MODULE 7

CLAUSES
Comprehensive Study Material for Competitive Exams

KVS | DSSSB | CBSE | All State Education Boards

COVERAGE
Part 1: Conceptual Study | Part 2: 5 Complete MCQ Test Sets (100 Questions) | Answer Key

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1 — CONCEPTUAL COVERAGE
Section 1 Noun Clause
Section 2 Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
Section 3 Adverb Clause
Section 4 Relative Pronouns — Deep Focus
Section 5 Clause vs Phrase
Quick Revision Summary Table
Common Mistake Box
10 High-Frequency Exam Trap Questions
PART 2 — MCQ TEST SECTION
Set 1 — Noun Clauses & Identification
Set 2 — Adjective & Relative Clauses
Set 3 — Adverb Clauses & Classification
Set 4 — Relative Pronouns & Mixed
Set 5 — Clause vs Phrase & Advanced Mixed
COMPLETE ANSWER KEY (All 5 Sets)

PART 1 — CONCEPTUAL COVERAGE

SECTION 1 — NOUN CLAUSE

1.1 Definition
A Noun Clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. It can act as a subject,
object, or complement, just like any noun does.

KEY INSIGHT: A noun clause has its own subject and verb and yet cannot stand alone as a
sentence.

It always answers: WHAT? or WHO?

1.2 Functions of Noun Clauses

Function Example
Subject What she said surprised everyone.
Direct Object I know that he is lying.
Indirect Object Give whoever needs it some help.
Subject Complement The truth is that we have failed.
Object of Preposition Pay attention to what I say.
Appositive The fact that he lied shocked me.

1.3 Introductory Words (Subordinators)

Word Type Example
that Conjunction (often omissible) I believe that honesty is important.
if Conjunction (yes/no question) Ask him if he is ready.
whether Conjunction (formal / with 'or I don't know whether she will come or not.
not')
what Wh-pronoun Tell me what you want.
who / whom Wh-pronoun I wonder who broke the window.
which Wh-pronoun She asked which dress I preferred.
where Wh-adverb Do you know where he lives?
when Wh-adverb Tell me when you arrived.
why Wh-adverb I don't know why she left.
how Wh-adverb Explain how this works.
1.4 "If" vs "Whether" — The Classic Trap
"if" "whether"
"if" "whether"
Used in informal contexts Used in formal writing
Usually in the object position only Can be used as subject or object
Cannot be followed by 'or not' immediately Can be followed by 'or not'
❌ If she passes is unclear. (WRONG) ✔ Whether she passes is unclear. (CORRECT)
✔ Ask him if he is coming. (informal OK) ✔ Ask him whether he is coming or not.

1.5 Identification Tricks

● Replace the clause with a pronoun (it / something). If the sentence still makes sense, it is a noun
clause.
● Ask the question: "WHAT does the verb show/believe/know/tell?" The answer is the noun
clause.
● Check for introductory words: that, if, whether, wh-words.
● A noun clause always has its own subject + verb inside it.

1.6 Common Exam Traps

TRAP 1: Omitting 'that' — The clause is STILL a noun clause even when 'that' is omitted.

I believe [that] he is honest. → 'that' is optional but the clause remains noun clause.

TRAP 2: Confusing a wh-word noun clause with a question. In a noun clause, the word order
is STATEMENT order (S+V), NOT question order.

✔
I wonder where is he? ✔ I wonder where he is.

TRAP 3: 'What' in a noun clause ≠ relative pronoun 'which'. 'What' here means 'the thing
that'.

What you said is false. = The thing that you said is false.

TRAP 4: Using 'if' when 'whether' is required — especially when 'or not' follows OR when the
clause is subject.

1.7 ✔ Five Identification Examples

1. That she won the prize excited all of us. [Subject Noun Clause]
2. I didn't know what the answer was. [Object Noun Clause]
3. The problem is that nobody cares. [Complement Noun Clause]
4. She asked whether I had eaten. [Object Noun Clause (whether)]
5. Pay attention to what he explains. [Object of Preposition Noun Clause]
1.8 ✔ Five Error Correction Examples
1. ❌ I don't know where is she.
✔ I don't know where she is.
Reason: Question order used in a noun clause — must use statement order.
2. ❌ Tell me that are you coming.
✔ Tell me whether you are coming.
Reason: 'That' cannot introduce a yes/no type embedded question.
3. ❌ The problem is what nobody told us.
✔ The problem is that nobody told us.
Reason: 'What' incorrectly used as conjunction; 'that' required here.
4. ❌ If she is honest is the question.
✔ Whether she is honest is the question.
Reason: 'If' cannot be used at the start of a noun clause as subject.
5. ❌ He asked me what did I want.
✔ He asked me what I wanted.
Reason: Question order (did I want) must be statement order (I wanted) in a noun clause.

SECTION 2 — ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (RELATIVE CLAUSE)

2.1 Definition
An Adjective Clause (also called a Relative Clause) is a dependent clause that modifies (describes) a
noun or pronoun in the main clause. It answers WHICH ONE? or WHAT KIND?

2.2 Relative Pronouns — Quick Reference

Pronoun Refers To Function Example
who People (subject) Subject of clause The man who called is here.
whom People (object) Object of clause The man whom I met was kind.
whose People/Things Possessive The girl whose bag is red won.
(possessive)
which Things/Animals Subject or Object The book which I read was great.
that People or Things Restrictive only The car that I bought is fast.

2.3 Restrictive vs Non-Restrictive Clauses

Restrictive Clause Non-Restrictive Clause
Defines / identifies the noun Adds extra information only
No commas used Set off by commas
Cannot be removed without losing meaning Can be removed without losing meaning
 Restrictive Clause Non-Restrictive Clause
Use 'that' or 'who/which' Use 'who' or 'which' (NEVER 'that')
The student who topped the class got a prize. Rahul, who topped the class, got a prize.

2.4 "That" vs "Which" — The Key Distinction

Use THAT: In restrictive clauses (no commas). Refers to people or things. More common in
American English.

The house that I grew up in was sold.

Use WHICH: In non-restrictive clauses (with commas). Refers to things/animals only.

My car, which I bought last year, broke down.

RULE: Never use 'which' in a restrictive clause in formal/exam English. Never use 'that' in a
non-restrictive clause.

2.5 When to Omit the Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun can be omitted ONLY when it functions as the OBJECT of the relative clause.
● The book [that] I read was interesting. → 'that' is object of 'read' → can be omitted.
● The man who called me was rude. → 'who' is SUBJECT of 'called' → CANNOT be omitted.

2.6 ✔ Five Identification Examples

1. The teacher who teaches us English is very strict. → Restrictive — identifies which teacher
2. My sister, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor. → Non-Restrictive — extra info about sister
3. The phone that you lent me stopped working. → Restrictive — 'that' as object, can omit
4. The Taj Mahal, which was built by Shah Jahan, is a UNESCO site. → Non-Restrictive — adds
info about monument
5. The student whose notes I borrowed scored the highest. → Possessive relative clause

2.7 ✔ Five Sentence Transformation Examples

1. Original: Ravi is a kind doctor. He treated my father.
Transformed: Ravi, who treated my father, is a kind doctor.
Note: Combined using non-restrictive 'who'
2. Original: She lives in a house. The house was built in 1920.
Transformed: She lives in a house that was built in 1920.
Note: Combined using restrictive 'that'
3. Original: I met a girl. Her father is a famous singer.
Transformed: I met a girl whose father is a famous singer.
Note: Combined using possessive 'whose'
4. Original: Here is the report. You asked for the report.
 Transformed: Here is the report that you asked for. / Here is the report you asked for.
Note: Relative pronoun 'that' as object (can be omitted)
5. Original: The laptop broke down. I bought it last week.
Transformed: The laptop that I bought last week broke down.
Note: Restrictive 'that' used to identify the laptop

SECTION 3 — ADVERB CLAUSE

3.1 Definition
An Adverb Clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It
answers questions like WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW? UNDER WHAT CONDITION?

3.2 Types of Adverb Clauses with Subordinators

Type Subordinators Example
Time when, while, before, after, since, Call me when you arrive.
until, as soon as, as long as,
once
Cause / Reason because, since, as, now that She left because she was tired.
Condition if, unless, provided that, as long I'll help if you ask politely.
as, in case
Contrast / although, though, even though, He passed although he didn't study.
Concession whereas, while
Purpose so that, in order that, lest She studied hard so that she could pass.
Result so...that, such...that It was so hot that we stayed indoors.
Manner as, as if, as though He spoke as if he knew everything.
Place where, wherever Sit wherever you feel comfortable.
Comparison than, as...as She runs faster than I do.

3.3 Important Rules

● If the adverb clause comes BEFORE the main clause, use a comma after it.
● If it comes AFTER the main clause, no comma is needed (in most cases).
● 'Unless' already means 'if...not' — NEVER write 'unless...not'.
● 'Since' can mean BOTH 'because' (reason) AND 'from that time' (time) — context determines
meaning.
3.4 ✔ Five Classification Examples
Sentence Type of Adverb Subordinator
Clause
Although he tried his best, he could not succeed. Contrast (Concession) although
She hid the letter so that nobody would find it. Purpose so that
We left before the storm could hit the city. Time before
He was so exhausted that he slept for twelve Result so...that
hours.
Unless you apologise, I will not forgive you. Condition unless

3.5 ✔ Five Error Spotting Examples

1. ❌ Because she was late, so she missed the bus.
✔ Because she was late, she missed the bus.
Reason: Cannot use both 'because' and 'so' — they are correlatives that cancel each other.
2. ❌ Unless you don't pay the fee, you can't enter.
✔ Unless you pay the fee, you can't enter.
Reason: 'Unless' = 'if not' — adding 'don't' creates a double negative.
3. ❌ Despite he worked hard, he failed.
✔ Although he worked hard, he failed.
Reason: 'Despite' is a preposition (takes noun/gerund); use 'although' for a clause with subject +
verb.
4. ❌ He spoke as if he is the owner.
✔ He spoke as if he were the owner.
Reason: 'As if' is a hypothetical — requires subjunctive mood (were, not is/was).
5. ❌ When she will arrive, call me.
✔ When she arrives, call me.
Reason: Future tense is NOT used after time conjunctions (when, before, after) in English.

SECTION 4 — RELATIVE PRONOUNS: DEEP FOCUS

4.1 Who vs Whom

WHO → Subject form (Nominative). Use when it is the SUBJECT of the relative clause.

The man who called me was my uncle. (who = subject of 'called')

WHOM → Object form (Accusative). Use when it is the OBJECT of the verb or preposition.

The man whom I met was my uncle. (whom = object of 'met')

TRICK: Replace with he/him. If 'he' fits → use WHO. If 'him' fits → use WHOM.
 He called me → WHO. I met him → WHOM.

4.2 That vs Which (Revisited)

THAT WHICH
Restrictive clause (no commas) Non-restrictive clause (with commas)
People and things Things and animals only
The food that I cook is spicy. Rice, which is a staple food, is nutritious.
NEVER used after commas ALWAYS used with commas in non-restrictive

4.3 Preposition + Whom (Formal Structures)

In formal English, prepositions are placed BEFORE 'whom', not stranded at the end.
● Informal: The girl that I was talking to is my cousin.
● Formal: The girl to whom I was talking is my cousin.
● Informal: The manager I reported to resigned.
● Formal: The manager to whom I reported resigned.

4.4 Formal vs Informal Usage

Informal Formal
Informal Formal
Who did you speak to? To whom did you speak?
The friend I came with The friend with whom I came
That is used for people and things Who/Whom strictly for people in formal text

4.5 ✔ Five Correction-Based Examples

1. ❌ The student which won the prize was hardworking.
✔ The student who won the prize was hardworking.
Reason: 'Which' is for things; 'who' is for people.
2. ❌ This is the book who I was telling you about.
✔ This is the book that/which I was telling you about.
Reason: 'Who' is for people; use 'that' or 'which' for things.
3. ❌ The officer whom called us was polite.
✔ The officer who called us was polite.
Reason: 'Called us' = subject position → use 'who', not 'whom'.
4. ❌ The man who I saw him was a stranger.
✔ The man who/whom I saw was a stranger.
Reason: Double pronoun error — remove 'him'; the relative pronoun already fills that role.
5. ❌ Give it to whomever wants it.
✔ Give it to whoever wants it.
 Reason: 'Whoever' is subject of 'wants' → use nominative form 'whoever'.

SECTION 5 — CLAUSE vs PHRASE

CLAUSE PHRASE
Has a subject AND a verb Lacks a subject OR a verb (or both)
Can be independent or dependent Always dependent; cannot stand alone
Can function as noun, adjective, adverb Can function as noun, adjective, adverb
Examples: 'when she cried', 'that I know' Examples: 'in the morning', 'running fast'
Expresses a more complete idea Expresses a partial/incomplete idea

5.1 Identification Shortcut

STEP 1: Find a verb. No verb? It's a phrase.

STEP 2: Find the subject of that verb. No subject? It's a phrase (perhaps a participial or
infinitive phrase).

STEP 3: Has subject + verb? It's a clause — check if it can stand alone (independent) or not
(dependent).

5.2 ✔ Five Practice Examples — Clause or Phrase?

Expression Type Reason
After finishing the work Phrase No subject — 'finishing' is a
gerund/participle, no explicit subject.
After she finished the work Adverb Clause Subject: 'she', Verb: 'finished' — complete
clause.
Running very fast Phrase Participial phrase — no subject or finite
verb.
The gift that she gave me Clause (Adjective) Subject: 'she', Verb: 'gave' — modifies 'gift'.
In spite of the heavy rain Phrase Prepositional phrase — no subject or verb.

QUICK REVISION SUMMARY TABLE

Clause Type Modifies / Functions As Introduced By Key Test
Noun Clause Subject / Object / that, if, whether, wh- Replace with 'it'
Complement words or 'something'
Adjective Clause Modifies a Noun / Pronoun who, whom, whose, Ask: WHICH
which, that ONE? / WHAT
KIND?
Adverb Clause Modifies Verb / Adj / because, although, Ask: WHEN?
Adverb when, if, unless… WHY? HOW?
UNDER WHAT
CONDITION?
Phrase (for contrast) Cannot function alone No introductory word — No subject OR
no S+V no finite verb

COMMON MISTAKE BOX

⚠ MISTAKE 1: Using question word-order in noun clauses.

✔
I wonder where is he? ✔ I wonder where he is.

⚠ MISTAKE 2: Using 'because' and 'so' together.

✔Because it rained, so we stayed. ✔ Because it rained, we stayed. / It rained, so we
stayed.

⚠ MISTAKE 3: Using 'unless...not' (double negative).

✔
Unless you don't study, you'll fail. ✔ Unless you study, you'll fail.

⚠ MISTAKE 4: Using 'that' in a non-restrictive clause.

✔
My car, that I bought last year, broke down. ✔ My car, which I bought last year, broke
down.

⚠ MISTAKE 5: Using 'if' as subject of noun clause.

✔
If he is guilty is the question. ✔ Whether he is guilty is the question.

⚠ MISTAKE 6: Using 'who' in object position.

✔
The man who I saw was tall. ✔ The man whom I saw was tall. (formal)

⚠ MISTAKE 7: Using future tense after time conjunctions.

✔
I'll call when she will arrive. ✔ I'll call when she arrives.

⚠ MISTAKE 8: Using 'despite' as conjunction (with clause).

✔
Despite he was tired, he worked. ✔ Although he was tired, he worked. / Despite his
tiredness, he worked.
10 HIGH-FREQUENCY EXAM TRAP QUESTIONS

Instructions: Identify the error or choose the correct option. Answers given in the Answer Key at the
end.

1. The news that she told me were shocking.

→ Are there any errors? Identify the clause type.
2. Everyone knows where does the principal live.
→ Correct the sentence.
3. He behaved as if he was the owner of the company.
→ Is this correct? What change, if any, is needed?
4. The committee, that meets monthly, has decided to postpone the event.
→ What error is present?
5. I am not sure if or not she will come tomorrow.
→ Correct the error in usage of 'if/whether'.
6. Give the award to whomever deserves it most.
→ Is 'whomever' correct here?
7. She left before he will arrive.
→ Correct the tense error.
8. Despite of the rain, the match continued.
→ Identify and correct the error.
9. The reason why he failed is because he didn't study.
→ Is this construction grammatically standard?
10. I asked him that when he would be available.
→ Correct all errors in this noun clause.

Answers to Trap Questions are included in the Answer Key section at the end of this booklet.

PART 2 — MCQ TEST SECTION

5 Complete Test Sets | 100 MCQs | Answer Key at the End

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SET 1 — NOUN CLAUSES & IDENTIFICATION | 20 Questions
1. Identify the noun clause in: 'I know that she is honest.'
(A) I know
(B) that she is honest
(C) she is honest
(D) is honest

2. Choose the correct option: 'I don't know ______ he will come.'
(A) that
(B) which
(C) whether
(D) whose

3. Which of the following is a noun clause functioning as a SUBJECT?

(A) Running fast
(B) The tall man
(C) What she said was false
(D) After the meeting

4. Correct the error: 'Tell me where is the hospital.'

(A) Tell me where the hospital is.
(B) Tell me where was the hospital.
(C) Tell me where hospital is.
(D) No error

5. 'The fact ______ he lied shocked us.' Choose the correct word.
(A) which
(B) that
(C) what
(D) if

6. '_______ she passes or not depends on her effort.' Choose correctly.

(A) If
(B) That
(C) Whether
(D) What

7. Identify the function of the bold clause: 'They discovered [that the files were missing].'
(A) Subject Noun Clause
(B) Direct Object Noun Clause
(C) Adjective Clause
(D) Adverb Clause

8. Which sentence contains a noun clause as the complement?

(A) She went where she wanted.
(B) The answer is that no one knows.
(C) The man who called left.
 (D) Running is good for health.

9. Find the error: 'He asked me what did I need.'

(A) He asked me what I needed.
(B) He asked me what did I needed.
(C) He asks me what I needed.
(D) No error

10. 'I wonder _______ the event will be cancelled.' Choose correctly.
(A) that
(B) if
(C) which
(D) whose

11. Which of the following is NOT a valid introductory word for a noun clause?
(A) whether
(B) although
(C) what
(D) that

12. '_______ you said is completely untrue.' Choose the correct word.
(A) That which
(B) Which
(C) What
(D) Whose

13. The clause 'whether to accept the offer' functions as a:

(A) Adverb clause
(B) Adjective clause
(C) Noun clause (infinitive form)
(D) Participial phrase

14. Choose the sentence that correctly uses 'if' in a noun clause:
(A) If she is honest is the issue.
(B) I asked if she was ready.
(C) If she passes or not is unclear.
(D) Both A and C

15. 'The question is _______ we should proceed.' Choose correctly.

(A) that
(B) what
(C) whether
(D) both B and C

16. Identify the error: 'She wants to know that you are happy.'
(A) No error
 (B) Replace 'that' with 'if' or 'whether'
(C) Replace 'wants' with 'want'
(D) Remove 'to know'

17. Which sentence has the noun clause in the 'Appositive' position?
(A) I know he is honest.
(B) The report that he submitted was correct.
(C) The rumour that he had resigned spread fast.
(D) She asked whether I was okay.

18. 'She enquired _______ I had received the letter.'

(A) that
(B) whose
(C) whether
(D) which

19. In the sentence 'Tell me how you solved it', 'how you solved it' is a:
(A) Adverb Clause
(B) Adjective Clause
(C) Noun Clause
(D) Noun Phrase

20. Choose the correctly formed noun clause sentence:

(A) I wonder where does she work.
(B) She told me when will the bus arrive.
(C) Do you know how old she is?
(D) He asked where did I go.

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SET 2 — ADJECTIVE & RELATIVE CLAUSES | 20 Questions

1. Identify the adjective clause: 'The woman who runs the shop is very helpful.'
(A) The woman
(B) who runs the shop
(C) is very helpful
(D) runs the shop

2. Choose the correct relative pronoun: 'This is the pen _______ I use every day.'
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) that
(D) whose
3. Choose the correct option for a non-restrictive clause: 'Delhi, _______ is the capital of India, is very
crowded.'
(A) that
(B) who
(C) which
(D) whose

4. Which sentence uses the relative pronoun correctly?

(A) He is the man which I met.
(B) The book that I read it was boring.
(C) The student who topped passed with distinction.
(D) The car which she bought it was expensive.

5. In 'The book I borrowed was interesting', the relative pronoun has been:
(A) incorrectly omitted
(B) correctly omitted
(C) replaced by an adjective
(D) used as a subject

6. Choose the correct option: 'The employee _______ performance is excellent will be promoted.'
(A) who
(B) that
(C) whose
(D) whom

7. Correct the error: 'My laptop, that I bought last year, has stopped working.'
(A) My laptop, which I bought last year, has stopped working.
(B) My laptop that I bought last year has stopped working.
(C) No error
(D) My laptop, who I bought last year, has stopped working.

8. Which sentence has a RESTRICTIVE adjective clause?

(A) Sachin Tendulkar, who played cricket, is an icon.
(B) The film that I watched was amazing.
(C) My mother, whose health improved, is happy.
(D) The Eiffel Tower, which stands in Paris, is famous.

9. 'This is the teacher from _______ I learnt the most.'

(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) which

10. Identify the correct sentence:

(A) He is the boy whose father is a doctor.
(B) He is the boy which father is a doctor.
 (C) He is the boy who father is a doctor.
(D) He is the boy that father is a doctor.

11. When can the relative pronoun be omitted from a relative clause?
(A) When it is the subject of the clause
(B) When it is the object of the clause
(C) When it refers to a person
(D) When it follows a preposition

12. Combine: 'She is a teacher. She is loved by all students.'

(A) She is a teacher, that is loved by all students.
(B) She is a teacher who is loved by all students.
(C) She is a teacher whom is loved by all students.
(D) She is a teacher, who loved all students.

13. Choose: 'The letter _______ arrived this morning is important.'

(A) whom
(B) whose
(C) that
(D) what

14. 'The city _______ I was born has changed a lot.' Choose correctly.
(A) which
(B) where
(C) when
(D) whose

15. Identify the error in: 'The players, that played brilliantly, won the match.'
(A) No error
(B) Replace 'that' with 'who'
(C) Replace 'that' with 'which'
(D) Remove the commas

16. Choose the sentence that uses 'whose' correctly:

(A) The house whose roof is broken is mine.
(B) The man whose I met is kind.
(C) The car whose is fast is blue.
(D) The student whose she won is bright.

17. Which sentence correctly transforms: 'I have a friend. His father is a pilot.'
(A) I have a friend which father is a pilot.
(B) I have a friend who father is a pilot.
(C) I have a friend whose father is a pilot.
(D) I have a friend that father is a pilot.

18. 'The reason _______ he was absent is unclear.' Choose correctly.

 (A) that
(B) why
(C) which
(D) when

19. Which type of clause is: 'where he hid the money' in 'Police searched the place where he hid the
money'?
(A) Noun Clause
(B) Adverb Clause
(C) Adjective Clause
(D) Independent Clause

20. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence:

(A) The boy, who broke the window ran away.
(B) The boy who broke the window, ran away.
(C) The boy who broke the window ran away.
(D) The boy who broke the window, ran, away.

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SET 3 — ADVERB CLAUSES & CLASSIFICATION | 20 Questions

1. Identify the type of adverb clause: 'She studied hard so that she could score well.'
(A) Time
(B) Condition
(C) Purpose
(D) Contrast

2. Choose the correct conjunction: '_______ it rained heavily, the match continued.'
(A) Because
(B) Although
(C) Since
(D) If

3. 'He will not come _______ you invite him personally.' Choose correctly.
(A) if
(B) unless
(C) when
(D) since

4. Which sentence has an adverb clause of RESULT?

(A) She sang because she was happy.
(B) He was so tired that he fainted.
 (C) We left before it got dark.
(D) She danced although she was unwell.

5. Correct the error: 'Because she worked hard, so she passed.'

(A) Because she worked hard, she passed.
(B) She worked hard, because she passed.
(C) So she worked hard, she passed.
(D) No error

6. Identify the adverb clause type: 'Wait here until I return.'

(A) Condition
(B) Purpose
(C) Time
(D) Cause

7. '_______ you leave early, you will miss the announcement.' Choose correctly.
(A) Although
(B) If
(C) Because
(D) Since

8. Which subordinator introduces an adverb clause of CONTRAST?

(A) because
(B) although
(C) since
(D) if

9. 'She behaved as if she _______ the owner.' (Use correct form)

(A) is
(B) was
(C) were
(D) be

10. 'He left _______ the meeting ended.' (Time clause)

(A) although
(B) as soon as
(C) unless
(D) so that

11. Identify the error: 'When she will finish, I'll call her.'
(A) No error
(B) Replace 'will finish' with 'finishes'
(C) Replace 'I'll call' with 'I call'
(D) Replace 'When' with 'While'

12. Choose the adverb clause of CONDITION:

 (A) She sang when she was happy.
(B) Unless you study, you won't pass.
(C) She ran so fast that she fell.
(D) He reads wherever he goes.

13. 'Since he _______ a child, he has been talented.' Choose correctly.

(A) is
(B) was
(C) were
(D) be

14. 'The movie was _______ boring _______ I fell asleep.' (Result) Fill in correctly.
(A) very / that
(B) so / that
(C) too / that
(D) such / that

15. Identify the adverb clause type: 'Wherever she goes, she makes friends.'
(A) Time
(B) Cause
(C) Place
(D) Contrast

16. Choose the correctly formed sentence:

(A) He left before the speech will end.
(B) She will help if you will ask.
(C) I'll come when you call me.
(D) Unless you don't study, you will fail.

17. '_______ he tried, he could not lift the stone.' (Contrast)

(A) However hard
(B) Although hard
(C) Despite hard
(D) Because of hard

18. Choose the adverb clause of PURPOSE:

(A) She ran fast because she was late.
(B) She ran fast so that she could catch the bus.
(C) She ran fast although it was raining.
(D) She ran fast when it rained.

19. 'Despite _______ very hard, he failed.' (Fill in correctly)

(A) he worked
(B) working
(C) worked
(D) work
20. Which sentence is CORRECT?
(A) She reads while she is eating.
(B) She reads while she eating.
(C) She reads while eating she.
(D) She reads while is eating.

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SET 4 — RELATIVE PRONOUNS & MIXED CLAUSES | 20 Questions

1. Choose correctly: 'The man _______ I told you about has arrived.'
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) which

2. Choose correctly: 'This is the professor _______ research changed the field.'
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) that

3. 'To _______ should I address the letter?' (Formal usage)

(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whoever
(D) whomever

4. Which sentence uses 'whom' correctly?

(A) Whom do you think will win?
(B) The candidate whom scored highest won.
(C) She is the author whom I admire most.
(D) Whom is calling?

5. Correct the error: 'The student which topped the exam was felicitated.'
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) No error

6. Choose: '_______ you invite to the party is your choice.' (Formal)

(A) Whoever
(B) Whomever
 (C) Who
(D) Whom

7. Identify the clause type: 'She is the doctor whom the president awarded.'
(A) Noun Clause
(B) Adverb Clause
(C) Adjective Clause
(D) Adverb Phrase

8. 'The award was given to the student _______ scored the highest.'
(A) whom
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) who

9. Which sentence correctly places the preposition before the relative pronoun?
(A) The chair that I was sitting on broke.
(B) The chair on which I was sitting broke.
(C) The chair which I was sitting on it broke.
(D) A and B both are correct.

10. Identify the error: 'He is the man whom is accused of the crime.'
(A) Replace 'whom' with 'who'
(B) Replace 'whom' with 'that'
(C) No error
(D) Remove 'is accused'

11. 'She is the designer _______ work won the national award.'
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) which

12. Choose the sentence where the relative pronoun CAN be omitted:
(A) The woman who lives next door is kind.
(B) The book that I lent you is rare.
(C) The man who won the lottery donated all of it.
(D) The doctor whose clinic I visited retired.

13. Combine correctly: 'He is a friend. I trust him completely.'

(A) He is a friend who I trust completely.
(B) He is a friend that trust completely.
(C) He is a friend whom I trust completely.
(D) He is a friend whose I trust completely.

14. Choose the sentence that correctly omits the relative pronoun:
 (A) The book I read was fascinating.
(B) The man called me yesterday.
(C) The teacher taught us left.
(D) The house built is old.

15. 'She is the actor _______ I have always admired.'

(A) which
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) who

16. Choose the adverb clause that expresses CONCESSION:

(A) She left because she was tired.
(B) Even though it was cold, she swam.
(C) She studied so that she could pass.
(D) She rested before the test.

17. Which is a Noun Clause? Identify.

(A) Running swiftly through the park
(B) After the loud storm
(C) That she passed surprised everyone
(D) Beautifully decorated room

18. Identify the clause type: 'The park where we met has been demolished.'
(A) Adverb Clause
(B) Noun Clause
(C) Adjective Clause
(D) Noun Phrase

19. Which sentence is grammatically CORRECT?

(A) She is the girl whose I admire.
(B) She is the girl whom I admire.
(C) She is the girl which I admire.
(D) She is the girl that admire.

20. Identify: '_______ wins the election will face many challenges.'
(A) Who
(B) Whom
(C) Whoever
(D) Whomever

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SET 5 — CLAUSE vs PHRASE & ADVANCED MIXED | 20 Questions
1. Identify: 'Running through the forest' is a:
(A) Noun Clause
(B) Adverb Clause
(C) Participial Phrase
(D) Adjective Clause

2. Which of the following is a CLAUSE (not a phrase)?

(A) In the middle of the night
(B) Having finished the task
(C) After she finished the task
(D) To finish the task

3. 'Walking home from school' differs from 'As she walked home from school' because:
(A) The first has a subject and verb; the second doesn't
(B) The first is a phrase; the second is an adverb clause
(C) They are identical in grammatical function
(D) The first is a clause; the second is a phrase

4. Identify the sentence that has a PHRASE (not a clause) underlined: [The exhausted soldier / who
had fought for days / collapsed.]
(A) The exhausted soldier
(B) who had fought for days
(C) Both A and B
(D) Neither

5. Choose the sentence with an ADVERB CLAUSE (not a phrase):

(A) He left in a hurry.
(B) Despite the rain, she jogged.
(C) Because it rained, she stayed indoors.
(D) Running to the bus stop, he fell.

6. 'To become a doctor' is a(n):

(A) Noun Clause
(B) Infinitive Phrase
(C) Adverb Clause
(D) Adjective Clause

7. 'In spite of the failure' vs 'Although he failed' — which statement is true?

(A) Both are clauses
(B) Both are phrases
(C) The first is a phrase; the second is a clause
(D) The first is a clause; the second is a phrase

8. Identify the clause type in: 'I asked what the problem was.'
 (A) Adjective Clause
(B) Noun Clause (object)
(C) Adverb Clause
(D) Noun Phrase

9. 'The broken window' vs 'The window that was broken' — what is correct?
(A) Both are adjective clauses
(B) The first is an adjective phrase; the second is an adjective clause
(C) Both are adjective phrases
(D) The first is an adjective clause; the second is an adjective phrase

10. Choose the sentence where BOTH a noun clause and an adjective clause appear:
(A) She sang when she was happy.
(B) I know the man who called you.
(C) I know that the man who called was her brother.
(D) Although she tried, she failed.

11. Which is a CONDITIONAL adverb clause?

(A) She sang because she was happy.
(B) She will come if you invite her.
(C) She left before the rain came.
(D) She reads wherever she goes.

12. 'The movie, which was released last week, has broken records.' The relative clause is:
(A) Restrictive
(B) Non-restrictive
(C) Noun Clause
(D) Adverb Clause

13. Identify the error: 'The reason why he failed is because he didn't study.'
(A) No error
(B) Replace 'because' with 'that'
(C) Replace 'why' with 'which'
(D) Remove 'why'

14. 'She works harder than I _______ expected.' Choose correctly.

(A) had
(B) have
(C) has
(D) having

15. Choose the sentence with a NOUN CLAUSE as SUBJECT:

(A) I believe that he is honest.
(B) That he is honest is obvious.
(C) The man who is honest is respected.
(D) She works where she wants.
16. Identify the clause type: 'The town where I grew up no longer exists.'
(A) Noun Clause
(B) Adverb Clause of Place
(C) Adjective Clause
(D) Noun Phrase

17. 'She was so nervous _______ she could not speak.' (Fill in correctly)
(A) because
(B) that
(C) although
(D) since

18. Which sentence is a COMPLEX sentence (one independent + one dependent clause)?
(A) She sang and danced.
(B) She sang, but I danced.
(C) She sang when the music played.
(D) She sang.

19. Find the error in: 'Inspite of working hard, but he failed.'
(A) No error
(B) Remove 'but' — 'In spite of' already expresses contrast
(C) Replace 'Inspite of' with 'Although'
(D) B and C both are acceptable corrections

20. '_______ he may be, I will stand by him.' (Advanced concession)

(A) Whatever
(B) Whoever
(C) However hard
(D) Whenever

COMPLETE ANSWER KEY

All 5 Sets + Trap Question Explanations

Set 1
Question Answer Question Answer
Q1: B Q2: C Q3: C Q4: A
Q5: B Q6: C Q7: B Q8: B
Q9: A Q10: B Q11: B Q12: C
Q13: C Q14: B Q15: D Q16: B
Q17: C Q18: C Q19: C Q20: C
Set 2
Question Answer Question Answer
Q1: B Q2: C Q3: C Q4: C
Q5: B Q6: C Q7: A Q8: B
Q9: B Q10: A Q11: B Q12: B
Q13: C Q14: B Q15: B Q16: A
Q17: C Q18: B Q19: C Q20: C

Set 3
Question Answer Question Answer
Q1: C Q2: B Q3: B Q4: B
Q5: A Q6: C Q7: B Q8: B
Q9: C Q10: B Q11: B Q12: B
Q13: B Q14: B Q15: C Q16: C
Q17: A Q18: B Q19: B Q20: A

Set 4
Question Answer Question Answer
Q1: B Q2: C Q3: B Q4: C
Q5: A Q6: B Q7: C Q8: D
Q9: D Q10: A Q11: C Q12: B
Q13: C Q14: A Q15: C Q16: B
Q17: C Q18: C Q19: B Q20: C

Set 5
Question Answer Question Answer
Q1: C Q2: C Q3: B Q4: A
Q5: C Q6: B Q7: C Q8: B
Q9: B Q10: C Q11: B Q12: B
Q13: B Q14: A Q15: B Q16: C
Q17: B Q18: C Q19: D Q20: C
Answers & Explanations — 10 Trap Questions

Q1: 'that she told me' is a Noun Clause (Appositive). Error: 'were' should be 'was' — 'news' takes
singular verb.
Q2: Correct: 'Everyone knows where the principal lives.' (Statement order in noun clause — not
question order.)
Q3: Formally: 'as if he were the owner' — subjunctive 'were' preferred. 'was' is accepted in
informal/spoken English but penalised in formal exams.
Q4: Error: 'that' cannot be used in a non-restrictive clause. Change to: 'The committee, which meets
monthly, has decided...'
Q5: Correct: 'I am not sure whether she will come tomorrow.' — 'if or not' is incorrect; 'whether' or
'whether or not' is correct.
Q6: Incorrect. 'whoever' (not 'whomever') — 'whoever' is the subject of 'deserves'. Correct: 'Give the
award to whoever deserves it most.'
Q7: Correct: 'She left before he arrived.' — Future tense (will arrive) cannot follow time conjunctions.
Q8: Error: 'Despite of' is wrong. 'Despite' is never followed by 'of'. Correct: 'Despite the rain' or 'In spite
of the rain'.
Q9: 'The reason why… is because' is considered redundant/non-standard. Better: 'The reason why he
failed is that he didn't study.' or 'He failed because he didn't study.'
Q10: Errors: (1) 'that' should be removed or replaced by nothing/whether, (2) 'when' creates a question-
type issue — Correct: 'I asked him when he would be available.' (no 'that')

END OF MODULE 7 — CLAUSES STUDY MATERIAL