Operators

Operators are keywords which are used to perform mathematical operations between operands.

 Arithmetic Operators(+,-,%,/,//,*,**)

 Assignment Operators

 Relational Operators

 Logical Operators(and,or,not)

 Bitwise Operators

 Membership Operators(in,not in)

 Identity Operators(is,is not)

Arithmetic Operators
 Used to perform mathematical calculations.

Operator Meaning Example Output

+ Addition 5 + 2 7
- Subtraction 5 - 2 3
* Multiplication 5 * 2 10
/ Division 5 / 2 2.5
// Floor Division 5 // 2 2
% Modulus (Remainder) 5 % 2 1
** Exponent 5 ** 2 25

a = 10

b=3

print(a + b) # 13

print(a // b) # 3

print(a % b) # 1

Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to variables.
Operator Example Meaning
= x = 5 Assign value
+= x += 2 x = x + 2
-= x -= 2 x = x - 2
*= x *= 2 x = x * 2
/= x /= 2 x = x / 2
x=5

x += 3

print(x) # 8

Relational (Comparison) Operators

Used to compare two values. Result is True or False.

Operator Meaning Example

== Equal to 5 == 5 → True
!= Not equal 5 != 3 → True
> Greater than 5 > 3 → True
< Less than 5 < 3 → False
>= Greater than equal 5 >= 5 → True
<= Less than equal 5 <= 3 → False
a = 10

b = 20

print(a < b) # True

Logical Operators
Used to combine conditions.

Operator Meaning
and True if both conditions are True
or True if at least one condition is True
not Reverse the result

a=5

print(a > 2 and a < 10) # True

print(a > 10 or a < 10) # True

print(not(a > 2)) # False

Bitwise Operators
Used to perform operations on binary numbers.

Operator Meaning
& AND
` `
^ XOR
~ NOT
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift
a = 5 # 101

b = 3 # 011

print(a & b) # 1

print(a | b) # 7

Membership Operators
Used to check whether a value exists in a sequence (list, tuple, string).

Operator Meaning
in Value exists
not in Value does not exist
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(2 in l) # True
print(5 not in l) # True

Identity Operators
Used to compare memory location of two objects.
 Operator Meaning
Operator Meaning
is Same object
is not Different object
a = [1,2,3]

b=a

c = [1,2,3]

print(a is b) # True

print(a is c) # False

Decision Making Statements in Python

Decision making statements allow a program to choose different actions based on conditions.

In real life also we take decisions:

 If it is raining → take umbrella

 If marks > 40 → pass
 Else → fail

Same concept is used in Python.

Python decision making statements are:

 if
 if-else
 if-elif-else
 Nested if
 Short-hand if (Ternary operator)

1️⃣ if Statement
🔹 Description:

The if statement is used to execute a block of code only when the condition is True.
If the condition is False, the block is skipped.
🔹 Syntax:
if condition:
statements

🔹 Example:
age = 20

if age >= 18:

print("You can vote")

🔹 Explanation:

 Condition: age >= 18

 It returns True
 So the print statement executes.

If age was 15, nothing would print.

2️⃣ if-else Statement

🔹 Description:

Used when we have two possible situations.

If condition is True → run if block
Otherwise → run else block

🔹 Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

🔹 Example:
num = 7

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even Number")
else:
print("Odd Number")

🔹 Explanation:

 If remainder is 0 → Even
 Otherwise → Odd
 Only one block will execute.
3️⃣ if-elif-else Statement
🔹 Description:

Used when we need to check multiple conditions.

elif means → "else if"

Python checks conditions one by one.

The first True condition block runs.

🔹 Syntax:
if condition1:
statements
elif condition2:
statements
elif condition3:
statements
else:
statements

🔹 Example:
marks = 82

if marks >= 90:

print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 70:
print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 40:
print("Grade C")
else:
print("Fail")

🔹 Explanation:

 82 is not ≥ 90
 82 is ≥ 70 ✅
 So "Grade B" prints
 After one True condition, rest are skipped.

4️⃣ Nested if Statement

🔹 Description:

When an if statement is placed inside another if, it is called Nested if.

Used when we need to check conditions inside conditions.

🔹 Example:
num = 12

if num > 0:
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Positive Even")
else:
print("Positive Odd")
else:
print("Negative Number")

🔹 Explanation:

 First checks number is positive

 Then checks even or odd
 So multiple level checking is done.

5️⃣ Short-hand if (One-line if)

🔹 Description:

Used when only one statement is needed.

🔹 Example:
a = 10
b = 5

if a > b: print("A is greater")

Simple and short.

6️⃣ Ternary Operator (Short-hand if-else)

🔹 Description:

Used to write if-else in one line.

Very useful for assigning values.

🔹 Syntax:
value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

🔹 Example:
a = 15
b = 20
result = "A bigger" if a > b else "B bigger"
print(result)

🔹 Explanation:

 Condition is False
 So "B bigger" gets stored in result.

⭐ Important Points
✔ Indentation is compulsory in Python
✔ Colon : must be used after condition
✔ Conditions always return True or False
✔ Only one block runs in if-elif-else
✔ Nested if is used for complex checking

Loops in Python
🔹 What is a Loop?

A loop is used to repeat a block of code multiple times until a condition becomes false or until
all items are processed.
Loops help to:

 Reduce code repetition

 Automate repetitive tasks
 Work with lists, strings, and numbers

🔁 Types of Loops in Python

Python has two main types of loops:

1. for loop
2. while loop

It also supports:

 Nested loops
 Loop control statements (break, continue, pass)

1️⃣ for Loop

🔹 Description:

The for loop is used when we know how many times we want to repeat something or when we
want to iterate over a sequence (like list, tuple, string, range).

🔹 Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
statements

🔹 Example 1: Print numbers 1 to 5

for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)

🔹 Explanation:

 range(1,6) generates numbers from 1 to 5

 Loop runs 5 times
 Each time i gets a new value
🔹 Example 2: Loop through a list
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

This prints each item one by one.

2️⃣ while Loop

🔹 Description:

The while loop runs as long as the condition is True.

Used when we do not know exact number of iterations.

🔹 Syntax:
while condition:
statements

🔹 Example:
i = 1

while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

🔹 Explanation:

 Loop starts with i = 1

 Runs until i <= 5
 i += 1 increases value
 Stops when condition becomes False

⚠ Important: If condition never becomes False, it creates an infinite loop.

3️⃣ Nested Loop

🔹 Description:

A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.

🔹 Example:
for i in range(1, 4):
for j in range(1, 3):
print(i, j)

🔹 Explanation:

 Outer loop runs 3 times

 Inner loop runs 2 times for each outer loop
 Total executions = 3 × 2 = 6

4️⃣ Loop Control Statements

🔹 (a) break

Stops the loop immediately.

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:
break
print(i)

Output:

1
2

Loop stops when i == 3.

🔹 (b) continue

Skips current iteration and moves to next.

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

Output:
1
2
4
5

🔹 (c) pass

Does nothing (placeholder).

for i in range(5):
pass

Used when loop is required but code is not written yet.

📘 String in Python
🔹 What is a String?

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in:

 Single quotes ' '

 Double quotes " "
  Triple quotes ''' ''' or """ """

Strings are used to store text data.

🔹 Example of String
name = "John"
city = 'Mumbai'
message = """Hello
Welcome to Python"""

🔹 Important Properties of Strings

1. Strings are immutable (cannot be changed after creation).

2. Strings are ordered (each character has an index).
3. Indexing starts from 0.

🔢 String Indexing
Each character has a position (index).

Example:

text = "Python"
Character P y t h o n

Index 0 1 2 3 4 5

Negative Index -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

🔹 Accessing Characters
text = "Python"

print(text[0]) # P
print(text[3]) # h
print(text[-1]) # n

✂️String Slicing
🔹 What is Slicing?

Slicing is used to extract a part (substring) of a string.

🔹 Syntax:
string[start : stop : step]

 start → Starting index

 stop → Ending index (not included)
 step → Jump value (optional)

📌 Basic Slicing Example

text = "Python"

print(text[0:4]) # Pyth
print(text[2:5]) # tho

Explanation:

 0:4 → characters from index 0 to 3

 Stop index is not included.

📌 Slicing Without Start or Stop

text = "Python"

print(text[:4]) # Pyth
print(text[2:]) # thon
print(text[:]) # Python

📌 Negative Slicing
text = "Python"

print(text[-4:-1]) # tho
📌 Using Step in Slicing
text = "Python"

print(text[0:6:2]) # Pto

Explanation:

 Start at 0
 Go till 6
 Jump 2 steps each time

🔁 Reverse a String Using Slicing

text = "Python"

print(text[::-1]) # nohtyP

Explanation:

 Step -1 means move backward

❌ String is Immutable
You cannot change a character directly:

text = "Python"
text[0] = "J" # Error

Correct way:

text = "Python"
text = "J" + text[1:]
print(text) # Jython

#Important String Methods

#upper() – Converts all characters of a string to uppercase.

print("python".upper())
#lower() – Converts all characters of a string to lowercase.

print("python".lower())

#title() – Converts the first letter of each word to uppercase.

print("python is funny language".title())

#capitalize() – Capitalizes only the first character of the string.

print("python is funny language".capitalize())

#strip() – Removes spaces (or specified characters) from both sides.

print(" python ".strip())

#lstrip() – Removes spaces from the left side.

print(" python".lstrip())

#rstrip() – Removes spaces from the right side.

print("python ".rstrip())

#replace(old, new) – Replaces a substring with another substring.

print("I like Java".replace("Java","Pyhton"))

#find(sub) – Returns the index of first occurrence of substring (or -1 if not found).

print("I like Java".find("kite"))

#index(sub) – Returns the index of substring (gives error if not found).

print("I like Java".index("Java"))

#count(sub) – Counts how many times a substring appears.

print("Python is Python lang".count("Python"))

#split() – Splits string into a list using a separator.

print("Python is Python lang".split(" "))

#join(iterable) – Joins elements of a list/tuple into a string.

name=["japan","london","englang"]

print("-".join(name))

#startswith(prefix) – Checks if string starts with given text.

print("Python is Python lang".startswith("P"))

#endswith(suffix) – Checks if string ends with given text.

print("Python is Python lang".endswith("n"))

#isalpha() – Returns True if all characters are letters.

print("Python".isalpha())

#isdigit() – Returns True if all characters are digits.

print("1234".isdigit())

#isalnum() – Returns True if all characters are letters or digits.

print("0127EC081923".isalnum())

#isspace() – Returns True if all characters are whitespace.

print(" ".isspace())

#islower() – Returns True if all characters are lowercase.

print("python".islower())

#isupper() – Returns True if all characters are uppercase.

print("python".isupper())

#swapcase() – Converts uppercase to lowercase and vice versa.

print("pyThoN".swapcase())

#center(width) – Centers the string within given width.

print("python".center(50))

#ljust(width) – Left-aligns the string.

print("python".ljust(50))
#rjust(width) – Right-aligns the string.

print("python".rjust(50))

#zfill(width) – Adds zeros at the beginning of string.

print("python".zfill(50))

#partition(sep) – Splits string into 3 parts using separator.

print("Pyhton is-very-funny-language".partition("-"))

#format() – Formats values inside a string.

name="tousheef"

print("Name is{}".format(name))

print(f"Name is{name}")

Functions of String:

#len(string)

print(len("python"))

#sorted()

print(sorted("python"))

#max()

print(max("python"))

#min()

print(min("python"))
#ord()

print(ord('A'))

#chr()

print(chr(65))