By

Ms. Ankita Dave

 OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.
 It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization for
Standardization‘, in the year 1984.
 It is a 7-layer architecture with each layer having specific
functionality to perform.
 All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from
one person to another across the globe.
 OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and
manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task.
 Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each
layer can be performed independently.
 The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower layers.
 The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related
issues, and they are implemented only in the software. The application
layer is closest to the end user. Both the end user and the application
layer interact with the software applications. An upper layer refers to the
layer just above another layer.
 The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The
data link layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware and
software. The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and is
closest to the physical medium. The physical layer is mainly responsible
for placing the information on the physical medium.
 The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the
individual bits from one node to another node.

 It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.

 It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.

 It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network

interface specifications.

 Note:

• Hub, Repeater, Modem, and Cables are Physical Layer devices.

• Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and Physical Layer are also known
as Lower Layers or Hardware Layers.
 Functions of Physical Layer :
1. Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices
can be connected physically.

2. Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the

synchronization of the bits by providing a clock.

3. Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission
rate i.e. the number of bits sent per second.

4. Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies how the different,

devices/nodes are arranged in a network. i.e. star, bus, mesh etc.
5. Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines how the data
flows between the two connected devices. i.e. Simplex, half-
duplex and full-duplex.
 The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node/Hop-to-
Hop delivery of the message.

 The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is

error-free from one node to another, over the physical layer.

 When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of the

DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.

 It contains two sub layer:

1. Logical Link Control (LLC) : Error Control (Error Detection and

Correction), Data flow control, Framing.
2. Media Access Control (MAC) : Dynamic Channel Allocation,
Physical/MAC Addressing, QoS.
 Functions of Data Link Layer :
1. Framing: It provides a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits
that are meaningful to the receiver.

2. Physical addressing: adds physical addresses (MAC addresses) of

the sender and/or receiver in the header of each frame.

3. Error control: error control in which it detects and retransmits

damaged or lost frames.

4. Flow Control: flow control coordinates the amount of data that

can be sent before receiving an acknowledgment.
5. Access control: When a single communication channel is shared
by multiple devices, the MAC sub-layer of the data link layer
helps to determine which device has control over the channel at a
given time.
 Framing : The data link layer translates the physical's raw bit
stream into packets known as Frames. The Data link layer adds the
header and trailer to the frame. The header which is added to the
frame contains the hardware destination and source address.

 Note:
• Packet in the Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.

• Data Link layer is handled by the NIC (Network Interface Card) and
device drivers of host machines.

• Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.

Hop-to-Hop Delivery
 The network layer works for the transmission of data from one
host to the other located in different networks.

 It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest

path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available.

 The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by

the network layer.
 Functions of Network Layer :
1. Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is
suitable from source to destination. This function of the network
layer is known as routing.
2. Logical Addressing: To identify each device on Internetwork
uniquely, the network layer defines an addressing scheme. The
sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by the
network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device
uniquely and universally.

 Note:

• Segment in the Network layer is referred to as Packet.

• Network layer is implemented by networking devices. i.e. router

Source-to-Destination Delivery
 The transport layer provides services to the application layer and
takes services from the network layer.

 The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is

responsible for the End to End Delivery of the complete message.

 The transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the

successful data transmission and retransmits the data if an error is
found.
 At the sender’s side:

• The transport layer receives the formatted data from the upper
layers, performs Segmentation, and also implements Flow & Error
control to ensure proper data transmission.

• It also adds Source and Destination port numbers in its header and
forwards the segmented data to the Network Layer.

 At the receiver’s side:

• Transport Layer reads the port number from its header and
forwards the Data which it has received to the respective
application.

• It also performs sequencing and reassembling of the segmented

data.
 Functions of the Transport Layer
1. Segmentation and Reassembly: This layer accepts the message
from the (session) layer, and breaks the message into smaller
units. Each of the segments produced has a header associated
with it. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles
the message.

Note: Reassembly of
datagram is done only
by destination host
2. Service Point Addressing: To deliver the message to the correct
process, the transport layer header includes a type of address
called service point address or port address. Thus by specifying
this address, the transport layer makes sure that the message is
delivered to the correct process.

 Services Provided by Transport Layer

1) Connection-Oriented Service : It is more reliable. TCP

2) Connectionless Service : It is less reliable. UDP

 Note:

• Data in the Transport Layer is called Segments.

• Transport layer is operated by the Operating System. It is a part of
the OS and communicates with the Application Layer by making
system calls.

• The transport layer is called as Heart of the OSI model.

• Device or Protocol Use : TCP, UDP

Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of Message
 This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection,
maintenance of sessions, and authentication, and also ensures
security.

 Scenario

• Let us consider a scenario where a user wants to send a message

through some Messenger application running in his browser. The
“Messenger” here acts as the application layer which provides the
user with an interface to create the data. This message or so-
called Data is compressed, encrypted (if any secure data), and
converted into bits (0’s and 1’s) so that it can be transmitted.
 Functions of the Session Layer
1. Session establishment, maintenance, and termination: The layer
allows the two processes to establish, use and terminate a
connection.
2. Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
that are considered synchronization points in the data. These
synchronization points help to identify the error so that the data
is re-synchronized properly, and ends of the messages are not
cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.

3. Dialog Controller: The session layer allows two systems to start

communication with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
 Note:

• All the upper 3 layers (including Session Layer) are integrated as a

single layer in the TCP/IP model as the “Application Layer”.

• Implementation of these 3 layers is done by the network

application itself. These are also known as Upper Layers
or Software Layers.

• Device or Protocol Use : NetBIOS, PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling

Protocol).
 The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.

 The data from the application layer is extracted here and

manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the
network.

 A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax and

semantics of the information exchanged between the two systems.

 It acts as a data translator for a network.

 This layer is a part of the operating system that converts the data
from one presentation format to another format.
 The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.
 Functions of the Presentation Layer
1. Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the
information in the form of characters, strings, numbers and so
on. It converts the data from sender-dependent format into a
common format and changes the common format into receiver-
dependent format at the receiving end. For example, ASCII to
EBCDIC.

2. Encryption/ Decryption: Data encryption translates the data into

another form or code. The encrypted data is known as the cipher
text and the decrypted data is known as plain text. A key value is
used for encrypting as well as decrypting data.

3. Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be

transmitted on the network.
 At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find
the Application layer which is implemented by the network
applications.

 These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred

over the network.
 This layer also serves as a window for the application services to
access the network and for displaying the received information to
the user.

 Example: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger, etc.

 Note:

• The application Layer is also called Desktop Layer.

• Device or Protocol Use : SMTP, HTTP, POP, FTP etc.

 Functions of the Application Layer
1. Network Virtual Terminal: It allows a user to log on to a remote
host.

2. FTAM (File Transfer Access and Management): This application

allows a user to access file in a remote host, retrieve files in
remote host and manage or control files from a remote
computer.

3. Mail Services: Provide email service.

4. Directory Services: This application provides distributed database

sources and access for global information about various objects
and services.
 Layer No. Responsibility Information Device or
and Name form (Data Protocol
Unit)
Layer-7 Helps in identifying the client and Message SMTP, HTTP,
Application synchronizing communication. FTP,POP,DNS
Layer-6 Data from the application layer is Message JPEG, MPEG, GIF
Presentation extracted and manipulated in the
required format for transmission.
Layer-5 Establishes Connection, Message Gateway
Session Maintenance, Ensures
Authentication, Ensures security.
Layer-4 Take Service from Network Layer Segment TCP, UDP,
Transport and provide it to the Application Firewall
Layer.
Layer-3 Transmission of data from one Packet Router
Network host to another, located in
different networks.
Layer-2 Node-to-Node/Hop-to-Hop Frame Switch, Bridge
Data Link Delivery of Message.
Layer-1 Establishing Physical Connections Bits Hub, Repeater,
Physical between Devices. Modem, Cables
Summary of Layers