SOLUTIONS
Gen Chem 2
Chapter 2
SOLUTIONS
Solutions play an important role
in Chemistry and the world around us.
Most reactions we observe occur in
solution. The fluids in our bodies are
complex solutions that distribute nutrients
and oxygen throughout the body.
SOLUTIONS
is a homogeneous mixture containing
two or more substances
Composed of:
Solute
Solvent
SOLUTIONS
SOLUTE is the substance in the mixture
present in lesser quantity and the one that is
dissolved
SOLVENT the substance present in the largest
quantity and the one that dissolves
Aqueous solution (aq)– solutions where the solvent is
water
SOLUTIONS
Solutions can be
liquids as well as
solids or gases
Types of Solution
Solute Solvent
Gaseous Solutions
Dry air (mixture of O2, N2 and other Gas Gas
gases
Water in air Liquid Gas
Dust in air Solid Gas
Liquid Solutions
Carbonated soft drinks (CO2 in water) Gas Liquid
Vinegar (acetic acid in water) Liquid Liquid
Saltwater, syrup (sugar solution) Solid Liquid
Solid Solutions
Oxygen gas inside Ice Gas Solid
Amalgam (Liquid mercury with metals) Liquid Solid
Brass (Cu and Zn), bronze Solid Solid
SOLUTIONS
Solutions can be categorized based
on the amount of solute dissolved
in a given solvent.
• Unsaturated
• Saturated
• Supersaturated
SOLUTIONS
An unsaturated
solution contains
less solute than the
solvent can
dissolve at a
specific
temperature.
SOLUTIONS
A saturated
solution contains
the maximum
amount of a solute
that will dissolve in
a given solvent at a
specific
temperature.
SOLUTIONS
A supersaturated
solution contains
more solute than
what the solvent
can dissolve.
SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY
Pertains to the maximum amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature
and pressure
The formation of the solution depends
on the following interactions:
• Solute-solute
• Solute-solvent
• Solvent-solvent
SOLUBILITY
Pertains to the maximum amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature
and pressure
Steps for Dissolution:
1. Separation of solvent molecules.
2. Separation of solute molecules.
3. Combination of solute and
solvent.
SOLUBILITY
Pertains to the maximum amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature
and pressure
Remember:
1. If the solute-solvent interaction is
stronger, it is exothermic.
2. If the solute-solute and solvent-solvent
interaction is stronger, it is endothermic.
SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY
Solubility often varies across different
substances.
Unlimited Limited Non
Solubility Solubility Solubility
FACTORS AFFECTING
SOLUBILITY
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
A. Nature of Solute and Solvent
“Like dissolves like”
Two substances with similar intermolecular
forces are likely to be soluble with each other.
• Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar
solvents
CCl4 in C6H6 (carbon tetrachoride /benzene)
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
A. Nature of Solute and Solvent
“Like dissolves like”
Two substances with similar intermolecular
forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
• Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O (ethyl alcohol/water)
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
A. Nature of Solute and Solvent
“Like dissolves like”
Two substances with similar intermolecular
forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
• Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar
solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3(l)
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
B. Temperature
An increase in temperature usually results in a
relative increase in solubility.
1. Solubility of Solids and Temperature
2. Solubility of Gas and Temperature
3. Solubility of Gas and Pressure
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
B. Temperature
• Solubility of
Solids and
Temperature
• Majority of solid
solute dissolve
faster at high
temperature
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
B. Temperature
• Solubility of Gas
and Temperature
• Gas solute has a
lower solubility at
higher
temperature
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
• Solubility of Gas
and Pressure
• Gas solute has
higher solubility
at high pressure
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
• the measurement
of the number of
particles present in
a given volume,
often in a mixture
or solution.
CONCENTRATION
How much is in
there?
GENERAL WAYS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
Qualitative way - where no fixed
amount of solute and solvent is given.
• Concentrated
• Diluted
• Saturated
Quantitative way - where the amount
of solute and solvent is given.
See yah!