By
Ms. Ankita Dave
It handles the service requests from the transport
layer and further forwards the service request to
the data link layer.
The network layer translates the logical addresses
into physical addresses.
The routers knows the location of other routers, it
can send the packets to a given destination. It is
known as forwarding.
Internetworking
Addressing
Routing
Packetizing
Fragmenting
Guaranteed delivery of Packets
Guaranteed delivery with the bounded delay
Transfer of packets in Order
Security
A router is used to forward the packets. Every router has a
forwarding table.
A router forwards a packet by examining a packet's header field
and then using the header field value to index into the forwarding
table.
The value stored in the forwarding table corresponding to the
header field value indicates the router's outgoing interface link to
which the packet is to be forwarded.
The routing algorithm determines the values that are inserted in
the forwarding table.
The routing algorithm can be centralized or decentralized.
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and
universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a
computer or a router) to the Internet.
Addresses are unique and universal.
The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296.
Fig. Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4
addresses:
• Solution:
a. There must be no leading zero.
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not
allowed.
The boundary between the host and link is known as an interface.
Therefore, the host can have only one interface.
Each IP address is 32 bits long, and they are represented in the
form of "dot-decimal notation" where each byte is written in the
decimal form, and they are separated by the period.
An IP address would look like [Link] where 193 represents
the decimal notation of first 8 bits of an address, 32 represents
the decimal notation of second 8 bits of an address.
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five
classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
An IP address is divided into two parts:
1. Network ID: It represents the number of networks.
2. Host ID: It represents the number of hosts.
The class of IP address is used to determine the number of bits
used in a class and number of networks and hosts available in the
class.
Fig. Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. [Link]
d. [Link]
Solution:
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
Fig. No. of blocks and Block size in classful IPv4 Addressing
Fig. A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization
In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the
mask.
The first address in the block can be found by setting the
rightmost 32 − n bits to 0s.
The last address in the block can be found by setting the
rightmost 32 − n bits to 1s.
The number of addresses in the block can be found by using the
formula 232-n.
The first address in a block is normally not assigned to any
device; it is used as the network address that represents the
organization to the rest of the world.
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery mechanism
used by the TCP/IP protocols.
Determines which portion of an IP Address identifies the network
and which portion identifies the host.
The mask is represented by four octants.
If the given bit of the mask is 1, the corresponding bit of an IP
address is in the network portion of the address, and if a given bit
of the mask is 0, the corresponding bit of the IP address is in the
host portion.
If the field of the network address id entirely used for the network
number, the corresponding field of the mask has decimal value
255, and if the address field is entirely used for the host ID, the
corresponding field of the mask has decimal value 0.
The smaller parts of the network are called subnets.
Subnetting allows an additional level of hierarchy in IP addressing.
The number of 1’s in the subnet mask is more than the number of
1s in the corresponding default mask.
In subnet mask we change the some of the left most 0s in the
default mask to make a subnet mask.
In Supernetting, an organization combines several class C blocks
to create a large range of addresses i.e. several networks are
combined to create a super network.
An IPv6 address is 128-bits long.
Advantages of IPV6
• Larger Address Space
• Buffer Header Format
• New Options
• Possibility of extension
• More Security
• Support to Resource Allocation
• Plug & Play
• Clear Specification and Optimization
Connectionless protocol and best effort based.
Addresses are easier to remember.
Existing networks are already using it.
Classful and classless addressing.
Millions of addresses are wasted.
Planning for excessive growth was not foreseen, addresses
are running out.
No more NAT (network address translation)
Auto-configuration
No more private address collisions
Better multicast routing
Simpler header format
Simplified, more efficient routing
Built-in authentication and privacy support
Flexible options and extensions
Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP)
Large address space.
Enhanced QoS.
Efficient routing
Built in security.
Larger addresses harder to remember.
Transition takes time and is not always smooth.
Not always usable some machines have to be replaced.