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Handout Coordinate Geometry

This document provides essential formulas and concepts related to coordinate geometry, including equations of straight lines, gradients, midpoints, distances, and properties of circles. It explains relationships between lines, such as parallelism and perpendicularity, and discusses the conditions for intersections between curves and lines. Additionally, it covers the implications of the discriminant in determining the nature of intersections between curves and lines.

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3 views1 page

Handout Coordinate Geometry

This document provides essential formulas and concepts related to coordinate geometry, including equations of straight lines, gradients, midpoints, distances, and properties of circles. It explains relationships between lines, such as parallelism and perpendicularity, and discusses the conditions for intersections between curves and lines. Additionally, it covers the implications of the discriminant in determining the nature of intersections between curves and lines.

Uploaded by

elianatedja
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bukit Sion

Further Education
HANDOUT

Pure Mathematics 1
Coordinate Geometry

• Equations of straight lines may be written in the form 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are integers.
• You can find the gradient 𝑚 of the line joining two points with coordinates (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) and (𝑥" , 𝑦" ) from the formula
𝒚 $𝒚
𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐$𝒙𝟏.
𝟐 𝟏

• You can find the equation of a line by using the formula 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ), where 𝑚 is gradient of the line and
(𝑥! , 𝑦! ) is a point on the line.
• Two or more lines are parallel if their gradients, 𝑚, are the same. (𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 ).
𝟏
• A line with a gradient 𝑚! is perpendicular to a line with a gradient 𝑚" , where 𝒎𝟐 = − 𝒎 .
𝟏

• Two straight lines with gradients 𝑚! and 𝑚" are perpendicular when 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏.
• You can find the midpoint of the line joining two points with coordinates (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) and (𝑥" , 𝑦" ) from the formula
𝒙𝟏 )𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 )𝒚𝟐
V , W.
𝟐 𝟐

• You can find the distance, 𝑑, between two points with coordinates (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) and (𝑥" , 𝑦" ) from the formula
𝒅 = Z(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 .
• The general equation of a circle is given by (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 .
o this circle has a centre at (𝑎, 𝑏) and a radius of 𝑟.
• The equation of a circle can be written in the form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒇𝒙 + 𝟐𝒈𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 by
expanding the brackets and rearranging.
• When a circle equation is given in the form 𝑥 " + 𝑦 " + 2𝑓𝑥 + 2𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, you can
find the centre and radius by completing the square on 𝑥 and 𝑦.
• The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
o Hence, for three points on the circumference, if two points are on a diameter,
then the triangle is right-angled.
• To show a triangle is right-angled, show that the sides satisfy Pythagora’s theorem or
show that the gradients of two sides are perpendicular.
• The perpendicular from the centre of the circle to a chord bisects the chord.
• A radius and tangent are perpendicular at the point of contact.
o Use Pythagora’s theorem to find the length of a tangent.
o 𝑏" − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 for repeated roots such as where a tangent touches a curve.
• After equating the equations of the curve and a line and considering the value of the
discriminant:
o If 𝑏" − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, then the curve and the line do not intersect, or touch as there will be no real roots.
o If 𝑏" − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, then the curve and the line touch once, the line will be tangent to the curve, as there will
be one repeated real root.
o If 𝑏" − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, then the line intersects the curve twice as there will be two real roots.

1|P a g e Prepared By: Sir Junar

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