Science Formulas Cheat Sheet

Seven Fundamental Units

Length, meter, m
Mass, kilogram, kg
Time, second, s
Electric current, ampere A
Temperature, kelvin, K
Amount of substance, mole, mol
Luminous intensity, candela, cd

Atomic Properties
Number of Protons = Atomic number
Number of Neutrons Mass number - Atomic number Number of Electrons = Atomic number +
charge (-, + or 0)

Other Standard Units

speed/velocity: m/s
momentum: kg.m/s
voltage: volts
acceleration: m/s²
work/energy: joules
resistance: ohms
power: watts
force: N

Conversion
Weight/Mass Length/Distance Temperature

16 oz = 1 lb 1 inch = 2.54 cm K =(° C)+273

1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
454 g = 1 lb 1 yard = 3 ft = 36 in C= 5/9 (° F-32)
1 ton = 2000 lb 1 meter = 39.37 inches = 3.28 ft
F= 9/5 (° C)+32

Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Avogadro's Number

1mole=6.022x10²³ representative particles (atoms, molecules)

Density mass/volume

Specific Gravity density of substance/density of standard (usually water)

 Number of moles of mass of sample/molar mass of substance
substance

Mass of substance (molecular or formula mass) × (number of moles)

Solution Properties

Percent by mass mass of solute/mass of solution ×100

Percent by volume volume of solute/volume of solution ×100

Percent by mass of solute/volume of solution ×100

mass-volume

Mole fraction and moles of component/totalmoles of solution

mole percent

Molarity mol solute/Lsolution

Molality mol solute/kg solvent

Normality equivalents of solute/L solution

Dilution C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

where C₁ = concentration of solution 1 V₁ = volume of solution 1
C = concentration of solution 2 V₂ = volume of solution 2

Gas Laws Combined Gas Law

Boyle's Law
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Ideal Gas Law
Charles's Law
PV = nRT
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
P = pressure (in atm)
Gay-Lussac's Law v = volume (in L)
T = temperature (in K)
P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ n = amount of gas (in mol)
R = 0.0821 × (L*atm)/(mol*K)
Avogadro's Law
PHYSICS
V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂
g = 9.8m / (s ^ 2)
v=speed
v we = average speed dₓ = vₓt
v_{f} = final speed
v_{i} = initial speed dₓ horizontal distance
d = distance Vertical Motion
t = time
a = acceleration dᵧ = vᵢt + 1/2 × gt²

Linear Motion dy= vertical distance

Uniform Circular Motion

a = v²/r F = mv²/r

where r= radius

Acceleration
a = f/m

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

F₉ = G × m₁ + m₂/d²

where G = 6.67 × 10-¹¹ N m²/kg²

d = m/v w = mg
Free Fall
where
d = density
m = mass
v= volume
w= weight

Work and Energy

work = force × distance
power = work/time
Kinetic Energy (KE) = ½ × mv²
Potential Energy (PE) = mgh
Mechanical Energy = KE + PE

Momentum

momentum = mass x velocity

impulse force x time
Horizontal Motion
Law of Conservation of Momentum

m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = m₁v₁բ + m₂v₂բ

where m₁ = mass of the 1st object

v₁ = velocity of the 1" object
m₂ = mass of 2nd object
v₂ = velocity of 2n object
v₁բ = final velocity of 1st object
v₂բ = final velocity of 2nd object

Electricity

Mathematics Formula Cheat Sheet

Geometry
Area - the space occupied by a flat shape or the surface of an object Perimeter- continuous line
forming the boundary of a closed geometric figure Volume - the amount which can be held, as
measured in cubic units.
Surface area - sum of all area of a 3-dimensional shape
Circumference - the distance measured around a circle

Area and Perimeter of a Square Area and Perimeter of Triangle

A = s² P = 4²
A = bh/2
where s is the length of each side P=a+b+c
where b = base
h = height

Area and Perimeter of Rectangle Area and Perimeter of Parallelogram

A = lw P = (2 l) + (2 w) A = bh P = 2a + 2b
where l = length and w = width
Area of a Trapezoid

A = 1/2 [(a + b) × h)]

P=a+b+c+d
Volume and Surface Area of a cube Volume and Surface Area of a Right
Circular Cylinder

v = s³ SA = 6s³ V = πr²h SA = 2πrh

where r = radius

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Volume of an irregular prism

Circular Cone

v = bh
v = ⅓ × πr²h SA = πr√r² + h²

Circumference of a Circle and Area of a Volume and Surface Area of a Sphere

Circular Region

C = 2πr A = πr² V = 4/3 × πr³ SA = 4πr²

Diameter = 2r

Angles
Angles

•Acute - measures below 90°

•Right - equal to 90°
•Obtuse - larger than 90 but less than 180°
•Straight - equal to 180° Angle ADB and Angle BDC share a
common vertex of D and have a common
Complementary Angles side of DB
Angles that add up to 90°
Line - a straight path of points that has no
beginning or end
Ray - contains one end point and extends
forever in one direction Segment - a portion
of a line that has two endpoints

Intersecting lines - lines that come together

at a point
a + b = 90°
Perpendicular lines-two lines which intersect
Supplementary Angles at right angles (90°)
Angles that add up to 180°

Parallel lines-two or more lines that are the

same distance apart and never meet. (Line
a+b = 180° 1 and 2)

Vertical Angles
-angles that are equal

Transversal line - lines that crosses two or

more lines (Line 3)

Corresponding angles - angles in the same

a=b side, one interior and one exterior, but not
c=d adjacent.

Adjacent Angles Alternate Interior angles -two angles on

-angles with a common side and vertex different sides formed INSIDE two parallel
lines
 Scalene triangle - has no equal sides or
Alternate Exterior angles - two angles on angles
different sides formed OUSIDE two parallel
lines

Acute triangle - contains only acute angles

Obtuse triangle - contains one obtuse angle
Right triangle - contains a right angle
Corresponding - a = e b = f c = g d = h
An exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
Alternate interior - c = f d = e
two remote interior angles
Alternate exterior - a = h b = g

Triangles

The sum of the masures of all angles of any

triangle is 180 deg

Types of Triangle
d=a+c

Corresponding sides of similar triangles are

proportional.

Equilateral triangle - has three equal angles

and three sides of the same length

a = b = c all angles = 60°

▲ ACE and ▲ ABD are similar
Isosceles triangle - has two equal sides and
two equal angles AB/AC = BD/CE = AD/AE

Circles
 A central angle has its vertex at the center
of a circle and endpoints on the
circumference. Its degree measure is equal
of its intercepted arc.

An inscribed angle has its vertex and

endpoints on the circumference. Its degree
measure is half that of its intercepted arc.

Arc - set of points that lie on a circle and are

positioned within a circle

Chord - a line that connects two points on a

circle
Trigonometry
Radius a line that lies from the center to the
circle itself

Diameter - a line that is in the contains the

center and has its endpoints on the circle

Secant - line passing through exact two

points on a curve
Arc length
Tangent - a line that just touches and s = rθ
passes through a point on a curve - subtended by a central angle of measure θ
in radians and radius r.
Bisect - to divide into two equal sections
Sector = ½ × rθ
Congruent-identical in size and shape
Trigonometric Functions
Pi - a constant approximately equal to 3.14 - gives an angle θ in standard position and
used in determining a circle's circumference point (x,y) on the terminal side,
or area. Vertex - the point of intersection
between two or more rays, often called a sin θ = y/r cos θ = x/r tan θ = y/x
corner csc θ = r/y sec θ = r/x cot θ = x/y
where r = √x² + y² Law of Cosines
a² = b² + c² - bc cos A
Solutions to Right Triangles b² = a² + c² - ac cos A
c² = a² + a² - ab cos A

Pythagorean Identities

sin² θ + cos² θ = 1
1 + tan² θ = sec² θ
1 + cot² θ = csc² θ

Negative Angles
Pythagorean Theorem
c² = a² + b² sin(-θ) = -sin(θ)
where cos(-θ) = cos(θ)
a = adjacent tan(-θ) = -tan(θ)
b = opposite
c = hypotenuse Reciprocal Identities

Given an acute angle A, we define cscθ = 1/sinθ secθ = 1/cosθ

sin A = length of opposite side/length of tanθ = sinθ/cosθ cotθ = cosθ/sinθ
hypotenuse cotθ = 1/tanθ
cos A = length of adjacent side/length of
hypotenuse Radians-unit of measure for angles
tan A =length of opposite side/length of Εx. 2π
adjacent side
Remember: SOHCAHTOA Converting Degrees to Radians

Solution to Oblique Triangles x° × π/180

Converting Radians to Degrees

x × 180/π

Tip: If no degree symbol (x°) is given. the

problem is in radians.

Algebra

Inequalities
Law of Sines
< less than
a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C > greater than less than or equal to
≥ greater than or equal to
 ≠ not equal to given that a/b, a and b are polynomials ≠ 0

Reminder: When working on inequalities, ac/bc = a/b ,[bc ≠ 0]

multiplying/dividing the same negative a/b × c/d = ac/bd ,[b and d ne0]
number on both sides reverses the sign (> a/c/a/d = a/b × d/c = ad/bc ,[b,d,and c d ≠ 0]
or <) a/c + b/c = a + b/c ,[c ≠ 0]
a b + c d = ad + bc/bd .[b and d ≠ 0]
•If a < b and b < c then a < c
•If a < b then a + c < b + c Absolute Value
•If a < b then a - c < b - c
•If a < b and c > 0 then ac < b |a| = {a if a ≥ 0; a if a < 0}
•If a < b and c < 0 then ac > bc |a × b| = |a|×|b|
•If b > 0 |x| < b is equivalent to - b < x < b |a/b| = |a|/|b| ,b ≠ 0
•If b > 0 |x| > b is equivalent to x < - b x > b |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|

Rational Expressions

Exponent Properties
For all positive integers m and n, and all real numbers a and b:

Product rule

Power rule

Quotient rule
Raising a power to a power

Raising to the zero power x⁰ = 1, when x ≠ 0

Raising to a negative power

Converting rational exponent

Common Square Roots

√4 = 2 √9 = 3 √16 = 4
√25 = 5 √36 = 6 √49 = 7
√64 = 8 √81 = 9 √100 = 10
√121 = 11 √144 = 12 √169 = 13

Radicals

Roots

Roots
 Computation

Factoring

Perfect Square Trinomials Factors into perfect square (a binomial square)

a² + 2ab² + b² = (a + b)²
a² - 2ab² + b² = (a + b)²

FOIL x² + (a + b)x + ab = (x+a)(x+b)

x+ax+bx+ab = (x+a)(x+b)

Difference of Two Squares Factors into the sum & difference of two terms
a²-b² = (a+b)(a-b)

Sum of Squares Does not factor

a²+b² = Prime

Difference of Cubes a³-b³ = (a-b)(a²+ab+b²)

Sum of Cubes a³+b³ = (a+b)(a²-ab+b²)

Cube of a Binomial (a+b)³ = a³+3a²ᵇ+3ab²+b

(a-b)³ = a³-3a²ᵇ+3ab²-b

Square of a Trinomial (a+b+c)² = a²+b²+c²+2ab+2ac+2bc

Operation on functions

(f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x)

(f • g) (x) =f(x) •g(x)
(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
(f ° g )(x) = f(g(x))
Product Property
logarithms
 S = a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + … +a
Quotient Property S = n/2 × (a₁ + a )
S = n/2 × [2a₁ + (n - 1) × d]

Geometric sequence

Power Property - A sequence such that any element after

the first can be obtained by multiplying the
preceding element by a common ratio r.
- The nth element is given by: a = ar ᷠ-¹

Sum of a finite geometric series

Changing Bases of Logarithms
S = a₁ - a + nᵣ/1 - r = a₁(1 - r ᷠ)/1 - r ,[r ≠ 1]

Sum of an infinite geometric series

S = a₁/1 - r ,[|r|<1,r ≠ 1]
Changing from Logarithmic to
Exponential Form Analytic Geometry

Distance Formula
- The distance between two points P₁(x₁, y₁)
and P₂(x₂, y₂) is
| P₁ P₂ |= √(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²

Midpoint Formula
- If M(x, y) is the midpoint of the line
segment from P₁(x₁, y₁) to P₂(x₂, y₂) then
Sequences and Series x = x₁ + x₂/2 y = (y₁ + y₂)/2

Arithmetic sequence Equation of a Circle

- Sequence for which any element, except - The circle with center (h.k) and radius r
the first, can be obtained by adding a has an equation
common difference d to the preceding (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r²
element.
- The nth element is given by: Functions
a = a₁ + (n - 1)d
Domain - the set of all possible values
Sum of a finite arithmetic series of x
Range - set of all possible values of y
If a₁, a₂ ,...,a is an arithmetic sequence y-intercept - the value of y when x = 0
with difference d,
zeroes of a function - the possible values x = - b ± √b² - 4ac/2a
when y = 0
The discriminant, b² - 4ac will give the
Linear Function number and type of solutions for each
function
ax + by + c = 0 •If b² - 4ac > 0 there will be two real
solutions.
Domain: All real numbers •If b² - 4ac = 0 there will be one real
Range: All real numbers solution.
•If b² - 4ac < 0 there will be no real
slope = -a/b y-intercept = -c/b solutions, but two imaginary solution

-The point slope form Consumer Math

y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)

-Slope-intercept form
y = mx + b
where m = slope, b = y-intercept

Slope of a Line

Slope of a Line
-If P₁(x₁, y₁) to P₂(x₂, y₂) are any two distinct
points on a nonvertical line, then slope line where
is m, given by I = interest
m = y₂ - y₁/x₂ - x₁ P = price
r = rate (decimal form)
Quadratic Function t = time (no. of years)
ax² + bx + c = 0

Domain: All real numbers

Range: y-coordinate of the vertex

y-coordinate of the vertex is obtained using

k = 4ac - b²/4a

If a is positive, the parabola opens upward,

where
if a is negative, the parabola opens
D = discount
downward
p = price
dr = discount rate
Quadratic Formula
Statistics and Probability
If a ≠ 0, the solutions of the equation ax² +
bx + c = 0 are given by
Mean = average
 -multiply the events together to figure out
x = x₁ + x₂ + … +x /n the number of outcomes ex. 4 shirts x 2
pants x 4 hats 32 possible attires
Median = middle value in a series arranged
from lowest to highest Rule of Complementary Events
P(A') + P(A) = 1
Mode = the most common value in a series
Rule of Addition
Permutation
- Order matters
- If repetition is allowed, we use the formula:
P = nͬ

where n = number of options Independent Events

r = number of positions Events A and B are independent if and only
- If repetition is not allowed, the number of if
all permutations of n things, taken at a time,
is given by:
P = n!/(n - r)!
Order of Operations
- The number of all permutations of n things,
taken n at a time, is given by:
P = n!

- Circular Permutation:
(n - 1)!

Combination
C(n,r) = n!/r!(n - r)! Parenthesis
-Exponents
Order is NOT important -Multiplication or Division (whichever comes
first)
Probability = -Addition or Subtraction (whichever comes
number of desired outcomes/total number of first)
outcomes

Fundamental Counting Principle

Number Properties
Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac

Associative Property Addition Associative Property Multiplication

 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (a × b) + c = a + (b × c)

Commutative Property Addition Commutative Property Multiplication

a+b=b+a a×b=b×a

Reflexive property Symmetric property

a=a If a = b, then b = a

Transitive property Additive identity

If a = b, and b = c, then a = c a+0=a

Multiplicative identity Additive inverse property

a×1=a a + (- a) = 0

Multiplicative inverse property Multiplicative property of zero

a × 1/a = 1 a×0=0

Fraction
1L = 1000mL
a/b + c/d = ad + bc/bd 1mL = 0.001L
a/b - c/d = ad - bc/bd
a/b × c/d = ac/bd Scientific Notation
a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c = ad/bc 9235 → 9.235 →9.235 × 10³
.009235 → 9.235 → 9.235 × 10-³

2 If the number is even.

(0,2,4,6,8)

3 If the sum of the digit is

divisible by 3
Measurements
4 If it is even and the last
Length
two digits is divisible by 4
kilo - hecto - deca - UNIT - deci - centi -
milli 5 If the last digit is either 0
or 5
1m = 1000mm = 100cm = 0.001km
6 If it is even and divisible by
1km = 1000m
3
1cm = 10mm
1mm = 0.001mm. 8 If it is even and the last 3
digits is divisible by 8
Weight
9 If the sum of all its digits is
1g = 1000mg = 0.001kg
divisible by 9
1kg = 1000g
10 If the last digit is 0
Volume
Common Conversion 2/5 = 40% = 0.4
2/3 = 66.67% = 0.667
1/2 = 50% = 0.5 3/4 = 75% = 0.75
1/3 = 33.33% = 0.333 3/8 =37.5% = 0.375
1/4 = 25% = 0.25 5/8 = 62.5% = 0.625
1/5 = 20% = 0.2 7/8 = 87.5% = 0.875
1/6 =16.67% = 0.167
1/8 = 12.5% = 0.125
1/10 = 10% = 0.1 Sign Numbers
7/10 = 70% = 0.7