Solutions
Vapour Pressure If A is more volatile than B
The pressure exerted by the vapour over the P, or Ps = Total pressure
surface of liq. at eqb. in closed container is called
[Link] liq. PA = V.P of A in sol
[ateqb. Rate of evaporation = Rate of condensation] Pa = V.P of B in so"
Factors affecting V.P PA=V.P of pure A
L. Temp.
P = V.P of pure B
[[Link]]
XA = mole fraction of A
2. V.P a
1.M.F
Xg = mole fraction of B
Q. Compare V.P and B.P of the given halides
Case 2: When solute is non volatile
Hydrogen, HBr HI
Bonding Hh; HCI P,= PA t Pg
B.P HCl < HBr < HI < HE P,= PA
[P= PaXA]
V.P HCl > HBr > HI > HF P,= Pa (2 - Xg); PaXg PA-Pr
Raoult's Law P,= Pa - Pa Xs (Pa-P
Case 2: For two volatile lig
A B P,=PA RLVP
Solvent Solute
X =0
Ps = P, = PA + P Xg = 1
[P-= PaXA + P X J B is solute
Types
Non ideal
ldeal
ve deviation -ve deviation
1. Obeys R.L 1. Does not Obeys R.L 1. Does not Obeys R.L
2. (P)obs = (P)cat 2. (P)otbs > (P)eal 2. (Pr)ohs < (Pr)oal
3. Inter molecular force blw 3. IMF(A-B) < IMF(A -A) or 3. LM.F(A-B) > IMF(A-A) &
A-A and B-B are similar to IMF(B-B) IMF(B-B)
lntermolecular force blw A-B
4. AH,mix = O 4. AHni >O 4. AHniv <O
Examples 1 cCl,+ CH.
1. Bromo ethane & chloro 2. (HNO, + H,o
ethane 2. (CCl,)+ CH,OH 2. 0+CHCI,
2. Benzene + Toluene
3. ÇCl,)+ CzH,OH 3. (CHCI,)+ CHĻCOOH
3.
4.:C,H,OH + H,0 : 4. (HC)+ H,o
1. CCL t *******...... = +Ve
C|
2. CHCl, + •*e****e***...... --Ve =O....H -Cl
3. CeHe + C
= +Ve
Hydrogen
eeeeeoereees
4. acid + = -Ve bonding
Q. Which is not equal to zero for an ideal sol" ? 40
ng = 2; Pa PaXA = 300 x 3
(A) AHmi
= 120 mm of Ha
(C) AVai (D) None of these
Q. Which is Temp. dependent ? 20
(A) Molality P = Pz Xa = 1OO xk40 mm of Hg
(B Molarity P,= PA PR = 120 + 4O= 160 mm of Hq
(C) Mole fraction
Q. Which exhibit negative deviation ?
(D) Weight percentage (A) CCl, + CeH
Q. If 3 moles of A is mixed with 2 moles of B (B) C,H,OH + H,0
find PAs Pg and P? (Ct acetone + CHCI,
(Given: PR = 100 mm of Hg
(D) ccl, + CH,OH
na =3; PA = 200 mm of Ha)
S7
Solutions
ColLigative properties # Q. Find i for (Ca(PO,))) if D.O.D is 100 %
(MI)
[i= 1 (n - 1)x J X = 1
i= 1 n - 1 Note
Glucose
The property which depends On no. of solute
particles irrespective of its nature i=n) i= s) Urea
Van't Hoff factor (i )
Colligative prop formulae :
Normal molar mass
abnormal molar mass 1. R.L.V.P
PA
PA
Observed C.P
(Relative lowering in V.P)
Normal C.P
No. of moles after association/dissociation
No. of moles before association/dissociation PA
Calculation of (i) 2.. E.B.P [AT, = iKy m]
(Elevation in Th = [Link] sol^
Case 1: For dissociation KCI → K + CI Boiling point) T, -T,
Th = B.P of solvent
(i>1) [i= 1 + (n - 1)x] n = 2
Ky = 0.52 K kg mol for H,o
n = no. of ions produced per molecule; x = D.O.D m = molality
Case 2: For association
3. DEP (Depression in freezing point)
AT; = i Kę m
T-T; T = F.P of sol^
n=no. of associated to form one molecule; x= D.O.A
Tị = FP of solvent
e.g2 CH,COOH (CH,COOH),
Kę = 1.86 K kg mol. for H,0
n =2
m = molality
Case 3:i= 1 for neither association nor dissociation 4. Osmotic pressure :
conc" ie.(")
Q. Calculate D.O.D for (Ba(No_)) if i = 2.74
IT =iCRT R= gas const
i= 1 + (n - 1)x + Ba + 2NO, 1 2
T=K
2.74 = 1 + (3 - 1)x n = 3
1. I1, = n, (isotonic) T = pressure (atm)
1.74 X=0.87
=X
2 2. II, > I, (2 is hypertonic or 2 is hypotonic)
% D.O.D = 87% 3. 1, <I, (2 is hypo or 2 is hypertoric)
S8 Physical Chemistry
Practice O- Tr = 1.2 x L.8o x O.2
Q. Compare freezing point of given compounds. [T= 0.45 °C1
i=3 i =2
(A) K,SO4 (B) NaCl Q. 2 x 10 mag. sol of an ionic comp
(C) Urea (D) AlCI,
i=4 [Co(NH,)NO,] Cl freezes at -0.0732°C
i= 1
it AT↑ Trl Find i ? (K, = 1.86°C/m) [Co(NH,)NO,jCI
C>®> (A> D
Q. Compare BP of given compounds. AT = ikę m
i =2 i=3 O -(-O.00732) = i x L.86 x 2 x 10
(A) O.1 M KCI (B) O.1 M BaC,
[i=2]
(C) o.1 M FeCI (D) O.1i=M5 Fe,(SO4)s
i=4
Q. The VP of pure CH,OH(A) is O.15 bar at
25°C. The V.P of this lig. in sol^ is o.09 bar
calculate mole fraction of solvent B?
Q. The van't Hoff factor k-[Fe(CN)] is 4. Which Pa = O.15 bar; PA= O.o9 bar
of the following has same van't hoff factor?
O.09
i =2 i=3
PA= PA XĄ → O.15 = XA
(A) NaCl (B) Na,SO4 2
(C) Al(sO.)s (D Al(NO-)s
i= 5 i= 4
Q. At 4O°C the vap. pressure of CH_OH (A)
i =1
Q. O.5 M sol" of (Urea) is isotonic with and EtoH(B) sol" is represented by
P(tor) = 120xA + 138 where x is mole
(A) O.S M NaCI (B} 0.s M Sugar fraction of MeOH. Find values of Ps
(C) o.s M BaCl, (D) 0.5 M Benzoic acid
in benzene and
IT= icRT
PR = 138 torr
i same
T same PA = 258 torr
i =2
Q. O.2 molal acid (H A) is 20% ionized in ag.
|PB = 138 torr
sol (K = 1.86 K/molality) \B /X →0
Find F.P of sol" ? i= 1 + (n - 1)x
i= 1 + (2 - 1) x 0.2 = 258 torr
AT; = iK; m
i = 1.2
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