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The document outlines a series of numerical problems and theory questions related to Physical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, and Inorganic Chemistry. It includes calculations for osmotic pressure, Nernst equation, activation energy, and coordination compounds, among others. Each section targets specific marks and includes both practical problems and theoretical explanations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

5 views20 pages

90+ Gurantee

Uploaded by

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PART 1: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

SECTION A: SOLUTIONS (Target: 8-10 marks)

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (Must Prac ce - Appear EVERY Year)

Q1. OSMOTIC PRESSURE ( - Asked in 2023, 2024, 2025) Calculate osmo c pressure of
solu on when 40g Na₂SO₄ is added to 1L water at 298K.
(Na=23, S=32, O=16, R=0.0821 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Formula: π = iCRT = i(n/V)RT
Your Answer: ___________________

Q2. OSMOTIC PRESSURE WITH PROTEIN ( - 2024) 200 cm³ protein solu on contains
1.26g protein. Osmo c pressure at 300K = 2.57×10⁻³ atm.
Calculate molar mass of protein. (R = 0.0821)
Formula: π = (w/M)(RT/V)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q3. ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS ( - 2023, 2025) Osmo c pressure of blood at 37°C is 8.21
atm. How much glucose per litre for IV injec on to make it isotonic with blood? (M = 180 g/mol)
Formula: For isotonic, π₁ = π₂
Your Answer: ___________________

Q4. DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT ( - 2023) Calculate mass of ascorbic acid

(M=176) to dissolve in 155g ace c acid for ΔTf = 1.15K.
(Kf = 3.9 K kg/mol)
Formula: ΔTf = Kf × m = Kf × (w₂×1000)/(M₂×w₁)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q5. ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT ( - 2024) 12.5g non-electrolyte in 175g water, BP =

100.70°C. Calculate molecular mass.
(Kb = 0.52 K kg mol⁻¹)
Formula: ΔTb = Kb × m
Your Answer: ___________________

Q6. VAN'T HOFF FACTOR - DISSOCIATION ( - 2024) 12.50g BaCl₂ in 1000g water boils
at 373.0834K. Calculate degree of dissocia on.
(Kb = 0.52, M = 208.34)
Formula: i = 1 + α(n-1); ΔTb = i×Kb×m
Your Answer: ___________________

Q7. VAN'T HOFF FACTOR - ASSOCIATION ( - 2023) 2g benzoic acid in 25g benzene, ΔTf
= 1.62K. Calculate % associa on.
(Kf = 4.9, M = 122) [Forms dimer]
Formula: i = 1 - α/2 (for dimeriza on)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q8. VAPOUR PRESSURE LOWERING ( - 2024) 10g glucose in 90g water at 300K. P° = 32.8
mmHg. Calculate vapour pressure of solu on.
(C=12, H=1, O=16)
Formula: (P°-Ps)/P° = n₂/(n₁+n₂)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q9. ISOTONIC - MOLAR MASS ( - 2025) 5% glucose solu on isotonic with 1.66% urea
solu on. Calculate molar mass of urea.
(M glucose = 180)
Formula: C₁ = C₂ for isotonic
Your Answer: ___________________

Q10. BASIC OSMOTIC PRESSURE ( - 2022) 0.76g glucose in 20ml solu on at 298K.
Calculate (i) π (ii) Molarity
(M = 180, R = 0.0821)
Your Answer: ___________________
THEORY QUESTIONS

Q11. Why does speciﬁc conduc vity decrease on dilu on but molar conduc vity increases?
( - 2024, 2023)
Write in 4-5 lines:

Q12. Show that osmo c pressure is a colliga ve property. ( - 2025, 2024)

Q13. What happens to RBCs in (a) Hypertonic solu on (b) Hypotonic solu on? ( -
2025)

Q14. Why are soda bo les sealed under high pressure? ( - 2025, 2024)

Q15. Explain reverse osmosis for desalina on. ( - 2025, 2024)

SECTION B: ELECTROCHEMISTRY (Target: 8-10 marks)

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Q16. NERNST EQUATION ( - Asked EVERY year) Calculate E°cell if Ecell = 0.59V for:
Ni|Ni²⁺(0.1M)||Cu²⁺(0.01M)|Cu
Formula: Ecell = E°cell - (0.0591/n)log([Ni²⁺]/[Cu²⁺])
Your Answer: ___________________
Q17. NERNST WITH [Ag⁺] CALCULATION ( - 2024) Cu|Cu²⁺(0.1M)||Ag⁺|Ag. If Ecell =
0.422V, calculate [Ag⁺].
E°(Cu²⁺/Cu) = 0.337V, E°(Ag⁺/Ag) = 0.799V
Formula: First ﬁnd E°cell, then use Nernst
Your Answer: ___________________

Q18. FARADAY'S LAW - TIME CALCULATION ( - 2024) Current 1.5A deposits 1.45g Ag.
How long did current ﬂow?
(Atomic mass Ag = 108, F = 96500)
Formula: W = ZIt = (M/nF)×I×t
Your Answer: ___________________

Q19. FARADAY'S LAW - COULOMBS ( - 2025) Calculate coulombs to electroplate 4.75g

Al. Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al
(At. wt = 27, F = 96500)
Formula: Q = (w×n×F)/M
Your Answer: ___________________

Q20. GIBBS ENERGY FROM EMF ( - 2024, 2022) Calculate max electrical work from
Zn|Zn²⁺||Ag⁺|Ag at 298K.
E°(Zn²⁺/Zn) = -0.76V, E°(Ag⁺/Ag) = +0.80V
Formula: W = -ΔG = nFE°cell
Your Answer: ___________________

Q21. CONDUCTANCE - SPECIFIC & MOLAR ( - 2022, 2024) 0.05M NaOH, R = 31.6Ω,
cell constant = 0.367 cm⁻¹.
Calculate: (i) κ (ii) Λm
Formula: κ = (1/R) × cell constant; Λm = κ×1000/C
Your Answer: ___________________

Q22. DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION ( - 2024) 0.05M NH₄OH, R = 30.8Ω, cell const = 0.343
cm⁻¹, Λ°m = 471.4.
Calculate: (i) κ (ii) Λm (iii) α
Formula: α = Λm/Λ°m
Your Answer: ___________________

Q23. KOHLRAUSCH'S LAW ( - 2020, 2024) Calculate Λ°m for CH₃COOH given:
Λ°m(NaCl) = 126.45, Λ°m(CH₃COONa) = 91.0, Λ°m(HCl) = 426.16
Formula: Λ°(CH₃COOH) = Λ°(CH₃COONa) + Λ°(HCl) - Λ°(NaCl)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q24. MOLAR CONDUCTANCE OF SALTS ( - 2024, 2022) Calculate Λ°m for BaCl₂ and
Al₂(SO₄)₃.
Λ°(Ba²⁺) = 127.2, Λ°(Al³⁺) = 189, Λ°(Cl⁻) = 76.3, Λ°(SO₄²⁻) = 160
Formula: Λ°m = Σλ°(ca ons) + Σλ°(anions)
Your Answer: ___________________

Q25. ELECTROLYSIS - MASS DEPOSITED ( - 2024) In series: ZnSO₄, AgNO₃, CuSO₄. Current
1.5A, 1.45g Ag deposited.
Calculate mass of Cu and Zn deposited. (Ag=108, Cu=63.5, Zn=65.3)
Formula: W ∝ M/n (same Q for all)
Your Answer: ___________________

THEORY QUESTIONS

Q26. Role of salt bridge in galvanic cell ( - EVERY year)

Q27. Why E°cell should be posi ve for spontaneous reac on? ( - 2024, 2023)

Q28. How to iden fy anode/cathode using electrochemical series? ( - 2024)

Q29. One advantage and one disadvantage of fuel cell ( - 2024)

Q30. Name type of cell that cannot be reversed. One disadvantage? ( - 2024)

SECTION C: CHEMICAL KINETICS (Target: 6-8 marks)

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Q31. ORDER FROM DATA TABLE ( - 2024, 2025 - GUARANTEED)

Expt [A] mol/L [B] mol/L Rate mol/L/s

1 0.1 0.1 2×10⁻³

2 0.2 0.1 8×10⁻³

3 0.1 0.2 4×10⁻³

Calculate: (i) Order w.r.t A and B (ii) Overall order (iii) k value
Method: Compare experiments where only one concentra on changes
Your Answer: ___________________

Q32. FIRST ORDER - TIME FOR % COMPLETION ( - 2023) 20% completed in 5 min.
Calculate me for 60% comple on.
Formula: t = (2.303/k) log[A₀/(A₀-x)]
Your Answer: ___________________

Q33. ACTIVATION ENERGY - TWO TEMPERATURES ( - 2025, 2024, 2022) First order:
50% in 30 min at 300K; 50% in 10 min at 320K. Calculate Ea.
(R = 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Formula: log(k₂/k₁) = (Ea/2.303R) × [(T₂-T₁)/(T₁T₂)]
Your Answer: ___________________
Q34. ACTIVATION ENERGY FROM k VALUES ( - 2024) k at 500K = 0.02 s⁻¹; k at 700K = 0.07
s⁻¹. Calculate Ea.
Your Answer: ___________________

Q35. FIRST ORDER - RADIOACTIVE DECAY ( - 2024) t½ = 30 hours. Calculate % remaining

a er 90 hours.
Formula: A er n half-lives, amount = (1/2)ⁿ × 100%
Your Answer: ___________________

Q36. RATE CHANGE WITH CONCENTRATION ( - 2025) 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂, rate =

k[NO]²[O₂]
How will rate change if [NO] doubled and [O₂] halved?
Your Answer: ___________________

THEORY QUESTIONS

Q37. Order from k units ( - 2025, 2024 - Fill-in EVERY year)

If k = mol⁻² L² s⁻¹, what is order? _________

Q38. One diﬀerence: Order vs Molecularity ( - 2025, 2024)

Q39. For ﬁrst order, t½ is independent of [A]₀. Why? ( - 2024, 2023)

Q40. What is pseudo ﬁrst order? Example? ( - 2025, 2023)

PART 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SECTION D: d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS (Target: 6-8 marks)

REASONING QUESTIONS (Asked EVERY Year)

Q41. Why Cu²⁺ salts colored but Cu⁺ salts colorless? ( - 2024, 2023)

Q42. Why Ti³⁺ salts colored but Ti⁴⁺ salts colorless? ( - 2025, 2024) [At. no. Ti = 22]

Q43. Why Mn²⁺ more stable than Fe²⁺? ( - 2024, 2023) [Mn=25, Fe=26]

Q44. Why do transi on metals form alloys? ( - 2025, 2024, 2023)

Q45. Why are Zr and Hf diﬃcult to separate? Explain lanthanoid contrac on. ( -
2024, 2023)

Q46. Why do transi on elements act as catalysts? ( - 2024, 2023)

Q47. Why does pink KMnO₄ turn colourless with Fe²⁺ in acidic medium? ( - 2025,
2024)
Q48. Why are Zn, Cd, Hg NOT transi on elements? ( - 2023, 2024)

Q49. Why La³⁺ and Lu³⁺ do not show colour? ( - 2024) [Z: La=57, Lu=71]

Q50. Why La(OH)₃ more basic than Lu(OH)₃? ( - 2023)

BALANCED EQUATIONS (3 marks guaranteed)

Q51. Balance these reac ons ( - 2025, 2024, 2023):

(a) KMnO₄ + H₂SO₄ + H₂C₂O₄ → ___ + _ + _ + ___

(b) K₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂SO₄ + H₂S → ___ + _ + _ + ___

(c) KMnO₄ + H₂SO₄ + KI → ___ + _ + _ + ___

Write complete balanced equa ons:

SECTION E: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS (Target: 8-10 marks)

IUPAC NAMING ( - Asked EVERY year)

Q52. Write IUPAC names:

(a) [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ → _______________________________

(b) [Co(en)₂Cl₂]Cl → _______________________________

(c) K₃[Al(C₂O₄)₃] → _______________________________

(d) [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]Cl₃ → _______________________________

(e) K₂[Ni(CN)₄] → _______________________________

(f) [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ → _______________________________

COORDINATION NUMBER & OXIDATION STATE

Q53. K₄[Fe(CN)₆]: CN = _, OS = _ ( - 2025 Fill-in)

Q54. [Ni(CO)₄]: CN = ___, OS = _, Shape = _, Hybridisa on = ___ ( - 2025,

2020)

Q55. [E(NH₃)₄Cl₂]NO₃: CN = _, OS = _ ( - 2022)

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY ( - 2025, 2024, 2023)

Q56. Complex [A]: t₂g⁴ eg²; Complex [B]: t₂g⁶ eg⁰

(i) Which is low spin complex? _____________

(ii) Unpaired e⁻ in [A]? _____ Unpaired e⁻ in [B]? _____
(iii) Does [A] have strong or weak ﬁeld ligands? _________ Why?

Q57. [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ (Fe=26):

(i) Diamagne c or paramagne c? _________ Why?

(ii) Hybridisa on? _________ (Op ons: sp³d², d²sp³)

Q58. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (Fe=26):

(i) IUPAC name: _______________________________

(ii) Oxida on state: _____
(iii) Unpaired electrons: _____
(iv) Hybridisa on: _____
(v) Paramagne c or diamagne c? _____
ISOMERISM

Q59. Chemical test to dis nguish ionisa on isomers: ( - 2025, 2024)

[Co(NH₃)₅Cl]SO₄ and [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Cl

Test: _________________________________________________________________

Q60. Name the type of isomerism: ( - 2024)

(i) [Co(NH₃)₅(ONO)]Cl₂ and [Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)]Cl₂ → ___________

(ii) [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]Cl₂.H₂O and [Cr(H₂O)₄Cl₂]Cl.2H₂O → ___________

(iii) [Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂]Br₂ and [Pt(NH₃)₄Br₂]Cl₂ → ___________

Q61. CoCl₃.4NH₃ precipitates AgCl and conductance = 2 ions. ( - 2024)

(a) Deduce structural formula: _______________________________

(b) IUPAC name: _______________________________

(c) Draw cis and trans isomers

VALENCE BOND THEORY

Q62. [Ni(CO)₄]: Predict shape, hybridisa on, magne c behaviour ( - 2020, 2025)

Shape: _____, Hybridisa on: _, Magne c: _____

PART 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SECTION F: NAME REACTIONS (Target: 15-20 marks)

WRITE COMPLETE BALANCED EQUATIONS

CATEGORY I - MUST KNOW ( )

Q63. Iodoform Test
CH₃COCH₃ + I₂ + NaOH → _________________________________

Q64. Carbylamine Reac on

C₂H₅NH₂ + CHCl₃ + KOH(alc) → _________________________________

Q65. Lucas Test - Mechanism

(CH₃)₃COH + ZnCl₂ + HCl → _________________________________
Time taken: __________

Q66. Aldol Condensa on

2CH₃CHO + dil. NaOH → _________________________________

Q67. Cannizzaro's Reac on

2HCHO + conc. NaOH → _________________________________

Q68. Grignard Reagent

CH₃CHO + CH₃MgBr then H₃O⁺ → _________________________________ (Name alcohol type:
________)

CATEGORY II - VERY IMPORTANT ( )

Q69. Clemmensen Reduc on

CH₃COCH₃ + Zn(Hg) + HCl → _________________________________

Q70. Wolﬀ-Kishner Reduc on

CH₃CHO + N₂H₄ + KOH/glycol → _________________________________

Q71. Hofmann Bromamide Degrada on

CH₃CONH₂ + Br₂ + 4KOH → _________________________________

Q72. Reimer-Tiemann Reac on

C₆H₅OH + CHCl₃ + KOH → _________________________________

Q73. Williamson Ether Synthesis

C₂H₅ONa + C₂H₅Br → _________________________________

Q74. Dehydra on of Ethanol

At 140°C: C₂H₅OH + H₂SO₄ → _________________________________
At 170°C: C₂H₅OH + H₂SO₄ → _________________________________

CATEGORY III - IMPORTANT ( )

Q75. Rosenmund Reduc on
C₆H₅COCl + H₂ (Pd/BaSO₄) → _________________________________

Q76. Stephen Reduc on

CH₃CN + SnCl₂ + HCl → _________________________________

Q77. HVZ Reac on (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky)

CH₃CH₂COOH + Br₂ + Red P → _________________________________

Q78. Sandmeyer Reac on

C₆H₅N₂⁺Cl⁻ + CuCl → _________________________________

Q79. Coupling Reac on

C₆H₅N₂⁺Cl⁻ + C₆H₅OH (ice cold, alkaline) → _________________________________

Q80. Kolbe's Reac on

C₆H₅ONa + CO₂ (high P, heat) then H⁺ → _________________________________

Q81. Wurtz Reac on

2CH₃CH₂Cl + 2Na (dry ether) → _________________________________

Q82. Finkelstein Reac on

CH₃CH₂Cl + NaI (acetone) → _________________________________

Q83. Dow's Process

C₆H₅Cl + NaOH (623K, 300 atm) → _________________________________

Q84. Esteriﬁca on
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ (conc. H₂SO₄) → _________________________________

SECTION G: IDENTIFICATION CHAINS (Target: 6-9 marks)

Iden fy A, B, C, D ( - Asked EVERY year)

Q85. (2025)
CH₃COOH + PCl₅ → [A] + H₂/Pd-BaSO₄ → [B] + K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄ → [C] + Ca(OH)₂ → [D]

A = ___, B = _, C = _, D = ___

Q86. (2025)
C₂H₅Br + KCN → [A] + LiAlH₄ → [B] + HNO₂/273K → [C]

A = ___, B = _, C = _____

Q87. (2025)
C₂H₅CONH₂ + Br₂/KOH → [A] + CHCl₃/KOH/alc → [B] + Na/C₂H₅OH → [C]

A = ___, B = _, C = _____

Q88. (2024)
C₆H₅OH + Zn/dust → [A] + CH₃Cl/AlCl₃ → [B] + [O]/K₂Cr₂O₇ → [C]

A = ___, B = _, C = _____

Q89. (2024)
C₂H₅OH + PCl₅ → [A] + KCN → [B] + H₃O⁺ → C₂H₅COOH + NH₃ heat → [C]

A = ___, B = _, C = _____

Q90. (2023)
CH₃COOH + NH₃ heat → [A] + Br₂/KOH → [B] + CHCl₃/[Link] → [C]

A = ___, B = _, C = _____

Q91. (2020)
C₆H₅COOH + SOCl₂ → [A] + NH₃ → [B] + Br₂/KOH → [C] + NaNO₂/HCl/0-5°C → [D]

A = ___, B = _, C = _, D = ___

SECTION H: CONVERSIONS (Target: 4-6 marks)

Write complete equa ons ( )

Q92. Benzaldehyde → Benzene

Step 1: _________________________________________________
Step 2: _________________________________________________
Step 3: _________________________________________________
Q93. Benzoic acid → Benzaldehyde
Step 1: _________________________________________________
Step 2: _________________________________________________

Q94. Benzene → Biphenyl

Step 1: _________________________________________________
Step 2: _________________________________________________

Q95. Phenol → Salicylaldehyde

Reac on: _________________________________________________

Q96. Ethyl bromide → Diethyl ether

Step 1: _________________________________________________
Step 2: _________________________________________________

Q97. Iodoform → Acetylene

Equa on: _________________________________________________

Q98. Chlorobenzene → Aniline

Step 1: _________________________________________________
Step 2: _________________________________________________
Step 3: _________________________________________________
Step 4: _________________________________________________

Q99. Chlorobenzene → Phenol

Equa on: _________________________________________________

Q100. Phenol → Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol)

Equa on: _________________________________________________