Definition of Artificial Intelligence ?

 John McCarthy, who coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956, defines it as "the
science and engineering of making intelligent machines", especially intelligent
computer programs.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer
science that aims to create it.
Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals In the world.
Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in use of people, many animals and
some machines.
AI is the study of the mental faculties through the computational models.

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 Definition …. ?
 AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the
moment, people do better.
 AI is the study and design of intelligent agents, where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and
takes actions that maximize its chances of success.
 'The automation of activities that we Associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning ...'(Bellman, 1978), this refers to Performance .
 'The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act' (Winston, 1992) , this refers to Rationality.

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 Definition …. ?
 'The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people' (Kurzweil, 1990) i.e.,
behaviour
 'The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better' (Rich and Knight, 1991) i.e.,
performance

 'A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent

behavior in terms of computational processes' (Schalkoff, 1990).
i.e,.behaviour
 'The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior' (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
i.e., rationality
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 Definition …. ?
 Note :A system is rational if it does the right thing.
 Intelligence AI def:
 Relate to tasks involving higher mental processes.
 Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to
achieve goals.
 Intelligent Behavior:
 Perceiving one’s environment,
 Acting in complex environments,
 Learning and understanding from experience,

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 Definition …. ?
 Intelligent Behavior:(cont...)
 Reasoning to solve problems and discover hidden

knowledge,
 Knowledge applying successfully in new situations,

 Thinking abstractly, using analogies,

 Communicating with others, and more like

 Creativity, Ingenuity, Expressiveness, Curiosity.

 Hard or Strong AI:

 Generally, artificial intelligence research aims to create AI

that can replicate human intelligence completely.

 Strong AI refers to a machine that approaches or

supersedes human intelligence,

 If it can do typically human tasks,
 If it can apply a wide range of background knowledge and
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 If it has some degree of self-consciousness.
 Definition …. ?
 Strong AI aims to build machines whose overall intellectual
ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being.
 Soft or Weak AI:
 Weak AI refers to the use of software to study or
accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks
that do not encompass the full range of human cognitive
abilities.
 Example : a chess program.

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 Definition …. ?

 Weak AI:
 Weak AI does not achieve self-awareness; it
demonstrates wide range of human-level cognitive
abilities; it is merely an intelligent, a specific
problem-solver.

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 Definition …. ?

 Cognitive Science AI Def:

 Aims to develop, explore and evaluate theories of how the
mind works through the use of computational models.
 The important is not what is done but how it is done;
means intelligent behavior is not enough, the program
must operate in an intelligent manner.
 Example : The Chess programs are successful, but say
little about the ways humans play chess.

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 Goals of AI
 The definitions of AI gives four possible goals to pursue :
1. Systems that think like humans.
2. Systems that think rationally.
3. Systems that act like humans
4. Systems that act rationally
 Traditionally, all four goals have been followed and the approaches
were:
Human-like Rationally
Think (a) Cognitive science (b) Laws of thought
Approach Approach

Act (c) Turing Test (d) Rational agent

Approach Approach
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 Goals of AI
 Four goals of AI. Most of AI work falls into category (2) and (4).
General AI Goal
 Replicate human intelligence : still a distant goal.
 Solve knowledge intensive tasks.
 Make an intelligent connection between perception and action.
 Enhance human-human, human-computer and computer to
computer interaction / communication.

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 Goals of AI
Engineering based AI Goal
 Develop concepts, theory and practice of building intelligent
machines
 Emphasis is on system building.

Science based AI Goal

 Develop concepts, mechanisms and vocabulary to understand
biological intelligent behavior.
 Emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.

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 AI Approaches
(a)Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach
• If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human,
there must be some way of:
– determining how humans think
– need to get inside the actual workings of human minds
• There are three ways to do this through :
– Introspection:- trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by
– Psychological experiments:- observing a person in action; and
– Brain imaging:- observing the brain in action
• Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it becomes
possible to express the theory as a computer program.
• If the program’s inputs/output and timing behavior matched with the
human behavior
• Then we can say that the program’s mechanism is working like a
human mind
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Thinking humanly con…
• Cognitive science: interdisciplinary field that brings together
– computer models from AI and
– experimental techniques from psychology
• to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.

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 AI Approaches
(b) Laws of Thought : Think Rationally
 The study of mental faculties through the use of computational

models; that it is, the study of the computations that make it

possible to perceive, reason, and act.
 Focus is on inference mechanisms that are provably correct and

guarantee an optimal solution.

 Develop systems of representation to allow inferences to be

like
 Laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the

mind and their study initiated the field called logic.

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Think Rationally con…
 Example 1:"Socrates is a man; All men are mortal; therefore,
Socrates is mortal."
 Example 2:“Sami is a student of III year IS; All students are
good in III year IS; therefore, Sami is a good student”.
 Goal is to formalize the reasoning process as a system of
logical rules and procedures for inference.
 Syllogisms : A form of deductive reasoning consisting of
a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
 Syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that

always yielded correct conclusions when given correct

premises.

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 Think Rationally con…

Examples: [Link]
male(Fasil). % a fact stating Fasil is a male
male(Abush).
female(MiMi). % a fact stating MiMi is a female
female(Ruth).
parent(Fasil,Abush). % a fact: Fasil is parent of Abush
parent(Ruth,Abush).
father(X,Y) :- % a rule : X is father of Y if X is a male parent of
Y
parent(X,Y), male(X). % body of above rule, can be on same line.
mother(X,Y) :-parent(X,Y), female(X). % a similar rule for X being
mother of Y
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 AI Approaches
(c)Turing Test : Act Human-like
Example : Turing Test
 3 rooms contain: a person, a computer, and an interrogator.

 The interrogator can communicate with the other 2 by teletype

(to avoid the machine imitate the appearance or voice of the

person).
 The interrogator tries to determine which is the person and

which is the machine.

 The machine tries to fool the interrogator to believe that it is the

human, and the person also tries to convince the interrogator

that it is the human.
 If the machine succeeds in fooling the interrogator, then
conclude that the machine is intelligent.
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 AI Approaches
(c )Turing Test : Act Human-like

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 AI Approaches
(c)Turing Test : Act Human-like
 If the machine succeeds at this, then we will conclude that the
machine is acting humanly.
 Programming a computer to pass the test provides plenty to work
on, to possess the following capabilities.
 Natural language processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English.
 Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears;
 Automated reasoning to use the stored information to
answer questions and to draw new conclusions.
 Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to
detect and extrapolate patterns.

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 AI Approaches
(d) Rational Agent : Act Rationally
 A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome
or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome. The
study of rational agent has two advantages.
 Correct inference is selected and applied.
 It concentrates on scientific development rather than other methods.

 Tries to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of

computational processes; that it is concerned with the automation
of intelligence.
 Focus is on systems that act sufficiently if not optimally in all
situations; Goal is to develop systems that are rational and
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sufficient.
 Foundations of AI

• Philosophy:- enable to know some of the fundamental ideas of AI

– Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
– How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
– Where does knowledge come from?
– How does knowledge lead to action?
• Mathematics:- enable to develop IA through logic, computation and
probability.
• Economics:- how should we make decisions so as to maximize
fraudulent?
• Neuroscience :- How do brains process information?
• Psychology :- How do humans and animals think and act?
• Computer engineering :- How can we build an efficient computer?
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 AI applications
 Medical diagnosis, Robotics, Monitor trades, detect fraud,
schedule shuttle loading, etc.
 Diagnosis: Medical diagnosis programs based on probabilistic analysis
have been able to perform at the level of an expert physician in several
areas of medicine.
 Robotics: Many surgeons now use robot assistants in microsurgery
 Visa runs some kind of neural network program to detect fraudulent
transactions, people do cell-phone fraud detection through AI programs,
scheduling is something that used to be AI and is now evolving out of
AI (and so it doesn't really count).
 It includes things like scheduling operations in big manufacturing plants;
to schedule payload bay operations: getting the space shuttle ready to go
is a big and complicated process and they have to figure out what order
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to do all the steps.
 AI applications
 AI components are embedded in numerous devices e.g. in copy
machines for automatic correction of operation for copy quality
improvement.

 AI systems are in everyday use for identifying credit card fraud,

for advising doctors, for recognizing speech and in helping
complex planning tasks.

 Then there are intelligent tutoring systems that provide students

with personalized attention.

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 Limits of AI Today
 Successful AI systems operate in well-defined domains and employ
narrow, specialized knowledge.
 Common sense knowledge is needed to function in complex, open-
ended worlds. Such a system also needs to understand
unconstrained natural language.
 However these capabilities are not yet fully present in today’s
intelligent systems.
 What can AI systems do
Today’s AI systems have been able to achieve limited success in
some of these tasks.
In Computer vision, the systems are capable of face recognition.
 In Robotics, we have been able to make vehicles that are mostly
autonomous.
In Natural language processing, we have systems that are
capable of simple machine translation. 25
 Limits of AI Today
Con…
 Today’s Expert systems can carry out medical diagnosis in a narrow domain
 Speech understanding systems are capable of recognizing several thousand
words continuous speech.
 The Learning systems are capable of doing text categorization into about a
1000 topics.
 In Games, AI systems can play at the Grand Master level in chess (world
champion), checkers, etc.
 What can AI systems NOT do yet?
 Understand natural language robustly (e.g., read and understand articles in a
newspaper)
 Surf the web
 Interpret an arbitrary visual scene
 Learn a natural language
 Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains
 Exhibit true autonomy and intelligence
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 AI History
Reading Assignments(Submit the summary in brief)
• The gestation of artificial intelligence (1943–1955)
• The birth of artificial intelligence (1956)
• Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952–1969)
• A dose of reality (1966–1973)
• Knowledge-based systems: The key to power? (1969–1979)
• AI becomes an industry (1980–present)
• The return of neural networks (1986–present)
• AI adopts the scientific method (1987–present)
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1995–present)
• The availability of very large data sets (2001–present)
There will be presentation at a convenient time both to the
teacher and students Due date April 5
2024