UNIT 9: AREA COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES
ENGAGE
1. Define Area.
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EXPLORE
Describe the following methods of determining an area.
1. Division of the tract into simple figures.
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2. Offsets from a straight line.
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3. Coordinates.
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4. Double-meridian distances.
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EXPLAIN
METHODS OF DETERMINING LAND AREA
1. Area by Division into simple figures
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2. Area by offset from a straight line
a. Simpson’s Rule
It states that, sum of first and last ordinates has to be done. Add twice the sum of remaining
odd ordinates and four times the sum of remaining even ordinates. Multiply to this total sum
by 1/3rd of the common distance between the ordinates which gives the required area.
Where O1, O2, O3, …. On are the lengths of the ordinates
d = common distance
n = number of divisions
AREA
Note:
This rule is applicable only if ordinates are odd, i.e. even number of divisions.
If the number of ordinates are even, the area of last division maybe calculated separated
and added to the result obtained by applying Simpson’s rule to two remaining ordinates.
Even if first or last ordinate happens to be zero, they are not to be omitted from Simpson’s
rule.
The following offsets are taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary towards right side
of the chain line.
Chainage 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Offset ‘m’ 3.6 5.0 6.5 5.5 7.3 6.0 4.0
Common distance, d = 25m
Area = d/3[(O1+O7) + 2 (O3+O5)+4(O2+O4+O6)]
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b. The Trapezoidal Rule:
While applying the trapezoidal rule, boundaries between the ends of ordinates are
assumed to be straight. Thus the areas enclosed between the base line and the irregular
boundary line are considered as trapezoid.
In this method, the area is divided into a series of trapezoids. The rule may be stated as:
“To the sum of the first and last ordinates, add twice the some of the intermediate
ordinates. Multiply the total sum thus obtained by the common distance between the
ordinates. One half of this product gives the required area”.
The trapezoidal rule may be compared in the following manner:
Trapezoidal rule Simpson’s rule
The boundary between the ordinates is The boundary between the ordinates is
considered to be straight considered to be an arc of a parabola
There is no limitation. It can be applied for To apply this rule, the number of ordinates
any number of ordinates must be odd
It gives an approximate result It gives a more accurate result.
Problem The following offsets were taken at 15 m intervals from a survey line to an irregular
boundary line 3.50, 4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m
Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular boundary line, and the
offsets, by:
a) the trapezoidal rule
b) simpson’s rule
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A) the trapezoidal rule
B) simpson’s rule
if this rule is to be applied, the number of ordinates must be odd. But here the number of
ordinates must be odd. But here the number of ordinate is even(ten).
So, simpson’s rule is applied from O1 to O9 and the area between O9 and O10 is found out
by the trapezoidal rule.
Problem The following offsets are taken from a survey line to a curves boundary line, and
the first and the last offsets by:
a) the trapezoidal rule
b) simpson’s rule
here the intervals between the offsets are not regular throughout the length.
So, the section is divided into three compartments
Let
∆I= area of the first section
∆II= area of 2nd section
∆III= area of 3rd section
d1= 5 m d2=10 m d3=20 m
a) by trapezoidal rule
b) by simpson’s rule
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3. Area by Coordinates
The method of coordinates is based on the following rule in analytic geometry: If the vertices
of the figure are taken in order around the figure, the area is equal to one-half the sum of
the products of each ordinate multiplied by the difference between the two adjacent
abscissas always subtracting the preceding from the following abscissa.
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4. AREA BY DOUBLE-MERIDIAN DISTANCE METHOD
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Based on the considerations described, the following general rules can be applied in
calculating DMDs:
The DMD of the first course is its departure.
The DMD for any traverse course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course, plus the
departure of the preceding course, plus the departure of the course itself
The DMD of the last course is equal to the departure of the last course but opposite in sign.
The area of each figure equals the meridian distance of a course times its balanced latitude.
5. AREA BY DOUBLE-PARALLEL DISTANCE METHOD
• requires balanced departures and latitudes normally obtained in traverse
computations
• parallel distance of a traverse course is the perpendicular distance from the midpoint
of the course to the reference parallel.
• a reference parallel usually is placed through the southern most traverse station.
Based on the considerations described, the following general rules can be applied in
calculating DPDs:
The DPD of the first course is its latitude.
The DPD for any traverse course is equal to the DPD of the preceding course, plus the latitude
of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the course itself
The DPD of the last course is equal to the latitude of the last course but opposite in sign.
The area of each figure equals the parallel distance of a course times its balanced
departure.
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
Determine the area of the given traverse using DPD and DMD method.
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED
COURSE DMD 2A DPD 2A
LATITUDE DEPARTURE
AB 491.90 45.74 45.74 22,499.5060 491.90 22,499.5060
BC 587.67 609.15 700.63 411,739.2321 1,571.47 957,260.9505
CD - 328.41 788.00 2,097.78 - 688,931.9298 1,830.73 1,442,615.2400
DE - 1,000.42 215.82 3,101.60 - 501.90 108,320.0580
3,102,902.6720
EF - 125.71 - 1,114.62 2,202.80 - 276,913.9880 -624.23 695,779.2426
FA 374.97 - 544.09 544.09 204,017.4273 -374.97 204,017.4273
SUMS 0.00 0.00 - 3,430.492.4240
3,430,492.4240
ELABORATE
1. What formula is used in computation for regular/irregular boundaries?
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EVALUATE
1. Compute the area between a lake and a straight line AG, from which offsets are taken
at irregular intervals as follows (all distances in feet).
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