due to the presence of

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CH 5 : Life Processes

2. Lymph vessels are called lymphatics. They form 6.3 Urine Formation
a network in the body. In the intestinal wall, they
Urine formation involves following steps:
are called lacteals.
1. Ultrafiltration: Water and dissolved substances
3. Lymph nodes are formed of lymphatic tissue.
such as urea, uric acid, glucose, amino acids, some
Thymus and spleen are lymphatic organs. Tonsils
vitamins and inorganic salts are filtered from
and adenoids are masses of lymphatic tissue.
the blood flowing under pressure in glomerular
capillaries and form nephric or glomerular filtrate.
6. Excretion 2. Selective Reabsorption: Useful substances
Excretion is the removal of harmful and unwanted (glucose, all amino acids, some inorganic salts and
metabolic wastes from the body. most water) are reabsorbed from nephric filtrate
Osmoregulation is the regulation of osmotic into the blood.
pressure of body fluids by controlling the amount of 3. Tubular Secretion: The excretory products such
water and salts in the body. as creatinine and potassium are secreted from the
blood into the nephric filtrate by diffusion.
6.1 Excretion in Plants 4. This way nephric filtrate changes into urine which
is a straw-coloured liquid due to presence of
Waste products in plants are tannins, resins, gums, urochrome. It contains water and dissolved solids.
alkaloids, essential oils, salt crystal, etc. They are
Urine is collected in the urinary bladder. It is
deposited in old and non-functional xylem, older
released periodically to the exterior through urethra.
leaves which are soon shed off, dead cells of bark, etc.
The plants living in saline habitats excrete excess of
salts.
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
6.2 Excretion in Animals
1. In the given diagram of a closed stomata: (1), (2), (3)
In unicellular animals, ammonia and carbon dioxide and (4) respectively are:
diffuse out of their body by simply diffusion.
Excretion in man occurs by one pair of kidneys
located in the abdominal cavity. Kidneys form urine,
remove nitrogenous wastes, excess of water and salts
from the blood. Blood enters Kidneys for filtration
through a pair of renal arteries and a pair of renal
veins collects filtered blood from kidneys.
Nephrons or uriniferous tubules are bask filtration
units of kidney. (a) nucleus, chloroplast, guard cell, vacuole
1. The cup-like hollow proximal part of each nephron
(b) nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, guard cell
is known as Bowman’s capsule. It is filled with a
tuft of blood capillaries called glomerulus. The (c) chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, guard cell
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule collectively (d) vacuole, guard cell, nucleus, chloroplast
form a Malpighian body which acts as ultrafilters.
The blood while passing through glomerular Ans : OD 2023

capillaries is filtered under pressure and the Label 1 - nucleus

filtrate is collected in the cavity of Bowman’s Label 2 - chloroplast
capsule. Label 3 - vacuole and
2. The remaining tubular part of nephron has Label 4 - guard cell.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), U-shaped Thus option (b) is correct option.
Henle’s Loop and Distal Convoluted Tubule
(DCT). The distal convoluted tubule opens into 2. Which of the following statements about the
the collecting tubule which finally opens into autotrophs is incorrect ?
pelvis part of ureter. All parts of renal tubule (a) They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon
are covered with a network of peritubular dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
capillaries. chlorophyll.

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20. Single circulation i.e., blood flows through the heart 25. The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in
only once during one cycle of passage through the (a) carbon dioxide (b) water
body, is exhibited by
(c) haemoglobin (d) oxygen
(a) Labeos, Chameleon, Salamander
(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas Ans :
(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco (a) carbon dioxide
(d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle
Ans : 26. Which of the following is an incorrect statement ?
(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas (a) Organisms grow with time
(b) Organisms must repair and maintain their
21. In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, structure.
heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different
(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among
parts of the body ?
cells.
(a) Pisces and amphibians
(d) Energy is essential for live processes.
(b) Amphibians and reptiles
(c) Amphibians only Ans :
(d) Pisces only (c) Movement of molecules does not take place among
Ans : cells.
(d) Pisces only
27. The internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs
22. Choose the correct statement that describes arteries. is ?
(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under (a) glycogen (b) protein
high pressure; collect blood from different organs
(c) Starch (d) fatty acid
and bring to the heart.
(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood Ans :
flows under low pressure and carry blood away (c) Starch
from the heart to various organs of the body.
(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under 28. Which of the following equations is the summary of
low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various photosynthesis ?
organs of the body. (a) 6CO2 + 12H2 O $ C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves
(b) 6CO2 + H2 O + Sunlight " C6 H12 O 6 + O2 + 6H2 O
inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry
blood away from the heart to different parts of (c) 6CO2 + 12H2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight $
the body.
C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
Ans :
(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, (d) 6CO2 + 12H2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight $
blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
from the heart to different parts of the body.
Ans :
23. The filtration units of kidneys are called ? (c) 6CO2 + 12H2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight $
(a) ureter (b) urethra C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
(c) neurons (d) nephrons
Ans : 29. Choose the event that does not occur in photosynthesis
(d) nephrons (a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
24. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from ? (c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(a) water (b) chlorophyll (d) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
(c) carbon dioxide (d) glucose
Ans :
Ans : (c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(a) water

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CH 5 : Life Processes

(a) oxygen (b) carbon dioxide 16. Which is the correct sequence of air passage during
(c) nitrogen (d) water vapour inhalation ?
(a) Nostrils " larynx " pharynx " trachea "
Ans : lungs
(b) carbon dioxide
(b) Nasal passage " trachea " pharynx " larynx
13. The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is " alveoli
(a) Glucose
cytoplasm
Pyruvate
mitochondria
Ethanol (c) larynx " nostrils " pharynx " lungs
+ carbon dioxide (d) Nostrils " pharynx " larynx " trachea "
(b) Glucose
cytoplasm
Pyruvate
cytoplasm
Lactic alveoli.
acid Ans :
(c) Glucose
cytoplasm
Pyruvate
mitochondria
Lactic (d) Nostrils " pharynx " larynx " trachea "
acid alveoli.
cytoplasm cytoplasm
(d) Glucose Pyruvate Ethanol 17. During respiration exchange of gases take place in
+ Carbon dioxide (a) trachea and larynx
Ans : (b) alveoli of lungs
cytoplasm cytoplasm
(d) Glucose Pyruvate Ethanol (c) alveoli and throat
+ Carbon dioxide
(d) throat and larynx
14. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic Ans :
respiration ? (b) alveoli of lungs
mitochondria cytoplasm
(a) Glucose Pyruvate
CO2 + H2 O + Energy 18. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true
cytoplasm mitochondria about heart ?
(b) Glucose Pyruvate
(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from
CO2 + H2 O + Energy
cytoplasm
different parts of body while right atrium receives
(c) Glucose Pyruvate + Energy deoxygenated blood from lungs.
CO2 + H2 O
mitochondria

(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to

cytoplasm
(d) Glucose Pyruvate + Energy different body parts while right ventricle pumps
mitochondria
+
CO2 H2 O Energy deoxygenated blood to lungs.
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right
Ans :
cytoplasm ventricle which sends it to different body parts.
(d) Glucose Pyruvate + Energy
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
CO2 + H2 O Energy
mitochondria

different parts of the body while left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the
15. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true about
body.
respiration ?
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and
diaphragm is raised. (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
(ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., Ans :
oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and (c) (ii) and (iv)
carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air.
(iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon 19. What prevents back flow of blood inside the heart
dioxide than oxygen. during contraction ?
(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases. (a) Valves in heart
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv) (c) Thin walls of atria
(d) All of the above
Ans :
(d) (ii) and (iv) Ans :
(a) Valves in heart

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NODIA CBSE Chapterwise PYQ Science Class 10 Page 177

38. Match the column I to column II and select the correct 40. Assertion : All the plants possess autotrophic mode
answer using the codes given below: of nutrition.
Reason : Due to the presence of green coloured
Column I Column II
pigment chlorophyll in them.
(A) Regulation (p) The removal of (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
metabolic waste is the correct explanation of Assertion.
from an organism
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(B) Reproduction (q) The chemical not the correct explanation of Assertion.
process of
oxidizing organic (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
molecules to (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
release energy. Ans :
(C) Respiration (r) Ther replication of (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
an organism the correct explanation of Assertion.
(D) Excretion (s) The control and All plants possess autotrophic mode of nutrition due
coordination of to the presence of green coloured pigment chlorophyll
chemical processes in the leaves of the plants due to which they make
within the their own food in the presence of sunlight through
organism photosynthesis process. So both assertion and reason
are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
A B C D assertion.
(a) s r q p 41. Assertion : Egestion in amoeba takes place through a
(b) p q, s, r, permanent membrane present in them.
(c) r s, p, q Reason : Cilia is absent in amoeba.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(d) r q s p
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Ans :
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(a)A-s, B-r, C-q, D-p not the correct explanation of Assertion.
39. Assertion (A) : The rate of breathing in aquatic (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
organisms is much faster than in terrestrial organisms. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Reason (R) : The amount of oxygen dissolved in water Ans :
is very high as compared to the amount of oxygen in air.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
In amoeba, there is no fixed place through which
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
egestion takes place whenever considerable amount
(A).
of undigested food collects inside its cell membrane
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true suddenly ruptures and at any place the undigested
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of food is thrown out of the body. So, both assertion and
Assertion (A). reason are false.
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
42. Assertion : Ethanol is obtained during the anaerobic
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. process of respiration.
Ans : OD 2024 Reason : This is due to presence of oxygen and it
Terrestrial organisms breathe the oxygen in the takes place in the mitochondria.
atmosphere, but animals that live in water (aquatic (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
organisms) use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the is the correct explanation of Assertion.
amount of dissolved oxygen is very low as compared
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
to amount of oxygen in the air (21%). So, the rate of
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than
that in terrestrial organisms. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Thus (c) is correct option. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Downloaded from [Link]

CH 5 : Life Processes

30. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends 35. Choose the correct path of urine in our body
upon (a) kidney " ureter " urethra " urinary bladder
(a) oxygen (b) kidney " urinary bladder " urethra " ureter
(b) temperature (c) kidney " ureters " urinary bladder " urethra
(c) water in guard cells (d) urinary bladder " kidney " ureter " urethra
(d) concentration of CO2 in stomata
Ans :
Ans : (c) kidney " ureters " urinary bladder " urethra
(c) water in guard cells
36. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human
31. Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the
(i) Proteins (a) cytoplasm (b) chloroplast
(ii) Nitrates and Nitrites (c) mitochondria (d) golgi body
(iii) Urea
Ans :
(iv) Atmospheric nitrogen
(a) cytoplasm
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv) 37. Match the column I to column II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below:
Ans :
(b) (ii) and (iii) Column I Column II
(A) Nutrition (p) The increase in
32. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the
cell size and/or
digestive tract ?
number
(a) Pepsin (b) Cellulose
(B) Synthesis (q) The movement of
(c) Amylase (d) Trypsin materials within
Ans : the cell or within
the organism.
(c) Amylase
(C) Growth (r) The process of
33. Which of the following statement(s) is/(are) correct ? obtaining food
(i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and (D) Transport (s) Combining small
carbon dioxide by yeast. molecules to
(ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria. create larger
(iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria. more complex
(iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration. molecules.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) A B C D
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) (a) q r p s
Ans : (b) p q, s, r,
(c) (i) and (iv) (c) r s, p, q
34. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps (d) r q s p
among cricketers. This results due to
Ans :
(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
(c)A-r, B-s, C-p, D-q
(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(c) non-conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid
Ans :
(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

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NODIA CBSE Chapterwise PYQ Science Class 10 Page 179

the blood. But, with the advancements in technology Ans :

organ transplant can be done in humans although it (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
is expensive but is successful as well, also the blood the correct explanation of Assertion.
of the person can be purified through the procedure In night, dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs, in
of dialysis in which the waste substance is separated which the products of light reaction, i.e. CO2 , ATP,
from the blood of the person. So, assertion and reason NADPH and H2 O are utilised. CO2 is reduced for
both are false. the production of carbohydrates.

48. Assertion : Aerobic animals are not truly aerobic. 51. Assertion : Amoeba is not an omnivore organism.
Reason : Anaerobically they produce lactic acid. Reason : Lion is a carnivore organism.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion. is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Ans : Ans :
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Amoeba is an omnivore organism, its mode of nutrition
In most animals, tissue oxidations are carried out by is holozoic. Lion is a carnivore organism because it
aerobic respiration. Anaerobic metabolism takes place eats other animals (meat eaters). Both Assertion
in certain tissues like skeletal muscles which do not and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
get as much as oxygen required and produce lactic explanation of Assertion.
acid sometimes in aerobically respiring organisms.
52. Assertion : Liver is known as the largest gland of the
49. Assertion : Dark phase reactions take place at night. body.
Reason : Dark phase is independent of light, hence, Reason : It secretes salivary amylase.
called light independent phase.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans :
Ans :
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Liver is known as the largest gland of the body, which
At night the dark phase reactions do not take place, secretes bile juice. Salivary glands secrete salivary
they are independent of light. Thus, light is not the amylase. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
mandatory factor.
53. Assertion : Respiration is not a biochemical process
50. Assertion : in the daytime, CO2 generated during opposite to photosynthesis.
respiration is used up for photosynthesis.
Reason : Energy is released during respiration.
Reason : There is no CO2 release during day.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

Ans : 45. Assertion : In plants, water is transported through

(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. phloem.
During the anaerobic respiration in the absence of Reason : It is because sieve tubes are absent in phloem.
oxygen ethanol is formed it the presence of micro- (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
organism such as yeast through the fermentation is the correct explanation of Assertion.
process where it breaks down the glucose into ethanol
and carbon dioxide along with the two molecules of (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
ATP. So, assertion is true but the reason is false. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
43. Assertion : During the night the effect of root pressure (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
in transport of water is more important.
Reason : Stomata is open during day, transpiration Ans :
takes place which help in transport of water. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason In plants, water is transported through xylem vessels
is the correct explanation of Assertion. or tracheid and not through phloem sieve tubes are
present in phloem for the transport of food in the
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
plants, in xylem there is no cytoplasm or nuclei but
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
through the xylem vessels the transport of water takes
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. place. So, both assertion and reason are false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
46. Assertion : The thickest muscles are present in left
Ans : atrium.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is Reason : Left atrium receives deoxygenated blood
the correct explanation of Assertion. from the lungs.
Transpiration becomes the main driving force during (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
the day, but during night there is no sunlight thus is the correct explanation of Assertion.
no transpiration takes place, so water is pulled up (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
due to root pressure. So, both assertion and reason not the correct explanation of Assertion.
are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
assertion.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
44. Assertion : Carbon monoxide is injurious to the health
Ans :
of the individual.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Reason : Carbon monoxide has very strong affinity
In the whole body, the left ventricle pumps the blood
for the blood.
and it has thickest muscles. So, both assertion and
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
reason are false.
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is 47. Assertion : Failure of the kidneys leads to death of the
not the correct explanation of Assertion. person and there is no way he can survive.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. Reason : Transplant of kidneys in humans is not
possible.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
Ans : is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Carbon monoxide binds very strongly with the (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
haemoglobin present in the blood and prevents it from
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
carrying oxygen to the brain and other parts of the
body due to which the person cannot breathe and is Ans :
injurious to health. So, both assertion and reason are (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
true but reason is not the correct explanation of the Failure of the kidneys results in the build up of waste
assertion. products such as urea and other waste products in

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NODIA CBSE Chapterwise PYQ Science Class 10 Page 181

Reason : Reabsorption does not occur in artificial 66. Name two life processes.
kidney.
Ans : SQP 2018
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(i) Nutrition
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(ii) Respiration.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 67. What is the main basic element in the food ?
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. Ans : Comp. 2015

(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. Carbon.

Ans : 68. What types of chemical reactions take place in our
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. body to break down the food materials ?
Kidney failure can be managed by artificial kidney. It
Ans : OD 2013
is a device used to remove nitrogenous waste products
from the blood through dialysis. (i) Oxidation reaction
Artificial kidney is different from natural kidney as (ii) Reduction reaction
the process of reabsorption does not occur in artificial 69. Write two modes of nutrition.
kidney.
Ans : Foreign 2011

(i) Autotrophic
ONE MARK QUESTION (ii) Heterotrophic

70. Give two examples of autotrophs.

60. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction?
Ans : Foreign 2016
Ans : Comp 2021
(i) Green plants
Respiration is an exothermic process because energy
is released during the process. (ii) Chlorobacteria

61. Why do arteries have thick elastic walls ? 71. Give two examples of heterotrophs.
Ans : SQP 2021 Ans : OD 2012

The heart pumps blood at high pressure. If arteries (i) Human

have thin walls they would burst because of high (ii) Cow
blood pressure. That is why arteries have thick walls.
72. Name two types of heterotrophs.
62. Name the molecule of energy which is synthesized
Ans : Comp. 2018
during respiration.
Ans : SQP 2020
(i) Parasites
The energy released during respiration is stored in the (ii) Saprophytes
form of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP). 73. Give two examples of parasites.
63. Name an enzyme present in pancreatic juice. Ans : OD 2013
Ans : Comp 2019 (i) Plasmodium
Lipase (ii) Cuscuta
64. Why are plants called alive ? 74. Give two examples of saprophytes.
Ans : OD 2017
Ans : Delhi 2010
The living organisms have invisible molecular
(i) Fungi
movement. Plants also have such type of movement,
so they are called alive. (ii) Bacteria

65. Why are molecular movements needed for life ? 75. Name the process by which autotrophs make their
Ans : Delhi 2014
own food.
Molecular movements are needed for repair and Ans : Delhi 2006
maintenance of the body structures of life forms. Photosynthesis.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

Ans : Ans :
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
Respiration is defined as the process of biochemical not the correct explanation of Assertion.
oxidation of nutrients at cellular level. It occurs in the There are four chambers of the heart. The left and right
presence of specific enzymes at optimum temperature atria are separated by an interauricular septum. The
in the cells to release energy for various metabolic two inferior chambers of the heart, i.e., right and left
activities. ventricles are separated by an interventricular septum.

54. Assertion : In woody plants, gaseous exchange occurs 57. Assertion : Excretion is the biological process by
through lenticels. which harmful wastes are removed from an organism’s
Reason : Lenticels are specialised cells found along body.
with stomata on the stem of woody plants. Reason : The mode of excretion is completely same in
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
is the correct explanation of Assertion. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Ans : (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. Ans :
In woody plants, gaseous exchange occurs through the (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
small pores found on stems called lenticels. Stomata on Excretion is the biological process by which harmful
the stem aid in gaseous exchange, in herbaceous plants. metabolic wastes are removed from the body. The
mode of excretion is completely different in unicellular
55. Assertion : Haemoglobin is not the respiratory organisms. In unicellular organisms, waste products
pigment in human beings. are diffused into surrounding water through body
Reason : It transports oxygen in the human body. surface. While, in multicellular organisms, specialised
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason organs perform the function of excretion.
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
58. Assertion : The main organ of human excretory
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is system is kidney.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason : Kidneys perform the function of adding
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. water and nitrogenous wastes from the body.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
Ans : is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment in human not the correct explanation of Assertion.
beings. It takes up oxygen from the air in the lungs (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
and carries it to tissues. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
56. Assertion : Interauricular septum separates left from Ans :
right atrium. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Reason : Interventricular septum separates left from the correct explanation of Assertion.
right ventricle. The main organ of human excretory system is kidney.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason The major function performed by kidneys is to remove
is the correct explanation of Assertion. excess water and nitrogenous wastes from blood in the
form of urine.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 59. Assertion : Artificial kidney is a device used to remove
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. nitrogenous waste products from the blood through
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. dialysis.

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NODIA CBSE Chapterwise PYQ Science Class 10 Page 183

97. Name three kinds of blood vessels. 107. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood ?
Ans : Delhi 2010 Ans : OD 2019

(i) Arteries Arteries.

(ii) Veins
108. Which blood vessels carry de-oxygenated blood ?
(iii) Capillaries.
Ans : Comp 2017

98. Name two major parts of transport system in humans. Veins.

Ans : OD 2015 109. During one cycle how many times blood goes to heart
(i) Heart, of fish and why ?
(ii) Blood vessels. Ans : Foreign 2010

One time. Fish has only two chambered heart so,

99. What are the components of blood ?
blood is pumped to the gills for oxidation and passed
Ans : Delhi 2017 directly to the rest of the body.
(i) Blood plasma,
110. Name one substance and its source place, other than
(ii) Corpuscles.
water, that is transported in plants.

100. Name three types of blood cells. Ans : AI 2008

Apart from water, plants also need various minerals

Ans : Foreign 2013
which they absorb from the soil.
(i) RBC,
(ii) WBC, 111. Name the part of the plant which absorbs water and
(iii) Platelets. minerals from the soil.
Ans : OD 2006
101. Write full form of RBC. Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil
Ans : Comp 2016 through their roots (root hairs).
Red blood corpuscles.
112. Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil through
their roots. Name the parts of the plant where they
102. Give expanded form of WBC. are transported.
Ans : OD 2007
Ans : Foreign 2013
White blood corpuscles. The water and minerals are transported to the leaves,
103. Name the red pigment which makes the colour of stem and flowers of the plant.
blood red. 113. Name the conducting tissues of plants.
Ans : Foreign 2010
Ans : OD 2017
Haemoglobin. Xylem and phloem.
104. Write two main parts of human heart. 114. Name the two cellular elements of xylem.
Ans : OD 2016
Ans : Delhi 2014
(i) Atrium, Tracheids and vessels.
(ii) Ventricle.
115. What is the similarity between tracheids and vessels ?
105. Which is called pumping part of the heart ?
Ans : Foreign 2016
Ans : Delhi 2014
They are both non-living and highly thick walled.
Ventricle.
116. What is the rate of rise of water in flowering plants ?
106. How many chambers are there in human heart ?
Ans : Delhi 2011
Ans : Delhi 2012
Water in some flowering plants rises at the rate of 10
Four. to 100 cm per minute during the day.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

76. In which form is food stored in the human body ? 87. What are the products of anaerobic respiration ?
Ans : Delhi 2009 Ans : SQP 2011

Glycogen. Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

77. Which mode of nutrition is found in plants ? 88. Name the type of respiration in which more energy is
Ans : Foreign 2013 released.
Autotrophic nutrition. Ans : Comp 2017

78. Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis. Aerobic respiration.

Ans : OD 2019
89. Write the full form of ATP.
Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.
Ans : OD 2013

79. Which raw material traps the solar energy ? Adenosine triphosphate.
Ans : Delhi 2016
90. How many ATP molecules are formed in the oxidation
Chlorophyll present in the chloroplast of the leaves.
of glucose ?
80. What are stomata ? Ans : Delhi 2007

Ans : Comp. 2011 38 ATP molecules.

The small holes present on the lower surface of the
leaves are called stomata. 91. What is breathing ?
Ans : Foreign 2011
81. Name the process by which food is converted into
energy. The mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen
from the environment and release carbon dioxide into
Ans : Foreign 2013
the environment is called breathing.
Respiration.
92. Why do aquatic animals breathe faster than terrestrial
82. Name the substance formed in the first step of
animals ?
respiration.
Ans : OD 2010
Ans : SQP 2019
Amount of oxygen dissolved in water is comparatively
Pyruvate.
low to amount of oxygen in the air so, aquatic animals
83. Where does the process of formation of pyruvate take breathe faster than terrestrial animals.
place ?
93. What is blood ?
Ans : Delhi 2014
Ans : Foreign 2012
In the cytoplasm.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
84. How many types of respiration are there ?
94. Name two fluids in humans which are involved in
Ans : OD 2009 transport.
There are two types of respiration : Ans : Delhi 2015
(i) Aerobic respiration. (i) Blood,
(ii) Anaerobic respiration. (ii) Lymph.
85. Where does the breakdown of pyruvate take place ? 95. Write the fluid medium in blood.
Ans : OD 2011
Ans : SQP 2008
In mitochondria. Plasma.
86. What are the products of aerobic respiration ? 96. Which organ is called pumping organ ?
Ans : Delhi 2016
Ans : Comp 2006
Carbon dioxide and water vapour. Heart.

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137. Which is more harmful urea or ammonia ? 143. Mention the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates,
Ans : OD 2008 proteins and fats in humans.
Ammonia is more harmful. Ans : Delhi 2011

138. Which of the following contains less nitrogenous Small intestine in alimentary canal.
waste: the renal vein or the renal artery ? 144. Name the process of loss of water in the form of
Ans : vapour from the aerial parts of the plants.
The renal vein contains less nitrogenous waste.
Ans : OD 2016

139. Name the blood vessels which bring waste products Transpiration.
to kidneys.
Ans : Foreign 2015
145. Name the component of blood, which transport.
Renal arteries bring waste products to kidneys. (i) Food, Carbondioxide and nitrogenous wastes
(ii) Oxygen.
140. What is the function of glomerulus ?
Ans : Foreign 2013
Ans : Delhi 2012
(i) Plasma.
Glomerulus filters the nitrogenous waste and other
(ii) Haemoglobin present in RBCS.
substances from the blood.
146. Name the form in which carbohydrates are stored in
141. Major amount of water is selectively reabsorbed by
plants.
the tubular part of nephron. On what factor does the
amount of water reabsorbed depend on ? Ans : OD 2016
Ans : Delhi 2010 Starch.
Amount of water reabsorbed by nephron depends on :
147. What is emulsification of fat ?
(i) quantity of excess water is present in the body.
(ii) quantity of dissolved waste to be excreted from Ans : Delhi 2017

the body. The breakdown of fat globules into fatty acids and
glycerol.
142. (a) What are the main toxic wastes that kidney filters
from the blood ? 148. Identify the category in which the organisms use
(b) Name any two substances which are selectively carbondioxide and water for making food.
reabsorbed from the tubules of a nephron. Ans : Comp 2011
Ans : Delhi 2012, 14
Autotrophs.

149. Name the component of blood that helps in the

formation of blood clot in the event of a cut.
Ans : Foreign 2016

Platelets.

150. Name the organisms which utilize complex substances

break down to simpler forms.
Ans : Comp 2013

Heterotrophic organisms or heterotrophs e.g., animals

and fungi.

151. Name the cell organelle in which breakdown of

pyruvate to give carbondioxide, water and energy
Figure: Human excretory system takes place.
Ans : OD 2011
(a) Urea and uric acid.
Mitochondria.
(b) Water, glucose, amino acids.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

195. Draw a labelled diagram of stomata. Write two Breathing Cellular respiration
functions of stomata.
(iii) It is an extracellular It is an intracellular
Ans : OD 2006 process breathing process.
organs like trachea,
lungs, etc.
(iv) It occurs only in It occurs in all plants
animals that possess. and animals.
(v) Exchange of gases In this process,
takes place in food is oxidised in
breathing ( O2 is the cells to produce
taken in and CO2 is CO2, water and
given out). energy.
Functions of stomata : (vi) No enzyme action This process is
(i) Exchange of gases. takes place. controlled by the
action of various
(ii) Transpiration.
enzymes.
196. Name the different types of respiration. Give one
example of each. 199. What is ATP ?
Ans : Delhi2016 Ans : Comp 2014

The different types of respiration are : ATP is the source of energy for most of the cellular
(i) Cutaneous respiration : Respiration through skin, processes. The energy released during the process
e.g., earthworm. of respiration is used to make ATP from ADP and
phosphate.
(ii) Tracheal respiration : Respiration through trachea
and tracheole, e.g., insects.
(iii) Branchial respiration : Respiration through gills,
e.g., fish.
(iv) Cell surface respiration : Respiration through
body surface by diffusion, e.g., amoeba. 200. Starting with external nostrils through which air
(v) Pulmonary respiration : Respiration through enters, write different parts in their correct sequence
lungs, e.g., human beings. through which air travels upto the alveoli in our
respiratory system.
197. What are the conditions essential for effective
respiration ? Ans : Comp 2011

External nostrils " Nasal cavities " Internal nostrils

Ans : Delhi 2013
" Pharynx " Trachea (windpipe) " Bronchi "
(i) Respiratory surface should be thin, moist and
Bronchioles " Alveoli.
permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(ii) The surface should have a large surface area. 201. What is the function of epiglottis in man?
(iii) It should be richly supplied with blood vessels for Ans : Foreign 2006
easy transport of gases.
The function of epiglottis in man is that, at the time
198. Write the differences between breathing and cellular of swallowing food, the epiglottis closes the tracheal
respiration. opening thereby preventing the food from entering the
windpipe.
Ans : AI 2010
202. How are the breathing movements controlled ?
Breathing Cellular respiration
Ans : SQP 2018
(i) It is a physical It is a biochemical
The breathing movements are largely controlled by a
process. process.
respiratory centre located in the medulla oblongata
(ii) No energy is released. Energy is released of the brain. This centre is stimulated by the carbon
and stored as ATP. dioxide contonts of the blood.

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digestion of starch will stop and it will kept are body 173. Which are the first simple molecules of food produced
negatively. during photosynthesis ? What happens to these simple
Salivary amylase is a glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme molecules in the leaves later ?
that is produced by the salivary glands. It comprises a Ans : Foreign 2014
small portion of the total amylase excreted, which is
(i) Glucose molecules are the first simple molecules
mostly made by the pancreas.
of food produced during photosynthesis.
168. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the (ii) These molecules combine to produce starch which
left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in is stored in various parts of the plant.
the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the
deoxygenated blood returns through a What are the 174. What are the events taking place during
functions of food ? photosynthesis?
Ans : SQP 2018 Ans : AI 2010

The functions of food are following- The following events occur during photosynthesis :
(i) It provides energy. (i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) It helps in repairing of damaged tissues. (ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and
(iii) It helps in the growth and development of the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
body. oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
169. What is diffusion ?
Ans : Comp 2014 175. What is the compensation point with relation to the
The movement of molecules from their higher release of CO2 by the plants ?
concentration to lower concentration is called diffusion. Ans : OD 2013, 15

When the intensity of light is low (mainly during

170. What do you mean by ‘nutrient’ ?
morning and evening), the amount of CO2 released
o
during respiration by plants equals its consumption
Define the term ‘nutrient’.
by photosynthesis. This state is called compensation
Ans : OD 2006 point.
A nutrient is a substance which a living organism, i.e.,
a plant or an animal, obtains from its surroundings 176. What is parasitism ? Give two examples of parasites
and utilizes for the growth of its body, repair of worn one from animals and one from plants.
out tissues and getting energy. Ans : Delhi 2008

171. Define the term nutrition. Parasitism is an association between two organisms
in which one (the parasite) lives in or on and at the
Ans : OD 2008
expense of the other (the host) and obtains food and
Nutrition is the procurement of substances for the shelter from it.
growth of the body, repair of the worn out tissues and • The host does not get any benefit from such an
to obtain energy to do work. association.
172. What is photosynthesis ? Mention its importance. • Cuscuta (amar bel) is a parasitic plant.
Ans : Delhi 2012 • Roundworm (Ascaris) is a parasitic animal.
Photosynthesis is an important activity of all green
plants by which they prepare their own food from 177. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi ?
carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll Ans : Delhi 2011
and light energy. • Fungi obtain their nourishment from the dead
Importance : and decaying organic matter. Such a mode of
(i) It is the only way of converting solar energy into nutrition is known as saprophytic nutrition.
food (biochemical) energy. • Fungi first give out enzymes over their food
(ii) It is the only biological process that releases which digest it.
oxygen into the atmosphere, which supports all • This digested food is then absorbed by the fungi.
life forms on the earth.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

152. When we breath out, why does the air passage not 162. Name the substance whose build up in the muscles
collapse ? during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps.
Ans : OD 2016
Ans : Comp 2012
The air passage is covered with the rings of cartilage Lactic acid.
which prevent it from collapsing when there is no air
in it. 163. Plants growing in arid regions have deep roots and
sunken stomata, why ?
153. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from
lungs. Ans : AI 2016

Ans : Delhi 2013 (a) Plants growing in arid regions obtain water from
Pulmonary Vein. deeper layers of the soil. Hence, they grow long
roots.
154. Name the respiratory pigment in human beings. (b) Sunken stomata prevent or slow down transpiration
Where is this pigment present? and help plants conserve water.
Ans : OD 2011

Haemoglobin which is present in red blood corpuscles. 164. Why do birds drink very little water ?
Ans : OD 2019
155. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the
(i) Birds excrete solid crystals of uric acid.
digestive system ?
(ii) They do not have cutaneous glands. They
Ans : Comp 2015
minimize loss of water and reduce its need.
Salivary amylase.
165. Why blood corpuscles are called ‘soldiers of the
156. Name the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs.
body’ ? Why ?
Ans : AI 2010

Photosynthesis occurs in the green coloured plastics Ans : SQP 2013

called chloroplast. White blood corpuscles secrete antibodies to

immobilize germs and other foreign particles. The
157. Which organ synthesis urea ? immobilized foreign particles and germs are engulfed
Ans : AI 2013
by white blood corpuscles and eliminated through
phagocytosis.
Synthesis urea.
166. Give reason why the milk teeth in children are replaced
158. What prevents the entry of food into trachea while
by permanent teeth.
swallowing.
Ans : SQP 2010
Ans : Foreign 2015
In growing children, the milk teeth become
Epiglottis : It covers the opening of wind pipe during
progressively inadequate as the head grows and
swallowing.
therefore, are replaced by permanent teeth.
159. Why rate of breathing is faster in aquatic animals as
compared to terrestrial animals ?
Ans : Foreign 2014
TWO MARKS QUESTION
Because the amount of dissolved O2 in water is less as
compared to the air in atmosphere.
167. Give the name of the enzyme present in the fluid in
160. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi ? our mouth cavity.
State the gland which produces it. What would
Ans : Foreign 2010
happen to the digestion process if this gland stops
Saprophytic or Parasitic.
secreting this enzyme?
161. What is the location of kidneys in the body ? Ans : OD 2023

Ans : Delhi 2010 Enzyme present in the fluid of mouth cavity is salivary
The kidneys are located on either side of back bone amylase. gland which produces this enzyme is salivary
towards the back of the lower part of the abdominal gland this enzyme helps in digestion of starch in our
cavity. mouth if this glands stop secreting this enzyme the

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184. What is the cause of peptic ulcer ? 190. Stomata of desert plants remain closed during day
Ans : Delhi 2011 time. How do they take up carbon dioxide and perform
Peptic ulcer is caused by imbalance in the rate of photosynthesis ?
gastric juice secretion. High acidic secretion causes o
irritation of the mucosal layer of the stomach. This How do desert plants perform photosynthesis process
results in poor secretion of mucus that protects the though their stomata remain closed during day time ?
inner lining. Ultimately, the mucosal layer is eroded
Ans : Delhi 2016
causing the ulcer.
Desert plants take up CO2 at night and prepare an
185. Name the four types of teeth present in adult human intermediate molecule. The intermediate molecule is
and mention their main functions. acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll
Ans : Delhi 2015 during the day.
The four types of teeth and their functions are as
follows : 191. (a) What will happen to the guard cells and stomatal
pore when water flows to guard cells ?
Types of teeth Functions
(b) How do plants transmit informations from cell to
1. Incisors Cutting foods cell ?
2. Canines Tearing foods Ans : Foreign 2011
3. Premolars Chewing or (a) When water flows to guard cells, they swells
4. Molars grinding foods up. Swelling of guard cells leads to opening of
stomatal pore.
186. What is the meaning of the term “assimilation” ? (b) By using electrical and chemical means plants
Ans : Comp 2013
transmits informations.
Utilization of the food in the body is known as
assimilation. Food is used in building up of new cells 192. Explain the significance of peristaltic movement that
or replacement of worn out cells and tissues. Food is occurs all along the gut during digestion.
utilized in obtaining energy. Energy is obtained by the Ans : AI 2014
oxidation of food. It is necessary to move the food in a regulated manner
along the digestive tube so that it can be processed
187. What is the function of rectum ?
properly in each part.
Ans : Delhi 2008
The lining of canal has muscles that contract
The function of rectum are following :
rhythmically in order to push the food forward.
(i) The rectal wall absorbs much water from the
undigested food. 193. Which is the largest digestive gland present in
(ii) After the required amount of water is absorbed, the human body ? What is the name and function of its
contents of the rectum become semi-solid faeces. secretion?
(iii) The faecal matter is egested out through the anus.
Ans : Comp 2010

188. What is holozoic nutrition? Give three examples. Largest digestive gland in human body is liver. It
Ans : Foreign 2013 secrets bile juice.
The feeding of complex organic matter by ingestion, Bile juice helps in the emulsification of fats.
which is subsequently digested and absorbed is called
holozoic nutrition, e.g., amoeba, frog, human beings. 194. What are the final products produced after digestion
of carbohydrate, proteins and fats ?
189. Name any two digestive enzymes secreted in the
human digestive system and write their functions. Ans : OD 2009

Ans : OD 2010
Digested substances Final products
Enzymes Functions Carbohydrate Glucose
(i) Pepsin Digestion of proteins. Proteins Amino acid
(ii) Lipase Digestion of fats. Fats Glycerol + Fatty acids

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CH 5 : Life Processes

178. Name the different parts of the human alimentary

canal in their proper sequence.
Ans : Comp 2017

Buccal cavity " oesophagus " stomach " duodenum

" jejunum " ileum " caecum " colon " rectum.

179. Briefly describe the digestive activity in the small

intestine of man.
Ans : Foreign 2010

The partially digested carbohydrates, proteins and

emulsified fat enter the small intestine.
The digestive glands in the intestinal wall secrete a
juice called succus entericus.
Succus entericus contains many enzymes, which
complete the digestive process as follows :
All proteins and peptone are digested into amino-
acids.
Figure: Stages of phagocytosis in Amoeba :
All carbohydrates are ultimately digested into glucose.
Fat droplets are digested into fatty acids and glycerol. (a) Amoeba approaching the food particle.
(b) Extensions of plasma membrane forming
180. Write one function each of the salivary glands, liver
pseudopodia to surround the food particle.
and pancreas.
(c) Engulfed food particle.
Ans : AI 2012
(d) Food vacuole containing food particle in the
Salivary glands : It secretes saliva containing ptyalin cytoplasm of Amoeba.
which digests starch into maltose.
Liver : It secretes bile juice which breaks down fats 182. Briefly describe the functions of the gastric juice.
into fat globules. Ans : OD 2010
Pancreas : It secretes pancreatic juice which contains The gastric juice, in fact, is a mixture of secretions
protein-digesting and starch-digesting enzymes. from three different types of glands :
181. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba with (i) Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria that enter the
suitable diagram. stomach along with food and activates the pepsin.
(ii) Pepsin digests the proteins into peptone.
Ans : Delhi 2013
(iii) Mucus lubricates the food.
First of all, Amoeba takes in food using temporary
finger-like extensions of the cell surface which 183. Briefly describe the digestive functions of liver and
surround the food particle forming a food-vacuole. pancreas.
Inside the food-vacuole, complex substances are
Ans : Delhi 2013
broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into
the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is Liver : The liver secretes bile juice which is stored in
moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out of the the gall bladder from where it is sent to the duodenum
body. whenever needed.
The bile juice breaks down the fat droplets into
small fat globules. This phenomenon is known as
emulsification of the fat.
Pancreas : Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which is
sent to the duodenum.
Pancreatic juice contains two enzymes :
The trypsin, which digests proteins into peptone,
and the pancreatic amylase, which digests starch into
sugar.

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203. Mention the three functions of the nasal cavity of man. 209. What product is released after the first step of glucose
break-down ? Where does it take place ?
Ans : Foreign 2013
Ans : Foreign 2013
The three functions of the nasal cavity in man are :
The first step is the breakdown of glucose having 6
(i) It warms the air as it passes over.
carbon molecule into pyruvate a 3 carbon molecule.
(ii) It adds moisture (humidifies) to the air.
It takes place in the cytoplasm.
(iii) It entraps the harmful particles (filtration) as
they pass through. 210. During one cycle how many times blood goes to heart
of fish and why ?
204. Breathing movements are voluntary or involuntary ?
Ans : AI 2010
Ans : AI 2016 One time. Fish has only two chambered heart so,
Breathing movements are involuntary, but to some blood is pumped to the gills for oxidation and passed
extent one can consciously increase or decrease the directly to the rest of the body.
rate and extent of breathing.
211. What is clotting of blood ?
205. Why does the breathing rate increase during vigorous
Ans : AI 2006
exercise ?
It is the mechanism that prevents the loss of blood at
Ans : SQP 2014 the site of an injury or wound by forming a mesh into
During vigorous exercise, our body muscles require which RBCs get entangled and form a clot.
more energy and as such more oxygen is needed, thus
breathing rate is increased. 212. Briefly describe the shape and function of human
white blood corpuscles.
206. What is the function of the trachea ? Why do its walls o
not collapse even when there is less air in it ? Why are white blood corpuscles called soldiers of the
Ans : Comp 2010
body ?
Trachea allows movement of air in and out of lungs. Ans : OD 2010, 08
The walls of trachea do not collapse even when there • Most WBCs or leucocytes are amoeboid, have
is less air in it because these are supported by rings variously shaped nuclei but lack haemoglobin.
of cartilage. • WBCs are capable of forming pseudopodia and
can squeeze out of blood capillaries to ingest
207. What are the end products formed during fermentation
foreign matter.
in yeast ? Under what condition a similar process
takes place in our body that leads to muscle cramps ? • They protect the body from infections.
• They produce antibodies which are responsible
Ans : OD 2015
for immunity. That is why, WBCs are called
Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products soldiers of the body.
formed during fermentation in yeast.
When there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, 213. Briefly describe about the blood platelets.
pyruvate is converted into lactic acid. Ans : Comp 2012
This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles, during Blood platelets are fragments of cells. They do not
sudden activity, causes cramps. possess nuclei. They participate in the coagulation
of blood. Blood cells are manufactured in the bone
208. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps
marrow from cells called stem cells.
among cricketers. Explain why?
o 214. Name a non-nucleated cell present in human blood
When a sportsman runs, he gets muscle cramps. Why? and state one function of this cell.
Ans : OD 2010
Ans : Foreign 2006
During running, the cricketers (sportsman) require
(i) A non-nucleated cell present in human blood is
large amount of energy instantly. In order to release
RBC.
more energy, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid in
(ii) RBC contains a respiratory pigment called
the absence of oxygen and produce lactic acid as the
haemoglobin which carries the oxygen from lungs
product. Formation of lactic acid in the muscles cause
to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
cramps.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

215. Which blood cell in human blood carries haemoglobin? Ans : OD 2016

What is its average lifespan ?

Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood
Ans : AI 2009
(i) It contains more It contains more
(i) In humans, red blood cells carry haemoglobin. oxygen and very little carbon dioxide and
(ii) Its average lifespan is 120 days. carbon dioxide. very little oxygen.

216. What is blood pressure ? How does is vary ? (ii) It is carried from It is carried from all
heart to all body body parts to heart.
Ans : SQP 2013 parts.
The pressure exerted by the flow of blood through the
aorta and arteries is called blood pressure. 221. Describe how deoxygenated blood from right auricle is
Blood pressure varies according to the contraction sent to lungs for oxygenation.
and relaxation of the heart. Ans : OD 2009

217. Name the following : The right auricle pours deoxygenated blood into right
(i) The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood ventricle. From here the deoxygenated blood flows to
from the lungs into the heart. the lungs through pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
(ii) The blood vessel which carries the oxygenated 222. Describe how oxygenated blood from left auricle is
blood to different parts of the body from the left sent to all parts of the body.
ventricle.
Ans : Foreign 2007
(iii) The blood vessel which carries deoxygenated
blood away from the heart to the lungs. When oxygenated blood comes into the left auricle, it
contracts and pours blood into the left ventricle. From
Ans : Delhi 2008 the left ventricle the oxygenated blood is distributed
(i) Pulmonary vein to all parts of the body through aorta.
(ii) Aorta
223. Why and how does water enter continuously into the
(iii) Pulmonary artery
root xylem ?
218. Name the following : Ans : Delhi 2013
(i) The structure which represents the remnant of Cells of roots are in close contact with soil and so
sinus venosus in human heart. actively take up ions. The ion concentration, increases
(ii) The valve which guards the right auriculo- inside the root and hence osmotic pressure increases
ventricular aperture in human heart. the movement of water from the soil into the root
(iii) The valve which guards the left auriculo- which occurs continuously.
ventricular aperture in human heart.
224. (a) Name the respiratory pigment present in our
Ans : Delhi 2015 body. Where is it present ?
(i) Sinu-auricular node (SA node) or pacemaker. (b) Why are valves present in heart and veins ?
(ii) Tricuspid valve.
Ans : Delhi 2011
(iii) Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve.
(a) Haemoglobin. It is present in RBC.
219. What are the functions of bicuspid and tricuspid (b) To prevent back flow.
valves in human heart ?
225. What do the following transport ?
Ans : OD 2014
(i) Xylem
(i) The bicuspid valve prevents the back flow of the (ii) Pulmonary artery
blood from left ventricle into left auricle.
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(ii) The tricuspid valve prevents the back flow of
(iv) Phloem
the blood from the right ventricle into the right
auricle. Ans : Delhi 2014

(i) Xylem — Water and minerals in plants.

220. Differentiate between oxygenated blood and de-
(ii) Pulmonary artery — Deoxygenated blood from
oxygenated blood.
heart to lungs.

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(iii) Pulmonary veins — Oxygenated blood from lungs of the plant. So, if xylem is blocked, the leaves will not
to heart. get their nourishment and will wilt.
(iv) Phloem — Synthesised food in plants.
230. A certain tissue in a green plant somehow got blocked
226. Roots of the plant cannot prepare their own food. and the roots were deprived of food. What was the
From where do they get their food ? tissue that got affected ?
Ans : Comp 2014 Ans : Delhi 2015

The leaves of the green plant prepare the food by The tissue must be phloem. It is through the phloem
photosynthesis. It is this food which is transported to that food prepared, by the leaves is transported to the
the roots. roots. So, if the phloem is blocked, the roots will be
naturally deprived of their food.
227. Why is transportation of materials necessary in
plants? 231. Name the conducting elements in the non-flowering
and flowering plants.
Ans : Comp 2017

The roots of plant absorb water and dissolved Ans : Foreign 2011

minerals from the soil, which are needed by the aerial (i) Non-flowering plants : Tracheids only.
parts of the plant. As such these substances are to be (ii) Flowering plants : Tracheids and vessels both.
transported from roots upto stem, leaves and flowers.
232. Differentiate between tracheids and vessels.
Similarly, leaves of a green plant prepare the food
which is needed in all parts of the plant, including Ans : SQP 2016
roots. This food has to be transported to all parts of
the plant. Tracheids Vessels
(i) They are long thin They are cylindrical in
228. Draw labelled diagram of sectional view of human spindle-shaped cells. shape.
heart.
(ii) Their ends are not Their ends are open and
Ans : AI 2016 open but they have are placed one above
pits in their walls. the other so as to form
Water flows from a continuous column
one tracheids to stretching from roots
another through to leaves. They have
these pits. pits which are not open
pores but are the thin
areas of the cell wall.

233. What is phloem ? Name its two main components

(elements) which help in the conduction of food.
Ans : SQP 2018

Phloem is a conductive tissue which transports the

food throughout the parts of a plant.
Two main components are :
(i) Sieve tube,
(ii) Companion cell.

234. What is translocation ? Why is it essential for plants?

229. A certain tissue in a green plant somehow got blocked
and the leaves wilted. What was the tissue that got Ans : Foreign 2014

blocked ? Translocation is the transport of food from leaves to

all other parts of the plant, including roots.
Ans : OD 2012
Translocation is necessary as every part of the plant
The tissue must be xylem. It is through the xylem
needs food for harnessing energy and for building and
that water and minerals absorbed by the roots from
maintaining the organism.
the soil are transported to the leaves and other parts

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CH 5 : Life Processes

235. What are companion cells ? 240. Urine passed during summer is usually less in quantity
and is some what thicker. Why is it so ?
Ans : AI 2011

Companion cells are, cells which always accompany Ans : Foreign 2011

sieve tube cells and contain a nucleus, cytoplasm and The urine in summers is usually less in quantity and is
a thin wall. somewhat thicker because of two reasons :
(i) Much water is lost by sweating.
236. What is the function of the sieve plates in the sieve
(ii) Water from the kidneys is reabsorbed to maintain
tube cells of phloem ?
the normal concentration of the blood.
Ans : OD 2013

Sieve plates have pores through which the food is 241. In winter the frequency of urination is more. Why ?
translocated from one sieve tube cell to the next. Ans : OD 2014

In winters the frequency of urination is more because

237. Name the substances which are transported through
there is hardly any water loss due to sweating, and
phloem to various parts of the plant.
also because there is no need for the kidneys to
Ans : Comp 2016 reabsorb water.
Sugars synthesized in the leaves and hormones Therefore, the kidneys not only functions to remove
synthesized by the root tips and shoot tips are nitrogenous waste products, like urea, ammonia, etc.
transported through phloem to various parts of the but also controls water balance (i.e., osmoregulation).
plant.
242. Differentiate between nephron and nephridia.
238. Name the parts of a nephron in their proper sequence Ans : Delhi 2017
starting from the point of entry of blood into it upto
the point of pouring out of the urine from the nephron. Nephron Nephridia
Ans : Comp 2013 (i) It is the excretory It is the excretory
Renal artery " glomerulus " Bowman’s capsule " organ of man. organ of earthworm.
proximal convoluted tubule " Henle’s loop " distal (ii) Filtration occurs in Filtration occurs in
convoluted tubule " collecting duct. the glomerulus of the tubular part of
Bowman’s capsule. the nephridium.
239. Draw a diagram to represent a single renal tubule.
(iii) Waste is removed Waste is removed
Ans : SQP 2009 from tubular part of through nephridiopore
nephron in the kidney either in the intestine
and is collected in uri- or directly outside via
nary bladder. the skin.

243. If both kidneys of a person stop functioning, which

machine can be used ? What is this procedure known
as ?
Ans : Delhi 2015

In such cases, artificial kidney is employed to remove

the metabolic wastes from the blood and to maintain
normal levels of water and mineral ions in the body
fluids. The procedure is known as dialysis.

244. What is haemodialysis ? Which excretory organ is

said to be the dialysis bag of human beings ?
Ans : Delhi 2012

(i) Haemodialysis is a process in which artificial

kidney is used to filter the blood of a person
whose kidneys are damaged.
(ii) Glomerulus is called the dialysis bag of human
Figure: A single renal tubule beings.

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245. Name the parts of the body responsible for excretion Ans : Foreign 2011

in The final product produced after digestion of

(i) Amoeba carbohydrates is glucose and of proteins is amino
acids. The site of complete digestion in our body is
(ii) Earthworm.
the small intestine.
Ans : OD 2016

(i) Amoeba–Contractile Vacuole 250. How do autotrophs obtain food ? Explain the process
(ii) Earthworm–Nephridia. with the help of a balanced chemical equation.

246. Why does herbivores have longer small intestine than Ans : OD 2017

carnivores ? The autotrophs obtain the raw material in the

form of water from soil and carbondioxide from the
Ans : OD 2017
atmosphere.
Herbivores have longer small intestine to allow the They synthesize their food in the presence of sunlight
cellulose to be digested completely. Herbivores have by the process of photosynthesis.
longer intestine than carnivores to digest grass. The
6CO2 + 12H2 O C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
Chlorophyll
intestine would host mainly small bacteria that Sunlight

process and breakdown cellulose into glucose.

251. Why is nitrogen considered an essential element ?
247. Draw a cross-section of leaf and label it. How do plants acquire nitrogen ?
Ans : OD 2010 Ans : OD 2015

(i) Nitrogen is a major component of chlorophyll.

It is also a component of amino acid which are
called building blocks of proteins.
(ii) Plants obtain nitrogen from the soil in the form of
inorganic nitrates or nutritics.

252. (i) How many chambers are present in the heart of :

(a) Fish
(b) Amphibians.
(ii) Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds.
Ans : Comp 2011

(i) Fish–two chambers.

Amphibian–three chambers.
(ii) Such separation allows a highly efficient supply
of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals
that have higher energy need such as birds and
mammals. They constantly use the energy to
maintain their body temperature.
Figure: Cross-section of a leaf.
253. State the function of Bowman’s Capsule and
248. State two functions performed by bile juice. glomerulus.
Ans : Delhi 2016 Ans : Delhi 2012
(i) It contains bile-pigments, bile salts that emulsifies Bowman’s Capsule and glomerulus have semi
fat to fatty acids. permeable walls. The glomerulus is a tuft of
(ii) Bile juice neutralizes the acidic food in the cappillaries contained in Bowman’s Capsule. The
stomach and makes it alkaline so that it can react water and dissolved substances (wastes and useful)
with the enzymes of pancreatic juice. are filtered into Bowman’s Capsule and from here they
are filtered into the lobule. Thus, both the structures
249. What are the final products after digestion of act as filtering apparatus.
carbohydrates and proteins ?

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CH 5 : Life Processes

FIVE MARKS QUESTION water is lost from the tiny pores called stomata
present on the surface of leaves of plant. Stomata
are open during day time, so transpiration process
278. Give reasons :
is faster and water alongwith mineral moves faster
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria. through xylem during day time as compared to
(b) Transport system in plants is slow. night time.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs (e) Veins have valves that ensure that the blood flows
from that in terrestrial vertebrates. only in one direction. Values allow the blood to
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel flow only towards the heart and prevent back-flow
faster through xylem as compared to the night. but arteries do not have values.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
279. How would you classify a green plant, an animal, a
Ans : Delhi 2020 fungus and a roundworm based on their modes of
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria nutrition ? Explain very briefly the manner how they
because they have to pump blood into various get their nutrition.
organs.
Ans : Comp 2017
(b) Transport system in plants is slow because :
A green plant is an autotroph, which produces its
(i) Plants have low energy needs as food by photosynthesis, using CO2 and water as raw
(ii) Plant bodies have a large proportion of dead materials (obtained from the atmosphere) and using
cells in many tissue. sunlight.
(iii) Plants do not move. An animal is a heterotroph that cannot prepare its
(c) Aquatic vertebrates like fish have a two chambered own food. It consumes food prepared by the plants or
heart (which consists of one atrium and one obtained from the animal sources.
ventricle). The heart pumps deoxygenated to A fungus is a saprophyte which obtains food from
the gills and it gets oxygenated in the gills. The the dead and decaying organic material, by giving out
oxygenated blood from the gills is supplied to the digestive enzymes and then absorbing this digested
body parts. Thus, blood goes only once through organic material.
the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage A roundworm is a parasite which obtains food from
through the body. its host’s intestine. Parasite is an organism which
But in terrestrial organisms, heart may be 3 or obtains its nourishment from another organism (host)
4 chambered, blood gets oxygenated in the lungs
and also gets shelter from it.
and most of them have double circulation.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel 280. Mention the various digestive glands, their secretions,
faster through xylem as compared to the night. sites of their action, enzymes they produce, the food
The water column in the xylem tracheids and nutrient on which they act and end products after
vessels moves upwards due to pull generated by digestion associated with the alimentary canal of man.
transpiration. (loss of water in the form of vapours
Ans : Foreign 2013
from living tissues of aerial parts of plants.) The

Name of digestive Secretion Site of action Enzymes Food on which End product
glands they act
1. Salivary gland Saliva Buccal cavity Ptyalin Starch Maltose
2. Gastric gland Gastric juice Stomach Pepsin Protein Peptone
3. Liver Bile juice Duodenum Fat Emulsification of fat
4. Pancreas Pancreatic juice Duodenum (i) Amylase Starch Protein Fat Maltose Peptides
(ii) Trypsin Fatty acids
(iii) Lipase
5. Intestinal glands Succus entericus Small intestine (i) Erepsin Peptone Sucrose Amino acids Glucose
(ii) Sucrase Lactose Fat and fructose Glucose
(iii) Lactase Fatty acid and
(iv) Lipase glycerol

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262. Explain the process of transport of oxygenated and (c) Glucose

in cytoplasm

(6 - carbon
deoxygenated blood in a human body. molecules)

Ans : OD 2023
(i) Pyruvate
Presence O2
in mitochondria
Pulmonary circulation transports oxygen-poor blood (3 - molecules energy)

from the right ventride to the lungs, where blood picks (ii) CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + H2 O + enregy
up a new blood supply. Then it returns the oxygen-
264. Mention the three kinds of cells present in blood.
rich blood to the left atrium.
Write one function of each.
Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the
Ans : OD 2016
left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in
the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the Blood is made up of plasma and corpuscles. Three
deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins kinds of corpuscles are WBC, RBC and blood
to the right atrium of the heart. platelets. Red blood Corpuscles (RBC) are small
biconvex cells that contain Haemoglobin to transport
O2 from the lungs to the body cells and CO2 from
body cells to the lungs. White blood cells (WBC)–
main function is defence of the body against diseases
and other infection.
Blood platelets are responsible for the clotting of
blood during injuries.

265. Write one function of each of the following components

of the transport system in human beings
(a) Blood vessels
(b) Lymph
(c) Heart
Ans : Foreign 2011

(a) Blood Vessels : There are three types of blood

263. (a) In the process of respiration, state the function of vessels of different sizes involved in blood circulation
alveoli. viz., arteries, veins and capillaries, which are all
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic, organisms is much connected to a continuous closed system.
faster tan that in terrestrial organisms. Give reasons. (b) Lymph : It carries digested and absorbed fat
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra
breakdown of glucose : cellular space back into the blood.
in cytoplasm ? Presence O
Glucose (i) (3 - molecules
2

(6 - carbon
in mitochondria (c) Heart : It is a pumping organ that receives blood
molecules)
energy)
from the veins and pumps it into the arteries.
?
(ii) + H2 O + energy
Ans : Delhi 2020
266. State the functions of the following in the alimentary
canal :
(a) Function of Alveoli :
(i) Liver
(i) Gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli in the
lungs. (ii) Gall blader
(ii) Alveoli provide a large surface area for the (iii) Villi.
exchange of gases. Ans : OD 2016

(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organism is much (i) Liver :

faster than that in terrestrial organisms. (a) It consists bile juice.
Terrestrial organisms breathe the oxygen in (b) Bile salts break down the large globulas of
the atmosphere, but animals that live in water fats into smaller globules to increase the
(aquatic organisms) use the oxygen dissolved in efficiency of enzyme action.
water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is (ii) Gall blader :
very low as compared to amount of oxygen in the
(a) It stores the bile secreted by the liver.
air (21%). So, the rate of breathing in aquatic
organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial (b) The bile from gall blader is transported to
organisms. small intestine through bile duct.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

254. How are the lungs designated in human beings to

maximise the area for exchange of gases ?
Ans : OD 2010

There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. The presence

of millions of alveoli in the lungs provides a very large
area for the exchanges of gases. The availability of
large surface area maximises the exchange of gases.

255. How does Paramecium obtain its food ?

Ans : Foreign 2016

The Paramecium cell has a definite shape (slipper

shape) and food is taken in at a definite spot (called Ans : Comp 2009
mouth). The food particle is moved into this spot by
Curve A – Anaerobic respiration (less energy).
the movement of thin, hair like Cilia which cover the
Curve B – Aerobic respiration (more energy).
entire surface of Paramecium cell.
260. Do the fresh water animals reabsorb water through
256. Differentiate between the functions of enzyme and their excretory system like marine animal ? Justify
trypsin. your answer.
Ans : OD 2017 Ans : AI 2014

Pepsin Trypsin The fresh water animals do not reabsorb water through
their excretory system because in case of fresh water
(i) Pepsin acts in Trypsin acts in small animals, large amount of water is taken up through
stomach. intestine. their skin and mouth.
(ii) It acts in acidic It acts in alkaline The water content of the body is maintained by getting
medium medium. rid of excess water through excretory system. Marine
animals need to conserve water that is why water is
257. State the necessary conditions of autotrophic nutrition reabsorbed by excretory system in marine animals.
and name the by product. Mention the source of this
by product.
THREE MARKS QUESTION
Ans : OD 2016

Carbondioxide, water, sun and energy are the basic 261. Define reflex action. With the help of a flow chart
requirements of autotrophic nutrition. Chlorophyll show the path of a reflex action such as sneezing.
utilises carbondioxide and water, taken from the
Ans : OD 2024
surroundings and energy of the sun to synthesize
Reflex action is a spontaneous, involuntary and
food, i.e., carbohydrates.
automatic response which do not require any thinking
The by-product of this process is oxygen, which is
by the brain and is without the will of the organism
produced from the splitting of water.
but under the control of spinal cord. Withdrawal
of hand on touching a hot object, blinking of eyes,
258. State two functions of Pancreas. sneezing, coughing, vomiting, withdrawal of leg when
Ans : OD 2014 stepped on a pointed object while walking barefoot,
(a) It secretes pancreatic juice which contains the watering of mouth at the sight of tasty food, etc. are
enzyme trypsin for digesting proteins. examples of reflex action.
(b) It also contains the enzyme lipase for breaking
down emulsified fate.

259. A graph was plotted to show the energy output of two

types of respiration. Identify the type of respiration
denoted by curves A and B .

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Ans : Delhi 2013

(ii) The exist of food from the stomach is regulated
Tiny apertures called stomata are found on the surface by sphincter muscles which release it in small
of leaf. O2 diffuses in through stomata and finds its amounts into the small intestine.
way into the cells of the leaf. Increase in concentration (iii) From stomach food enters into the small intestine.
of CO2 opens the stomata and CO2 is released in the
atmosphere. 276. (a) Blood pressure is high in the arteries and low
in the veins. Give the possible reason for such
difference.
(b) What is the major cause of high blood pressure ?
(c) What may happen if a person is having a very
high blood pressure ?
Ans : SQP 2018

(a) Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts against

the walls of the vessels by the discharge of blood
into them by contraction of the left ventricle. The
heart pushes blood into artery. Therefore, blood
pressure is high in the arteries which gradually
drops in the arteries and capillaries and finally
Figure: Stomata–the tiny pores on leaf surface open becomes very low in the veins.
and close for exchange of respiratory gases and
(b) High blood pressure is caused by constriction of
transpiration.
arterioles.
(c) Constriction of arterioles results in increased
274. Draw diagram of Nephron. resistance to blood flow leading to the rupture of
Ans : AI 2009 an artery and internal bleeding.

277. Study the picture carefully and answer the following :

(a) What does diagram given below depict?

(b) What are A and B ?
(c) Which vessel carried deoxygenated blood to lungs
and which vessel brings oxygenated blood from
Figure: Structure of Nephron lungs to heart ?
(d) Which half of heart has oxygenated blood ?
275. (i) What is the role of mutes in stomach ? Ans : Delhi 2014
(ii) How exit of food from the stomach is regulated ? (a) Double circulation.
(iii) Where does food enter from stomach ? (b) A – pulmonary circulation.
Ans : Foreign 2013 B – systemic circulation.
(i) Mucus protects the innerlining of the stomach from (c) Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.
the action of the acid under normal conditions. (d) Left half of heart.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

(d) Trachea Ans : Comp 2010

(e) Larynx (a)

(f) Diaphragm
(ii) What are the factors needed for maintaining the
direction of diffusion in plants.
Ans : OD 2015

(i)

(i) Nasal passage

(ii) Rib cage
(iii) Trachea
(b) Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller
and smaller tubes which finally terminate in
(ii) Factors needed for maintaining the direction of balloon-like structures called alveoli.
diffusion in plants are : The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive
network of blood vessels.
(a) environmental condition.
The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange
(b) requirement of the plant. of gases can take place.
297. Write down the functions of the blood ? (c) Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of
oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration takes place
Ans : Comp 2016 in the absence of oxygen.
The different functions of the blood are as follows :
(i) Transport of nutrients. 299. What is the composition of blood ? Give one function
of each of its components.
(ii) Transport of respiratory gases ( O2 and CO2 ).
o
(iii) Transport of metabolic waste products (urea, uric
acid, ammonia, etc.). Name the constituents of blood.
(iv) Transport of enzymes and hormones. Ans : OD 2006

(v) Transport of ions. Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It chiefly contains

(vi) Regulation of the body temperature. two components :
(vii) Protection of the body from the attack of disease- (i) Fluid matrix or plasma which is colourless and
causing agents. transports many substances like glucose, amino
acids, urea, etc. It contains a lot of water and
298. (a) Draw diagram of respiratory system and label the many proteins.
following : (ii) Cellular elements, which are of three types :
(i) Part through which air is taken in. (a) Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) or erythrocytes,
(ii) Part which protects the lungs. which transport O2 and CO2 .
(iii) Part which carries the air into the lungs. (b) White blood corpuscles (WBCs) or leucocytes,
(b) What are alveoli ? Mention their role in respiration. which fight disease-causing agents.
(c) Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic (c) Blood platelets or thrombocytes which help
respiration. in blood-clotting.

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281. What are the various steps involved in holozoic mode (d) The uncovered leaf turned blue-black while
of nutrition? covered leaf did not.
Ans : OD 2015 (e) Thus, it is clear that the leaf that was exposed
to sunlight prepared starch but the uncovered
The different steps of holozoic mode of nutrition are
one could not do so.
as follows :
Thus, this activity shows that sunlight is necessary for
(i) Ingestion
photosynthesis.
(ii) Digestion
(iii) Absorption 283. (a) Draw a neat diagram of alimentary canal and
(iv) Assimilation label the following parts :
(v) Egestion (i) The largest gland.
Ingestion is the taking in of the food in the body or (ii) The gland that secretes digestive enzymes as
alimentary canal. well as hormones.
Amoeba engulfs the food by forming pseudopodia all (iii) The part where digested food is absorbed.
around the food and then captures the food into the (b) What are villi ? Mention their functions.
food-vacuole. This is called phagocytosis.
Ans : Delhi 2016
Digestion is the breaking down of complex and
(a)
insoluble food with the help of enzymes into simpler
(i) Liver
and soluble substances so that they can be utilized
in the body. In amoeba, digestion occurs in the food (ii) Pancreas
vacuole with the help of digestive enzymes. (iii) Small intestine
Absorption is the diffusion of the digested food into
the cytoplasm.
Assimilation is the utilization of the digested food by
the cell.
Egestion is the removal or throwing out the undigested
food from the body.

282. (i) List three events that occur during the process of
photosynthesis. State in brief the role of stomata
in this process.
(ii) Describe an experiment to show that sunlight is
essential for photosynthesis.
Ans : OD 2010

(i) The following events occur during photosynthesis:

(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(b) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy Figure: Human digestive system
and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
and oxygen. (b) Numerous finger like projections present in the
(c) Reduction of carbon dioxide into inner lining of the intestine which increase the
carbohydrates. surface area for absorption of food are called
Role of stomata : Massive amount of gaseous villies.
exchange takes place through stomata. They absorb digested food in small intestine and
(ii) Activity : absorb water in large intestine.
(a) Cover a leaf of potted plant with black paper
284. (a) Draw the cross-section of the leaf and label the
and kept the plant in sun for about six hours.
following parts :
(b) Pluck one covered and one uncovered leaf
(i) Upper epidermis,
from the plant and boiled in water-bath for
(ii) Chloroplast.
starch test inference.
(b) Define photosynthesis.
(c) Now put iodine on the leaves to test the
presence of starch. (c) List three events which occur during this process.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

(iii) Villi : 270. Explain the process of assimilation of proteins in

(a) They are found on the inner wall of the small human digestive system.
intestine. Ans : OD 2014
(b) They greatly increase the absorptive surface (i) The different types of proteins in the food are
area of the innerlining of the intestine for the converted into amino acids after digestion.
absorption of digested food.
(ii) The amino acids are absorbed by blood and
267. Draw diagram of human excretory system. transported through blood vessels to cells and
tissues.
Ans : Comp 2013
(iii) In the cells, the amino acids are used up for
building components of cells and tissues. There
are the basic materials for the growth.

271. Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and label

it.
Ans : Delhi 2010

Figure: Excretory system of human beings.

268. Write three events which occur during the process of

photosynthesis.
Ans : Comp 2017

Three events which occur during photosynthesis :

(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
Figure: Human alimentary canal.
oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbondioxide to carbohydrates.
272. (i) Name the following :
269. How does small intestine tissues help the digestion of (a) The three carbon molecule that is formed due
fats, protein and starch? to break-down of glucose during respiration.
Ans : OD 2016 (b) The nitrogenous waste that is removed from
(a) Small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary the blood in our Kidneys.
canal. (ii) How do unicellular organisms generally remove
(b) It is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, waste ?
proteins and fats. Ans : OD 2011

(c) The secretions of liver and pancreas are released (i) (a) The three carbon molecule formed due to
in this part. break-down of glucose during respiration is
(d) Bile juice, a secretion of liver, helps to change the pyruvate.
acidic food into alkaline which is essential for the (b) Urea.
action of pancreatic enzymes. (ii) Unicellular organisms generally remove waste by
(e) Bile salts break down the large globules of fats the process of diffusion from the body surface into
into smaller globules, increasing the efficiency of the surrounding water.
enzyme action.
273. With the help of diagram explain how exchange of
(f) Pancreatic lipase helps in breakdown of fats and
gases occurs in leaf of a plant.
converts them into fatty acids and glycesol.

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287. (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of human alimentary

canal. Label the following :
(a) Buccal cavity
(b) Liver
(c) Pancreas
(d) Stomach
(e) Gall bladder
(f) Large intestine
(ii) On which type of food does salivary amylase act
at buccal cavity and write the name of the initial
product due to the action of amylase. 289. Describe an experiment to prove that CO2 is necessary
Ans : AI 2010
for photo-synthesis.
(i) Ans : Comp 2012

• Take two healthy potted plants which are nearly

of the same size.
• Keep them in a dark room for three days.
• Place a watch-glass containing potassium
hydroxide by the side of one of the plants. The
potassium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon
dioxide.

Figure: Human digestive system

(ii) Salivary amylase acts on starch in the buccal

cavity and sugar is the initial product when
salivary amylase acts on starch. (a) (b)

288. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing Figure: Experimental set-up (a) with potassium
of stomatal pores ? hydroxide (b) without potassium hydroxide.
o
Explain with the help of diagram. Also, indicate what • Cover both plants with separate bell-jars as
happens to the rate of photosynthesis if stomata get shown in the figure.
blocked due to dust. • Use vaseline to seal the bottom-of the jars to the
Ans : Delhi 2014
glass plates so that the set-up is air-tight.
The swelling of guard cells due to absorption of water • Keep the plants in sunlight for about two hours.
causes opening of stomatal pores while shrinking of • Pluck a leaf from each plant and check for the
guard cells closes the pores. Opening and closing of presence of starch.
stomata occurs due to turgor changes in guard cells. The leaf from the plant near which potassium
When guard cells are turgid, stomatal pore is open hydroxide was not put showed the presence of
while in flaccid conditions, the stomatal aperture starch.
closes. Rate of photosynthesis decreases when the Above experiment shows that CO2 is necessary
stomata of a leaf get blocked due to dust. for photosynthesis.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

(d) Write down the chemical equation involved in Ans : SQP 2018

photosynthesis. (a)
(e) How is unused energy stored in plants ?
Ans : SQP 2011

(a)

Figure: Human digestive system

(b) Emulsification is the process of breaking down

of fat globules into smaller globules. It increases
efficiency of enzyme action.
Figure: Cross-section of a leaf.
286. (i) Why is nutrition a necessity for an organism ?
(b) Photosynthesis : Green plants synthesise their State three reasons.
own food by utilizing inorganic substances like (ii) What is likely to happen if green plants disappear
carbon dioxide and water in the presence of from earth ?
sunlight and chlorophyll. This process is known (iii) “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon
as photosynthesis. dioxide during night.” Justify this statement.
(c) The following events occur during photosynthesis: o
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy dioxide during night.” Do you agree with this
and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen statement ? Give reason.
and oxygen. Ans : Delhi 2012
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide into (i) Nutrition is necessary :
carbohydrates.
(a) for energy for metabolic processes.
(d) 6CO2 + 6H2 O C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
Glu cos e (b) for growth of new cells and repair of older
(e) Unused energy of the plant is stored in the form ones.
of starch. (c) to develop resistance.
285. (a) Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and (ii) All organisms require green plants for energy. In
label on it : the absence of green plants all herbivores will die
due to starvation and consequently carnivores will
(i) Gall bladder
also die.
(ii) Liver
(iii) During day time rate of photosynthesis is more
(iii) Pancreas than the rate of respiration. So, net result is
(iv) Small intestine evolution of O2 .
(b) What is emulsification of fats ? Why is it At night there is little photosynthesis compared
necessary? to respiration so, result is evolution of CO2 .

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Where do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get

digested in human beings ?
Ans : Comp 2016

Figure: Processes of inhalation and exhalation.

The diaphragm is a sheet of muscular tissue,

which normally remains arched upward like
a dome, towards the base of the lungs. On
contraction, it falls or flattens from the dome-
Figure: Human digestive system shaped outline to an almost horizontal plane and
thus contributes to the enlargement of the chest
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in the cavity lengthwise. As the diaphragm flattens, it
small intestine. presses the organs inside the abdomen and with
the abdominal muscles relaxed, the abdominal
294. Mention the three common features of the various
wall moves outwards.
respiratory organs found in animals. Decreased pressure inside the lungs draws the air
Ans : Delhi 2007 inward.
Three common features of the respiratory organs are : When the thoracic (chest) cavity increases in size,
the pressure in the pleural cavities is decreased;
(i) They have a large surface area for gaseous
the lungs expand and as a result, the pressure
exchange.
inside the lungs is lowered below the atmospheric
(ii) They have thin walls for easy diffusion to facilitate pressure. Therefore, the outside air which is
exchange of respiratory gases. at a greater pressure rushes in, to equalize the
(iii) They are richly supplied with blood vessels. pressure.
(Trachea are the exception because there is no (ii) Expiration (or exhalation) i.e., expelling the air
blood in insects and as such branches of trachea out, is the result of reverse movements of the
reach each and every cell of the body). ribs and diaphragm. The other set of intercostal
muscles contracts and pulls the ribs down and
295. Explain the mechanism of breathing.
inward.
Ans : Delhi 2011 The diaphragm is relaxed and is moved upwards
For continued gaseous exchange in the lungs, a to its dome-like outline as a result of the pressure
constant renewal of the air is necessary. This happens of the abdominal contents when the muscles in
in two steps : the abdominal wall contract. As a consequence,
the cavity of the thorax is diminished and the
(i) Inspiration (or inhalation) i.e., drawing the air
lungs are compressed forcing the air out into the
into the lungs is the result of increase in size of
atmosphere.
the thoracic cavity and this increase is due to the
combined action of the ribs and the diaphragm. 296. (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of human respiratory
The ribs are moved upward and outward by system and label the following parts :
the muscles (intercostal muscles) stretched
(a) Bronchioles
between them, thus enlarging the chest cavity all
around. The other structure which contributes in (b) Rings of cartilage
inspiration is the diaphragm. (c) Pharynx

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CH 5 : Life Processes

290. (a) Draw diagram of human alimentary canal and Ans : Delhi 2013

label the following :

(i) Part in which starch digestion starts.
(ii) Part in which bile is stored.
(iii) Part in which nutrients are absorbed.
(iv) Part in which water is absorbed.
(b) Mention the role of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach.
(c) What function is served by the following :
(i) Gastric sphincter
(ii) Anal sphincter
Ans : OD 2010

(a)

Figure: Human digestive system

Small intestine receives secretion from liver and

pancreas in the form of bile juice and trypsin.
Trypsin digests proteins and lipase digest fats.
Bile juice makes basic medium and emulsifies fats
and intestinal juice converts proteins to amino acids,
carbohydrates to glucose and fats to fatty acids and
glycerol.

292. Why is respiration important for all living organisms?

Ans : Comp 2009

Respiration is important for all living organisms

because :
(i) For obtaining energy :
The oxygen which we inhale along with air
oxidises the food and liberates energy.
Figure: Human digestive system (ii) For the removal of toxic carbon dioxide :
Carbon dioxide is produced in our tissues as a
(i) Mouth (Buccal cavity)
result of oxidation of food.
(ii) Gall bladder CO2 is injurious to our body, if it accumulates in
(iii) Small intestine the tissues in higher concentration and for longer
(iv) Large intestine period.
(b) Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria in the stomach During respiration, gaseous exchange ( O2 and
and provides acidic medium for the action of CO2 ) takes place between the tissue and blood.
pepsin. During this process, CO2 from the tissues gets
diffused into the blood.
(c) (i) Gastric sphincter controls the release of food The blood takes this CO2 into the respiratory
from the stomach to small intestine. organs (e.g., lungs), from where it is eliminated
(ii) Anal sphincter controls the release of back into the atmosphere.
undigested waste from the rectum through
the anus. 293. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and
label the following parts :
(i) Mouth
291. Draw neat diagram of digestive system. Label all of
its parts. How the main components of the food get (ii) Oesophagus
digested in the small intestine ? Explain. (iii) Stomach
(iv) Intestine

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300. (a) Draw neat diagram of respiratory system and Ans : OD 2016

label the following parts :

Blood Lymph
(i) Lungs
(i) Blood is red in colour Lymph is light
(ii) Trachea
due to the presence yellow in colour due
(iii) Bronchus of haemoglobin. to the absence of
(iv) Diaphragm. haemoglobin.
(b) Name the respiratory pigment in human beings (ii) Blood flows in blood Lymph flows in the
and discuss its role. vessels. lymphatic capillaries
(c) Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms which join to form
much faster than that in terrestrial organisms ? large lymph vessels.
Ans : AI 2013 (iii) Blood contains Lympl contains
(a) RBCs, WBCs, plate- lymphocytes, a type
lets and plasma. of WBC.
(iv) Blood flows from Lymph flows from
heart to different tissues to the heart.
organs of the body
and back to heart.

303. (i) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and

label :
(a) Pulmonary artery
(b) Aorta
(c) Septum
(d) Ventricles
(ii) Arteries have thick elastic walls while veins have
valves, explain.
Ans : Foreign 2011

(i)
(b) Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment in human
beings. It takes up O2 from the air in the lungs
and carry it to tissues that are deficient in oxygen.
(c) The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly
low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air,
so aquatic organisms breathe much faster than
terrestrial organisms.

301. Briefly describe the shape and function of human red

blood corpuscles.
Ans : Delhi 2014

• RBCs are circular and do not contain nuclei.

(ii) Arteries carry blood with a lot of pressure whereas
• RBC contains a respiratory pigment called veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood.
haemoglobin. It is because of this pigment that
the blood appears red. 304. (i) Draw the sectional view of the human heart and
• Haemoglobin carries the oxygen from lungs to label the following parts :
tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs. (a) Left atrium
• The lifespan of RBC is 120 days. (b) Pulmonary arteries
(c) Right ventricle
302. Differentiate between blood and lymph.
(d) Aorta

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CH 5 : Life Processes

(ii) Why are the valves needed in the heart ? (c) Muscular wall separating right and left chambers.
(iii) Leakage of blood from vessels reduces the (d) Blood vessel that carry blood from heart to the
efficiency of pumping system. How is the leakage lungs.
prevented ?
Ans : Delhi 2012
Ans : AI 2013 Draw a figure as given below and mark :
(i) (a) Left atrium
(b) Aorta
(c) Septum
(d) Pulmonary artery

(ii) Valves ensure that blood does not flow backward

when the atria or ventricles contract.
(iii) To avoid leakage blood has platelets cells which
circulate around the body and plug into leakage
by clotting the blood. at the point of injury. 307. (i) Draw the diagram of human heart and label the
following :
305. What is the advantage of having four chambered (a) Part which receives deoxygenated blood from
heart ? Support your answer with a diagram of the vena cava.
section of a human heart.
(b) Part which sends deoxygenated blood to lung
Ans : OD 2010
through pulmonary artery.
In four chambered heart, left half is completely
(c) Part which receives oxygenated blood from
separated from the right half by septa. This prevents
lungs.
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This
allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to (d) Part which sends oxygenated blood to all
all parts of the body. This is useful in animals that parts of the body through aorta.
have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals. (ii) What does the blood consist of ?
(iii) Write two functions of blood.
Ans : OD 2017

(i)

306. Draw a neat diagram of internal structure of human

heart and label the parts which do the following
(a) Right atrium
functions :
(b) Right ventricle
(a) Chamber where oxygenated blood from lungs is
collected. (c) Left atrium
(b) Largest blood vessel in our body. (d) Left ventricle

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(ii) Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. 309. Describe the structure of a sieve tube. Name the cells
(iii) (a) It transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to all which are present along sieve tubes in the phloem
parts of the body. tissue. Draw a labelled diagram of phloem tissue.
(b) It also transports food, salts, etc. Ans : Delhi 2014

(i) Sieve tubes are living components of phloem.

308. What is transpiration ? Mention its importance to
These are placed one above the other. Their end
the plants.
walls have sieve plates. These plates have pores
Ans : SQP 2012 through which the food is translocated from one
Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water sieve tube cell to the next.
vapours from the surface of the leaf (and other aerial (ii) Companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells
parts of plant) into the atmosphere. are present along sieve tubes in the phloem tissue.
Transpiration has great significance for the plants. Its (iii)
main advantages are as follows :
1. Cooling effect : Evaporation reduces temperature.
Therefore, transpiration is useful to plants on hot
sunny days.
2. Suction force : Transpiration helps in the ascent
of sap by producing a suction force acting from
the top of a plant. Evaporation from the leaves
concentrates cell sap and increases their osmotic
pressure. This draws water from the cells of the
lower levels in a sequential manner (ascent of sap)
and finally favours absorption of water from the
soil by osmosis.

Figure: A part of the phloem tissue.

310. With the help of a labelled diagram, briefly describe

the urinary system of a human being.
o
Draw a labelled diagram of human urinary system.
Ans : Foreign 2006

Figure: Importance of .transpiration.

3. Distribution of water : Since, leaves are present at

the tips of all branches and twigs, transpiration
from their surfaces tends to draw water towards
them and thus helps in the distribution of water
throughout the plant body.
4. Elimination of excess water : Roots continuously
absorb a very large quantity of water. Transpiration
is an effective method of removing excess water Figure: Human excretory system
from the plant body.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

• The urinary system consists of a pair of kidneys Ans : Comp 2009

lying in the abdomen. (a)

• Each kidney gives out an excretory tube or
ureter.
• The two ureters open in a common urinary
bladder.
• The urine collected into the urinary bladder
passes out through a muscular tube, the urethra
and is ultimately thrown out of the body through
an opening at its tip.

311. What is the principle of dialysis ?

Ans : AI 2009

Blood is made to flow into the dialysis machine Figure: Human excretory system
made of long cellulose tubes coiled in a tank having
a dialysing solution. Waste substances diffuse out of (b) The kidneys purify the blood.
blood into the tank. The clean blood is pumped back It also removes toxic wastes like urea or uric acid.
into the body of the patient.
313. (a) Draw a diagram of human urinary system and
label in it :
(i) Kidney
(ii) Ureter
(iii) Urinary bladder
(iv) Urethra
(b) Write two major components of human urine.
Ans : Delhi 2015

(a)

Figure: Artificial kidney or Dialysis. Figure: Human excretory system

(b) Urea, uric acid.

312. (a) Draw the human excretory system and label :
314. Draw a neat diagram of excretory system in humans
(i) Kidney, and label the following :
(ii) Aorta, (i) Kidney
(iii) Ureter, (ii) Left renal artery
(iv) Urinary bladder. (iii) Left renal vein
(b) What is the purpose of sending blood to the (iv) Vena cava
kidney’s for filtration ?
(v) Urinary bladder
(vi) Ureter

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Ans : OD 2013

Figure: Human excretory system

Ans : Comp 2013
315. What is translocation ? Name the cells involved in (a) In kidneys
the transport of food in plants. What are the steps (b) Renal arteries
involved in the translocation of food in plants ?
(c) Renal vein
Ans : OD 2016 (d) Pelvis/Renal pelvis
Transportation of soluble product of photosynthesis (e) Glomerulus.
or food from leaves to other parts of plants is called
translocation. 317. (i) How is lymph formed ?
Seven tubes of phloem are involved in the transport (ii) Write two points of difference between blood and
of food in plants for translocation, food molecules lymph.
enter into the sieve tubes from where they can be (iii) State two important functions of lymph.
transported upwards or downwards to all parts of the Ans : Comp 2016 ,07
plant including roots. (i) Through the pores present in the walls of
Mechanism of translocation is an active process that capillaries some amount of plasma, protein and
utilizes energy. Materials are transferred from leaf blood cells escape into inter-cellular spaces in the
cells or from the site of storage into phloem tissue. tissues and form a tissue fluid called lymph.
For this energy is required which is provided by the (ii)
ATP molecules. This energy, increases the osmotic
pressure, as a result, water from outside moves into Blood Lymph
the phloem. This pressure maintains the movement of 1. The constituents of The constituents of
food through all the parts of plants. blood are RBC, WBC, lymph are plasma
platelets and plasma. and lymphocytes.
316. Given below is the diagrammatic representation of the
excretory system, answer the following question : 2. It is red in colour due It is colourless.
(a) In which part of the excretory system are the to the presence of
nephrons located ? RBCs.
(b) Name the blood vessel that brings nitrogenous (iii)Two important function of lymph are following :
wastes to the kidneys for removal. (a) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat
(c) Name the blood vessel that is taking the blood from intestine.
away from the kidneys after removal of nitrogenous (b) It drains excess fluid from extra cellular space
wastes. back into the blood.
(d) Which part of the kidney is connected to the
ureters ? 318. (i) Draw the diagram of heart and label its four
(e) Nance the bunch formed by the capillaries in the chambers.
cup-like structure of nephron. (ii) Construct a table to show the functions of these
four chambers.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

323. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition (ii) Diabetes and hypertension
characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over (iii) Rural
time. CKD is also known as chronic renal disease. With (iv) 6.3%
increasing life expectancy and prevalence of life style
diseases, US has seen a 30% increase in prevalence of 324. Study these tables related to haemoglobin levels and
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the last decade. answer the questions that follow.
Unfortunately, from India there is no longitudinal Table A: Haemoglobin level chart
study and limited data on the prevalence of CKD.
In western countries, diabetes and hypertension Remarks Haemoglobin (g/dL)
account for over 2/3rd of the cases of CKD. In India Doctor’s advice needed 9-7
too, diabetes and hypertension today account for
40-60% cases of CKD. As per recent Indian Council 7-4
of Medical Research data, prevalence of diabetes in Good 10-13
Indian adult population has risen to 7.1%, (varying
Excellent 14-16
from 5.8% in Jharkhand to 13.5% in Chandigarh) and
in urban population (over the age of 40 years) the Table B: Haemoglobin levels of patients
prevalence is as high as 28%. Likewise, the reported
prevalence of hypertension in the adult population Checking Time Haemoglobin (g/dL)
today is 17% (14.8% from rural and 21.4% from urban Patient X Patient Y
belt). A similar prevalence of 17.4% has been reported
by Panesar et al. (in the age group of 20-59 years) Blood test 4 6
even from slum-resettlement colony of Delhi. With (i) Refer to table B showing the haemoglobin level
rising prevalence of these diseases in India, prevalence reports of patients (X and Y). Which disease can
of CKD is expected to rise and obviously, this is the be diagnosed from the given data ?
key target population to address.
(ii) Name the element which is transported by
A study published in this issue is from a rural belt haemoglobin from lungs to all parts of the body.
of Karnataka. The population had a mean age of 39.88
(iii) What is the excellent haemoglobin level in human
! 15.87 years with 3.82% prevalence of diabetes and body ?
33.62% of hypertension. Authors found 6.3% prevalence
of CKD stage 3; which is the highest reported till Ans :
date by any Indian worker. It is disturbing to note, (i) Anaemia
the high prevalence of hypertension in a rural setting (ii) Oxygen
where over 75% population had normal or low body (iii) 15 g/dL
mass index. In comparison to most other published
studies from India, the present study population is 325. The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in a plant. It
younger and even the prevalence of diabetes is low but controls gas exchange in plants, controls the amount of
surprisingly despite that prevalence of stage 3 CKD water loss in plants. Upper epidermis cells contain no
is reported to be higher (6.3%). It is disturbing to chloroplasts which is not true for the guard cells. They
see the rising prevalence of hypertension and CKD form layers on the upper and lower surface of the leaf.
in rural belts. Possibly, with shifting population the Their function is to prevent water from getting out
difference between urban and rural areas is getting and stopping unwanted substances/organisms getting
blurred. Undoubtedly, we need more Indian data to in. The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the
validate these findings. photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The palisade cells
(i) What is CKD ? contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this
(ii) What are the major causes of CKD ? photosynthesis. Lower epidermis is the bottom layer
(iii) In which segment of society is CKD more of the leaf and is one cell thick. They may not contain
prevalent? a cuticle within the lower epidermis, there are some
(iv) What is the highest percentage of CKD reported? holes found in leaves called stoma. These holes allow
gases to diffuse in and out of the leaves. The stoma
Ans : are formed by two highly specialized epidermis cells,
(i) It is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of called guard cells. Guard cells are the only epidermis
kidney function over time. cells that contain chloroplasts.

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Ans : Ans :
(i) a. (i) Two enzymes are yeast and invertase.
The given figure is L.S of phloem in which W (ii) Zymase converts glucose and fructose into ethanol
represents sieve plate, X represents sieve tubes, and carbon-dioxide.
Y represents companion cell and Z represents
(iii) Fermentation occurs in absence of oxygen that is
phloem parenchyma.
in anaerobic conditions.
(ii) Sieve tubes (X) are living cells which contain
cytoplasm but no nucleus. 322. The saliva contains an enzymes called salivary amylase
(iii) Companion cell (Y) help in maintaining a proper that breaks down starch which is a complex molecule
pressure gradient in sieve tube elements. to give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva
(iv) Phloem parenchyma (Z) are ordinary living and moved around the mouth while chewing by the
elongated cells having abundant plasmodesmata. muscular tongue. From the mouth, the food is taken
They store food, mucilage and latex. to the stomach through the food-pipe or oesophagus.
The stomach is a large organ which expands when
321. The breakdown of complex substances into simpler food enters it. The muscular walls of the stomach help
substances by action of enzymes released by anaerobic in mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive
bacteria is called fermentation. By this method, we juices. These digestion functions are taken care of by
can prepare only ethanol. In this, firstly, Sugarcane the gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach.
juice and water are mixed and heated to form sweet These release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting
liquid called molasses. Then, in presence of yeast and enzyme called pepsin and mucus. The hydrochloric
enzyme invertase, it breaks into glucose and fructose acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the
and then further, glucose and fructose break into action of the enzyme pepsin. The mucus protects the
further simpler substances called ethanol and carbon- inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid
dioxide. This method is generally carried out in under normal conditions.
breweries.

(i) What is the name of the enzyme present in saliva?

(ii) What type of substance is secreted by gastric
glands ?
(iii) What is the role of mucus ?
(i) Name two enzymes that convert sugarcane juice Ans :
into glucose and fructose. (i) The name of the enzyme present in saliva is
(ii) Which enzyme is responsible for conversion of salivary amylase.
glucose and fructose into ethanol and carbon- (ii) Gastric glands release hydrochloric acid.
dioxide ? (iii) The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach
(iii) What is the condition for fermentation ? from the action of the acid under normal conditions.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

Ans : Comp 2012

(i) The urine is produced by which organ system ?
(i) (ii) What are nephrons ?
(iii) What do you mean by urine ?
(iv) What is the final part of the urinary system ?
Ans :
(i) The formation of urine takes place in the kidney
which is a part of the urinary system.
(ii) Nephron is the first part of the urinary system
present inside the kidneys. The wastes and water
from blood plasma move to the nephorn through
hollow tubules. Nephron produces urine and urine
(ii) has all the wastes.
Name of chamber Function (iii) The waste fluid produced during metabolic
activities is known as urine. The wastes and
1. Left atrium Receives oxygenated
toxins are removed out of the body through urine.
blood from lungs through
pulmonary veins and pours (iv) Urethra is the final part of the urinary system is
it into left ventricle. known as the urethra. The function of this part
is to remove urine out of the body. It is a single
2. Right atrium Receives deoxygenated tubular structure that is functional when urinary
blood from various body bladder expands and gets filled with urine.
parts through superior
and inferior vena cava and 320. Study the given figure and answer the questions that
pours it into right ventricle. follow.
3. Left ventricle Pumps oxygenated blood
to various parts of body
through aorta.
4. Right ventricle Pumps deoxygenated
blood into lungs through
pulmonary artery.

COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTION

319. Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million

filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron includes
a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. The
nephrons work through a two-step process: the
glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns
needed substances to your blood and removes wastes. (i) Identify the correct pair of labelled parts with the
Study the table and answer the following questions. help of this figure.

a. W-Sieve plate Y-Companion cell

S. Substance Amount Amount Amount b. X-Sieve plate Z-Companion cell
No. filtered reabsorbed in urine
(grams) (grams) (grams) c. Y-Sieve tubes Z-Sieve plate

1. Water 180 L 179 L 1L d. X-Companion cell Y-Pholem parenchyma

2. Proteins 10-20 10-20 0 (ii) Name the labelled part which contain cytoplasm
but no nucleus.
3. Chlorine 635 630 6 (iii) Describe the function of part Y ?
4. Sodium 540 535 3 (iv) Define the labelled part Z.

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Functional difference : Upper epidermis is more

for protection while lower is for gas exchange/
transpiration.

326. More than a million Americans die of cardiac diseases

each year. One of the major causes is high cholesterol
levels in the blood. The National Cholesterol Education
Program suggests that total blood cholesterol level
should be :

Blood Cholesterol Level Chart

Desirable Borderline High
(high) Risk
Total Cholesterol < 200 200-240 > 240
Triglycerides < 150 150-500 > 500
Low Density < 130 130-160 > 160
Cholesterol
High Density > 50 50-35 < 35
Cholesterol
Given below are blood report of two persons

Total Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Patient A 356 180
Patient B 180 100
(i) Which of the organ can be affected in a patient A?
Can you infer the same risk factor for patient B ?
(ii) What information is left out for the blank columns?
Ans :
(i) Heart, No
(ii) Low density cholesterol, High density cholesterol
(i) Mention two function of lower epidermis. 327. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates
(ii) Where are chloroplasts present in the leaf ? throughout our body and delivers essential substances
(iii) What are the functions of xylem and phloem in like oxygen to the body cells. It also transports
leaf ? metabolic waste products away from the cells. Figure
(iv) List one structural and one functional difference given below depicts the percentage composition of
between upper and lower epidermis. different components of blood.
Ans :
(i) (a) To allow transpiration (b) Allow gas exchange
(ii) Guard cells and palisade cells
(iii) Xylem : It transports water and minerals to leaf
cells.
Phloem : It translocated dissolved food prepared
by photosynthesis by palisade cells.
(iv) Structural difference : Upper epidermis has
cuticle and does not have stomata or have fewer
stomata. Lower may not have cuticle and have
more stomata.

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CH 5 : Life Processes

Blood cannot be made or manufactured outside the

body. Blood donation is the only source of blood for
patients that need blood transfusion.
(i) Why do you think donating blood is not harmful
even though red blood cells carry oxygen to the
body cells ?
(ii) Which component is deficient in your blood if you
lose too much of blood from a cut ?
(iii) Name the pigment present in red blood cells that
carries oxygen from the lungs to all the body
tissues.
(iv) Based on the information shown by the bar graph,
what could be the possible cause for reduced
platelet count ?
Ans :
(i) Red blood cells make up about 40% of our blood
and are constantly being replaced in our body.
(ii) Platelets, as they help in clotting of blood.
(iii) Haemoglobin

(iv) Dengue, which is caused by the dengue virus,

reduces the blood platelet count of a person
drastically.

**********

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Common questions