4/3/2026

Topic Learning Outcome

INTRODUCTION TO •
•
Understanding resistor as passive component
Understanding particles in atom

TRANSISTOR •
•
•
Understanding types of transistor
Explained transistor construction & schematic
Understanding transistor application
Presented By Jessyiana Anak • Understanding transistor ratings
Musa • Checking a transistor with multimeter

MASTER RESISTOR COLOR CODE THRU MNEMONIC

 4/3/2026

- -
Revise Atoms!
Nucleus
Nucleus

Atoms are made up of

The nucleus is the
+ + + +
three subatomic particles: centre of the atom.
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons - -

- -
Neutrons
Protons

Protons are positively Neutrons no charge &

+ +
charged. neutral. + +

Found in nucleus. Found in the nucleus.

- -
 4/3/2026

- TRANSISTOR TYPES
Electrons
NPN
Electrons are Bipolar
negatively charged. Junction
Transistor
+ + Found in shell orbit PNP

around the nucleus. Transistor

JFET

FET
-
MOSFET

TRANSISTOR CONSTRUCTION BJT SCHEMATIC

Shows the three doped regions: ( a ) NPN transistor. ( b ) PNP transistor. Shows the schematic symbols for transistors. ( a ) NPN transistor. ( b ) PNP transistor.
 4/3/2026

TRANSISTOR APPLICATION TRANSISTOR RATING

***BM
Automatic Switches use with:
Suis Automatik Datasheet
E.g. LDR, Thermistor

2N2222 is serial no. ***BM

Current Amplifier use with: Use to find datasheet in No siri untuk cari
Pengganda Arus
internet or helaian data dari
E.g. Speaker pengeluar kilang
manufacturer atau sumber
internet

USING DIGITAL MULTIMETER MULTIMETER

Sedia Multimeter:
1. Pastikan bateri berfungsi.
2. Pusingkan suis ke ON.
3. Sambungkan probe hitam ke port COM.
4. Sambungkan probe merah ke port
untuk mengukur
a) V (Voltan)
b) Ω (Rintangan)
c) A (Arus).
 4/3/2026

UKUR VOLTAN UKUR ARUS

Pilih Fungsi & Julat: Pilih Fungsi & Julat:
1. Pusing fungsi suis ke A~ atau A---.
1. Pusing fungsi suis ke V~ (AC) atau V--- Jika tak pasti arus, mula dengan
(DC). julat tertinggi (contoh: 10A).
2. Sambungkan multimeter secara siri
2. Letak probe selari dengan komponen. dalam litar (putuskan litar,
Probe hitam pada +, merah pada -. masukkan multimeter).
3. Nilai terpapar pada skrin digital (cth:
3. Nilai terpapar pada skrin digital (cth: 2.5 mA).
12.5V). 4. Jika "OL" (Overload), pusing ke julat
lebih tinggi.
4. Jika "OL" (Overload), pusing ke julat lebih
tinggi.

UKUR RINTANGAN UJIAN BERTERUSAN (CONTINUITY TEST)

Pilih Fungsi & Julat: Pilih Fungsi & Julat:
1. Pusing fungsi suis ke Ω. 1. Pusing suis ke simbol bunyi (di bawah Ω)
2. Letak probe selari dengan komponen untuk bunyi buzzer.
(pastikan litar dimatikan). 2. Sentuh probe pada dua hujung
3. Nilai terpapar pada skrin digital (cth: wayar/komponen.
12.5Ω). 3. Buzzer multimeter akan berbunyi jika litar
4. Jika "OL" (Overload), pusing ke julat lebih bersambung baik
tinggi.
 4/3/2026

MEASURE 𝛽 WITH SOCKET IN MULTIMETER CHECKING TRANSISTOR WITH OHMMETER

DMM used to measure the dc beta Base-emitter junction of an NPN transistor
𝛽 of a BJT—either NPN or PNP Low resistance is measured because the ohmmeter
forward-biased the base-emitter junction
The leads of the transistor are inserted into a small socket to
determine npn and pnp and a switch selects hFE for the BASE-MERAH
measurement of 𝛽 . EMITTER-HITAM
Selalunya lubang kecil di bawa ebce ada dua garisan lubang di
mana atas NPN dan bawah PNP. Nilai 𝛽 akan keluar di paparan
jikalau berada di posisi terminal yang betul dan julat hFE

CHECKING TRANSISTOR WITH OHMMETER CHECKING TRANSISTOR WITH OHMMETER

Base-emitter junction of an NPN transistor Collector-base junction of an NPN transistor

High resistance is measured because the ohmmeter Low resistance is measured because the ohmmeter
reverse-biased the base-emitter junction forward-biased the collector-base junction

EMITTER-MERAH BASE-MERAH
BASE-HITAM COLLECTOR-HITAM
 4/3/2026

CHECKING TRANSISTOR WITH OHMMETER Summary/Kesimpulan

Collector-base junction of an NPN transistor Warna / Rintangan/ Pincangan/Bias Rosak/Faulty
Colour Probe Resistance
High resistance is measured because the ohmmeter
BM Low resistance Forward biased Low resistance for all
reverse-biased the collector-base junction
EH junction: BJT is
SHORTED.
EM High resistance Reverse biased
COLLECTOR-MERAH BH High resistance for all
junction: BJT is OPEN.
BASE-HITAM BM Low resistance Forward biased
CH Ini menunjukkan BJT
rosak. Transistor is
CM High resistance Reverse biased defective and must be
BH replaced

MEASURE FORWARD & REVERSE VOLTAGE USING DMM Exercise/Latihan

Bulatkan jawapan/ Circle the answer
DMM used to measure the forward & reverse
Warna / Rintangan/ Pincangan/Bias Rosak/Faulty
voltage drop Colour Probe Resistance
BM Low/ High/Overange Forward biased Rosak/Faulty
EH
1) Use selector diode range or
EM Low/ High/Overange Reverse biased
2) Forward-biased emitter-base, or collector- BH Bagus/Good
base, the DMM usually indicates a voltage BM Low/ High/Overange Forward biased
between 0.6 and 0.7 V (Silicon P-N Junction). CH

3) For the reverse bias condition, the meter CM Low/ High/Overange Reverse biased
BH
indicates an overrange condition.
 4/3/2026

TRANSISTOR EXPLAINED

THANK YOU
Presented By Jessyiana Anak
Musa
jessyiana@[Link] [Link]