Micro

Lipschultz [Link] with herpes simplex virus s.

Ballerina skirt/ downey, polyclonal b cell wct, cd21/ cr2- ebv

Cmv- macro/microcephaly. Snhl, mr,periventricular calcification,

chorioretinitis, blueberry muffin baby. Immunocomp- cmv
chorioretinitis, immunocompetent- imn like synd, OWL eye app,
ag-Pp65

☐ Hhv6- 6th dis/ roseola infantum/examthum subitum-fever,

nagayama spots, rash after fever-rose pink non pruritic papules
☐ Hhv8- kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma,Castleman
dis- fever, night sweat, wt loss, onion skinning of lymphocytes,
lollipop follicles
☐ Parvovirus- smallest,ssdna, erythema infectsiousum/5th dis/
slapped cheek app, attacks p ag on rbc,glove and socks, aplastic
crisis,hydrops fetalis.
☐ Papoviridae- bk virus- decoy cells(huge cell with nucleus
mimincs cancer cell)-urine micro in post transplant patients.
☐
Hep G- affects mononuclear cells, human infecX. Bld transfusion,
protects against hi v
☐
☐ Antigenic shift-parainflenza a
☐ Antigenic drift- a nd b., mut of H nd N
☐ Amantadine nd rimantadine- only for inf a, target m2
☐ Measles/rubeola- cough,coryza, conjunctivitis, 10-fever, 12-
koplik(molar), 14-rashes(ear), comp-subacute sclerosing
Panencephalitis,warthin finkeldey giant cells.
☐ Mumps-bl parotitis,ul orchitis, warthin tumor(smoke), vacc-jeryl
strain
☐ Rubella/german measle/3rd day measle-
togavirus(matonaviridae),Urti,forscheimer spot.

☐ Cong rubella-pda,cataract,snhl, blue berry muffin baby

☐ Nipah- encephalitis,fever, vector-fruut bat, pig
☐ Polio-desecending flaccid paralysis , enterovirus-feco oral
☐ Rabies -lyssavirus, mucke-achR,retrograde axonal transport,
brain-negri bodies(hippo nd cerebellum) stain-seller, ag dete-
direct If- hair follicles from nape of neck.(Spread-3mm/hr)
☐ Culex-je,western nile fever,bancroftian filariasis
☐ Chikungunya -fever and migratory arthritis, chik sign-
pigmentation post recovery.
☐ JE- reservoir-ardeid bird, amplifier-pig, vector-culex
tritaeniorhynchus,vishnui. Live-sa 14-14-2, inactive -nakayama nd
beijing p1
☐
Jenvec(kolar strain)-killed
☐ Yellow fever-torres bodies quar-6d, vacc-17d-live, c/i-egg allergy
☐ Dengue-most dang-den2, aedes, plat decrease, hct incr,plasma
loss,ns1ag, igm-mac elisa
☐ Rk39- kala azar
☐ Rota virus-wheel,nsp4 enterotoxin,feco oral, diarrhea,
dsrna,vacc-rotateq,rotarix-s/e intussuception,a/w pj polyp.
☐ Filoviriae-marburg(hemorrhagic fever),ebola(africa), bowl of
spaghetti,zaire-most ,ivory coast-least virulent, vacc-zaire
☐
☐ Hiv-screening- 4th gen assay-p24 ag and ab, sens- chemi
luminesence detection
Confirm- western blot, hiv rna:plasma-earliest
☐ Htlv- human t cell leukemia lymphoma,tax gene, causes-atll,
tropical spastic paraparesis. Clover leaf cells, breast milk also
transmits
☐ Covid19- beta coronavirus, spike(s1,2) ,e/m- crown, petal like
peplomers for attachment, tmprss2 activate spike protein-attach
ace2 receptor, dry cough, multifocal ground glass opacity nd
consolidation, halo nd reverse hslo(atoll), crazy pavement
pattern , gld-rrt pcr, lower ct value more infec, confirmatory
genes-rdrp, orf1a. Card test-immuno chromatography test
☐
☐ Fungus- cell wall-chitin ,memb-ergosterol excpet pneumocystis
☐ Pseudohyphae- candida,malassezia
☐ Dimorphic-37-yeast,22-25-mould- blastomyces, histoplasma,
penicillium marneffi,paracovcidioidomycosis coccidioidmycoses,
sporothric schenkii
10%koh- digest keratin
☐ Histoplasmosis- tuberculate macroconidia using lactophenol
cotton blue yeat 2-4 micron, reticuloendotheliosis
☐ Coccidioidmycoses/ dessert rheumatism/ valley fever/California
dis
☐ Sporothrix-lymphatic spread, asteroid body-ag ab rxn, centre-
yeast, rossettes of macroconidia
☐ Asteroid bodies-extracellular- sporothrix, intra- sarcoidosis
☐ Aspergillus -allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,hs1>3,
cavity in lung growth
☐ Aflatoxin-mut of p53@ 249, groundnut cont
☐ Mucor-black fungus,aseptate, broader like ribbon, lid
lifters ,amphob
☐
Trophozoite, erythrophagocytosis
☐ Entamoeba histolytica-excystation-si
Encystation-li, treatment -active-metrox10d, asymp-prev-
paromomycin fecooral
Only ciliated parasite

☐ Acanthamoeba- spikes trophozoite, double walled cyst,outer-

wrinkled, contact lens
☐ Balamuthia mandrillaris- fish shaped trophozoite, Smooth cyst
Malabsorption ,steatorrhea, b12, folic, protein def, troph-
2nuckei,tennis racket , pear shape, falling leaf mot duod bx- org
hanging in lumen,sickle shape
No cyst,greenish discharge, twitching mot,single nucleus,pear
shape
☐ T cruzi-chagas-reduviid bug/ triatomine bug /kissing bug(insect-
epimastigote, human -amastigote) post nuclear kinetoplast
myocarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus, american ss
☐ T brucei- west african/ east african sleeping sickness -tsee tses
fly(E+ T)
☐ Leishmania- kala azar, sand fly(A-dx+P-infec), blackish
pigmentation of skin, bal(hiv)- sample, hypergammaglobulinemia-
napier's aldehyde, choora's antimony test, nnn media
☐ Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis-1-2 years post treat with
Lamb, hypopigmented nodules, treat- oral miltefosine
☐ Toxoplasma gondii- def host-cat, inter-human, cerebral
calcification, sabin fieldman-colorless-ab+
☐ Plasmodium- infect man- sporozoite from saliva, trophozoite -
bld,mtc, infect mosquito -gametocyte (12/microl), duffy ag-
immunity against malaria- sc,thal trait, fetalhb, g6pd def,
ovalocytes
☐ Febrile malaria- chills. Fever, sweating
☐ Malignant mal- cerebral- durck granuloma- p. Fal
☐ Black water mal- hburia
Mgn- pla malariae
☐ Algid mal- circulatory failure, shock
☐ Kawamoto tech-acridine orange-screening. Sens-pcr
☐ Stain lm- romanowsky, jaswant singh nd Bhattacharya
☐ Malarial pigment- hemozoin(yellow brown)
☐ Quantitative buffy coat analysis
☐ Rapid diagnostic test- immunochromatography principle,
nitrocellulose memb
☐ Ta-hooks absent, [Link]- no suckers, no grooves,leaf like. H
nana-smallest, single row of hooks, single host-man
☐ Operculated egg- spirometra, trematodes (except- schistosoma-
spinous), d Latum
☐ D. Latum- human, cyclops fish, b12 def. Infec-l3
larva( plerocercoid) rx- praziquantal
☐ Taenia saginata-long, vagina present, larva- cysticercus bovis-
cattle, not man
☐ Taenia solium- globular, small, vagina abs. Cysticerus
cellulosae- pig, man infect, neurocysticercosis- brain parenchyma,
rx-prazi
☐ H. Diminuta-man,rat
☐ Echinococcus- dog,sheep. Accidental-man , hydatid cyst(pearly
white)3 layers- pericyst(host, infec), ectocyst(paintbrush),
endocyst(germinal). Liver>lung
☐ Trematodes- def host-man, first intermediate host- snail for all,
infec- metacercaria larva, trans- ingestion. Adult worm-
hermaphrodite, egg- operculated, treatment- praziquantal except
for schistosoma.
☐ Schistosoma/bld fluke- no second int host, cervaria larva-infrc,
skin penetration, sexes separate, spinous egg, rx- praziquantal ,
redia nit seen
Acute schistosomiasis- katayama like fever. Chronic- pipestem
fibrosis (periportal)
☐ Paragonimius westermani/ lung or pulm fluke-2nd int- crab/
crayfish
☐ Clonorchis sinensis/liver fluke-2- clonor fish
☐ Opisthorchosis/cat liver fluke-2-fish
☐ Fasciola hepatica/sheep liver fluke-2- fresh aquatic veg. Rx-
triclabendazole
☐ Fasciocolpsis buski/giant intestinal fluke- 2- fresh aq veg
☐ Terminal spine- [Link], lateral spine - [Link],
rudimentary - [Link]
☐ Ascaris lumbricoid/roundworm- ingest , infec-embryomated egg,
fertilised egg- round, cresentruc space, thick, malabsorption,
loefflers pneumonitis, rx- albendazole
☐ Trichuris trichiura/whipworm- ingest, embryonated egg- infec,
barrel shape egg, dysentery, rectal prolapse, coconut cake
rectum, albendazole , dx- ubembr
☐ Enterobius vermicularis/ pinworm/ threadworm- ingest, embr-
infec,dx, perianal pruritus. Scotch tape, albendazole, plano
convex egg
☐ Wuchereria bancrofti- no nuclei at tip, elepgantiasis, chyluria,
usg scrotum- filarial dance sign, ag-ad12 og4c3, doc- dec
☐ Brugia malayi- 2nuckei at tip, leg below knee involved, no
genital, no hydrocele
☐ Loa loa- line of nuclei, calabar/ fugitive smelling
☐ Mansonella prestans- unsheathed, nuclei at end
☐ Onchocerca volvulous/ convoluted worms- blackflies, leopard
skin, river blindness, hanging groin, mazotti skin test
☐ Strongyloides stercoralis- partherogenesis- femal can perform
asexual reproduction
☐ Ancyclostoma duodenale- 6 teeth, 2 spicules free
☐ Nectar americanus- 4 chitinous cutting plate, spicules 2 fused
☐ Nk cells- il-2,12,15; cd-16,56,94; activating arm nkg2d
☐ T cell recep- 95%- alpha nd beta, 5% g nd d- gut nd git; cd-1-
8,28. Pan, transduction- cd3, th-cd4, cytotoxic-8, cd4:8-2:1, red-
hiv, inc-sarcoidosis,
☐ Th cells- th1- il2(+th1,nk), ifn gamm (granuloma);
Th2- il4(isotype switching), il5(eosinophil act), il3( mucus secre)
Th 17- il17
☐ Cd8- killing-apoptosis-cd95- reforin granzyme pathway
☐ B cell- cd10(calla), 19-23, cd40,cd 79a,b
Pan b cell-19, transduction-cd79, ebv- cd 21
☐ Isotype switching - b-cd40r, t-cd40 ligand, t releases il4
☐ Apc- professional - dendritic,b, macrophages, non prof- thymic
epithelial, endothelial, fibroblast
☐ Mhc- hla gene chr6p, hla1-mhc1- a,b,c; hla2-mhc2-dp,dq,dr;
hla3- complement protein-c2 c4,hsp,tnf a
☐ Mhc1- ag binding cleft-aplha1,2 junc, all nucleated cell ,
platelets except rbc nd sperm, present to cd8 t cell
☐ Mhc2- alpha1 beta1junc, apc, cd4 t cell
☐ Anaphylaxis - casonitest, pk rxn, theobald smith phenomenon,
atopy, pn- drugs
☐ Cytotoxic- myasthenia gravis, bld trans, gps, graves immune
hemolytic anemia,itp, rh incomp, rhd, pemphigus, pernicious
anemia
☐ Type5- mg, graves 5>2
☐ Immunocomp- sle, serum sickness, shick test, hsp, arthus rxn,
raji assay, psgn, pan
☐ Delayed- granulomas, lepromin test, mantoux test, ibd, ms,
contact dermatitis
☐ Ra-3+4
☐ Hypersensitivity pneumonitis -3+4
☐ Transplant rej- hyperacute-2, acute- 2,4, chronic- 4
☐ Sle-2+3- specific -ana, sens-asa, spec+sens- anti dsdna,
neonatal-ro, paychosis- ribosomal p
☐ Sjogren- sens- anti ssa(ro) spec- ssb( la)
☐ Scleroderma- limited - anti centromeric, diffuse- anti
topoisomerase (anti scl70)
☐