International Journal of

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS IN

ENGINEERING
ISSN:2147-67992147-6799 [Link] Original Research Paper

Construction and Design of a Multi-Crop Threshing Device

D. Remalya1, K. Ravi Kmar2, Dr. Ch. Vijaya Kumar3, N. Sandeep4
Submitted: 15/08/2023 Revised: 08/10/2023 Accepted: 17/10/2023

Abstract: The majority of villages in rural India currently experience intermittent electricity supply, with nearly 10 hours of load shedding.
Consequently, many agricultural activities must be performed manually. We have developed a multi-crop thresher for crops such as wheat,
jowar, bajra, barley, and particularly corn, which will be operated using a bicycle. Additionally, we have included an automated screening
system, enabling the threshed food to be screened and cleaned mechanically, therefore providing farmers with grains that are suitable for
packaging, thereby save significant human effort, time, and costs. This study addresses the issue encountered by farmers in the separation
of seeds from sunflowers. Farmers use manual techniques owing to the lack of appropriate technology for sunflower threshing. The most
time-intensive and laborious task in manual sunflower production is threshing, which involves striking the sunflower heads with a stick,
rubbing them against a coarse metal surface, or using a motorized tiller. The objective of the project is to construct a machine that will
segregate the seeds from the sunflower. The primary components need for the machine's fabrication are blades, shaft, pulley, disk plates,
blower, hopper, tray, sieves, motor, V-belt, and pillow block bearings.

Keywords: Design and Fabrication, Sunflower, Seed Extractor, sunflower, heads, thresher, teeth, performance

Introduction there are several processes that are required, and various
steps are required for different components. However, the
In the modern agricultural systems of a number of
properties of materials and other factors are also
countries, farm equipment is an important and
important.
indispensable component for the development of
agriculture and the production of crops. Farmers are able Processes undergo transformations. A project entails the
to accomplish agricultural activities in a much shorter endeavor of developing something novel, namely the
amount of time because to technological advancements in production of an inventive product. The essential
farming. On a constant basis, the wealth of a country and prerequisites for an efficient project organization are:
its economic status are evaluated based on compositions
1) Flexibility
(steel) under proper conditions, in addition to other
considerations. India has a population that is quite large. 2) Autonomy
Nevertheless, countries such as Japan, Germany, and the 3) Group functional integration
United States of America remain at the forefront of steel
manufacturing. Trade and commerce were two areas in 4) Small group size
which India flourished throughout its history. 5) Common work location for all project members
Nevertheless, the entry of the East India Company brought
about a complete change in the circumstances. For the first 6) Team spirit among group members.
time, the British started to utilize the riches of the Indians. Methods and Material
India became the location where they built their market
for finished items. As a consequence, the Industrial DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Revolution took place, which ultimately resulted in the Market Analysis The process for this project starts with
revival of several industries. The year 1992 saw the understanding the farmer's needs for the threshing
passage of laws that made it possible for multinational machine in question. This included a comprehensive
corporations to create their own industries. This led to a assessment of the several types of individual threshing
paradigm shift that prioritized quality and accuracy above machines and a detailed analysis of the Indian market
quantity. As a consequence of this, the SPM became landscape. In our endeavor to create a specialized
necessary since the GPM was unable to live up to the machine, we have used a meticulous method, dividing the
expectations of the customers. In the field of engineering, overall design process into two primary components;
System Architecture System design primarily addresses
1,3,4
Assistant professor, Department Of Agricultural Engineering, numerous physical restrictions and ergonomics, spatial
International School Of Technology And Sciences For Women, A.P, India.
2
Associate professor, Department Of Agricultural Engineering,
needs, the arrangement of components on the machine's
International School Of Technology And Sciences For Women, A.P, India. primary frame, the positioning of controls, maintenance

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(1), 878–882 | 878
accessibility, potential for future enhancements, and the Weight of machine: - The overall weight of the machine
machine's weight relative to the ground. is contingent upon the choice of material components and
the dimensions of those components. A heavier weighted
System selection based on physical constraints :-
machine is difficult to carry, and in the event of a
Market Analysis The process for this project starts with
significant malfunction, repair becomes problematic.
understanding the farmer's needs for the threshing
machine in question. This included a comprehensive Mechanical Design The mechanical design step is crucial
assessment of the several types of individual threshing from the designer's perspective. The overall success of the
machines and a detailed analysis of the Indian market project hinges on the accurate design analysis of the
landscape. In our endeavor to create a specialized challenge. Numerous initial options are discarded at this
machine, we have used a meticulous method, dividing the stage. The designer must possess sufficient understanding
overall design process into two primary components. of the physical characteristics of materials, including load
System Architecture System design primarily addresses stresses, deformation, and failure. Theories and wear
numerous physical restrictions and ergonomics, spatial analysis need the identification of external and internal
needs, the arrangement of components on the machine's forces operating on machine components.
primary frame, the positioning of controls, maintenance
These forces may be classified as ; a) Static load forces.
accessibility, potential for future enhancements, and the
b) Forces of friction. c) Inertial forces. d) Centrifugal
machine's weight relative to the ground.
forces. e) Forces exerted during electricity transmission,
Arrangement of various component :- Given the space
among other factors. The designer must precisely estimate
limitations, the components must be organized to enable
these forces using design equations. If he lacks enough
easy removal and maintenance. Moreover, each
knowledge to estimate them, he should formulate realistic
component must be clearly visible, with none concealed,
assumptions based on analogous circumstances that
and all available space should be used efficiently in the
would nearly fulfill the functional requirements.
layout.
Assumptions should always prioritize caution. The
Components of system :- The system must be compact selection of safety variables to determine operating or
enough to occupy a corner of a room. All mobile elements design stress is a crucial stage in the design of machine
must be tightly contained and small. A streamlined element dimensions. The adjustments to the theoretical
method improves visual appeal and orderliness. stress values must be made based on the kind of loads, the
geometry of components, and service needs. The selection
Man –m/c Interaction :- The user-friendliness of the
of materials must be based on the loading circumstances,
machine/controller in operation is a crucial design factor.
product shapes, environmental factors, and the desired
It pertains to the application of anatomy. Below are few
material attributes. Measures should be implemented to
examples of this section: - Design of machine elevation -
reduce the improper use of lubricating techniques. In
Energy consumption in manual operation Illumination
mechanical design, components are cataloged and stored
status of the machine.
based on their procurement in two categories. For design
Chances of failure :- The losses sustained by the owner parts, a comprehensive design is executed, and the
due to component failure are critical design resulting designations are compared to the next highest
considerations. The factor of safety in mechanical design dimensions readily accessible in the market. This
is maintained at a high level to minimize the likelihood of simplifies the assembly and post-production servicing
failure, while frequent maintenance is necessary to ensure operations. The specific tolerances for the task are
the machinery operates without issues. delineated. The process charts are created and sent to the
Servicing facility :- The arrangement of components designated work area. The components for direct purchase
must facilitate simple service, particularly for those that are chosen from multiple catalogs and specifications,
need regular maintenance and may be readily dismantled. enabling anybody to get them from retail stores according
to the provided requirements.
Scope of future improvement: - Provisions should be Working Mode Of The Machine
made to broaden the area of work in the future, such as
converting the motor-operated machinery, which can be The threshing of wheat, paddy, amaranth, and millet crops
easily adapted to meet the necessary requirements. was accomplished with the help of a multi-crop thresher
that was designed. The threshing, separation, and cleaning
Height of m/c from ground: - To ensure the operator's units are the primary components that have been included
convenience and comfort, the machine's height should be into the machine. The threshing of different types of crops
appropriately determined to prevent fatigue during needs different principles to be used. Patty requires
operation. The machine should be positioned slightly pounding action, millet requires impact and abrasion, and
higher than the level, with sufficient clearance from the amaranth requires abrasion. Wheat requires cutting and
ground to facilitate cleaning. impact, while paddy requires grinding. There is a
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(1), 878–882 | 879
significant amount of electricity required for the threshing wheat). There are bars that run the length of the concave,
of the wheat harvest. The threshing of wheat earheads, on and the grains are dislodged between these bars and the
the other hand, will need less force per instant. There are pegs on the cylinder. The concave is fitted with bars over
three components that make up the threshing drum: a its whole width. The vast majority of the grain is
spike tooth that has a blade for threshing wheat, a wire transported via the concave grid and into the cleaning unit.
loop for threshing paddy, and a rasp-bar that has a canvas This unit is equipped with two sieves that move in a back-
belt for threshing millet and amaranth. and-forth motion, and a centrifugal fan is responsible for
The threshing of wheat is achieved by the rotating directing air into the sieves. While the top sieve is
movement of a cylinder equipped with spike teeth, responsible for retaining the chaff, the lower sieve, which
positioned above a set grid, aiding the extraction of grains is referred to as the grain sieve, allows the grains to flow
from the panicles and their separation from the straw through. The pores in the grain sieve are designed to
mass. Following the threshing process, the grains are correspond with the diameter of the grains. The purpose
routed via a concave grid and into the cleaning unit, which of the grain sieve is to further partition the grain from
is equipped with two sieves that operate in a reciprocating trash, sand, and grains that have been damaged. The air
manner. During the process of the grains moving through that is sent through the sieves by the blower avoids the
the sieves, a constant flow of air is sent through them, buildup of debris and other objects that are lighter than the
which causes the outflow of particles that are less dense grains that are being passed through the sieves as the grain
than the grain. A single-phase electric motor with a moves through them. Additionally, the alternative pan is
horsepower rating of one was intended to be used for the responsible for directing the broken grains and smaller
operation of the device. The threshing drum shaft receives components to a separate exit. The grain pans that are
power from the motor that is providing it. During the located beneath the grain sieve are responsible for
process of the crop panicles being delivered into the transporting the grain that is free of any imperfections to
threshing drum via the hopper, the grains are separated the clean grain outlet for collection. In order to determine
from the straw mass and freed from the panicle. Concave whether or not it was capable of threshing, separating, and
is the name given to a fixed grid that is rotated over by a cleaning the seeds of wheat, rice, amaranth, and millets,
cylinder that is fitted with beater pegs (for working with one assessed it.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Test and Trial On Agriculture Multi crop Thresher
Results for Manual operated mechanism:

Graph of Wheat threshed / hr by Thresher Vs Pedal speed.

The quantity of wheat threshed by the thresher increases with the increase in pedal speed as the blade speed increases.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(1), 878–882 | 880
The quantity of maize threshed by the thresher increases with the increase in pedal speed as the blade speed increases.
Result for motor operated Mechanism
Sr. No Motor Speed (rpm) Qty. of Wheat Threshed / hr. Qty. of Maize Threshed /hr.
1 1460 27 18.7

Result for motor operated Mechanism

Sr. No Motor Speed (rpm) Folder cut per hour
1 1460 30 pendi

Conclusion [2] Hamada El-Khateeb, Husain Sorour and M. I. Saad

,“Operating factors affecting using two different
A multi-crop threshing machine has been successfully
threshing machines for threshing sunflower heads.
built and manufactured by using the several
The 15th Annual Conference of the Misr Society of
methodologies and formulae that have been discussed
Ag. Eng., 12-13 March, 2008.
before. As a result of the machine's ability to thresh many
crops, particularly wheat, rice, millet, and amaranth, while [3] Hunt, D.R. (2001). Farm power machinery
simultaneously separating stalks from grains and avoiding accumulated R&M costs to be lower than the actual
grain breakage, it offers a better way of threshing in data management. 10th Ed.,Iowa State University
comparison to the procedures that were previously used. for the first period of machine life and also predicts
We have designed a lightweight multi-crop thresher that some Press. Ames. IOWA. U.S.A. Design Of
has capacities of 34 kilograms per hour for wheat, 75 Machine Elements :- V B BHAN
kilograms per hour for rice, 58 kilograms per hour for
[4] Nkama, I. (1992). Local Rice Processing. Paper
barnyard millet, 54 kilograms per hour for finger millet,
presented at the monthly Technology Review
and 30 kilograms per hour for amaranth. After careful
Meeting for Taraba ADP, Adamawa, Nigeria.
analysis, it was established that these crops had a threshing
efficiency of at least 98%. In the case of these crops, the [5] Singh, K. P., Mishra, H. N. and Saha, S. (2010).
cleaning efficiency was more than 95%. Optimization of machine parameters of finger millet
References thresher-cum pearler. Agricultural Mechanization in
Asia, Africa and Latin America, 41(1): 60-67.
[1] Azharuddin Kazi, Mir Safiulla, Narasimhan
.[Link] & Pavan kumar: “Design and [6] Singh, K. P., Mishra, H. N. and Saha, S. (2010).
Fabrication of Sunflower Seed Extracting Machin” Moisturedependent properties of barnyard millet
International Journal of Latest Technology in grain and kernel. Journal of Food Engineering,
Engineering, Management & Applied Science 96(4): 598-606.
(IJLTEMAS) Volume V, issue Vi June 2016| ISSN [7] Nasser Mohammednour Ibrahim Ahmed
2278-2540 . “Evaluation Of The Performance Of A Sunflower
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(1), 878–882 | 881
 Thresher” International Journal of Technology
Enhancements And Emerging Engineering
Research, VOL 2, Issue Vi 2014|ISSN 2347-4289.
[8] Somposh Sudajan , Vilas M. Salokhe : “Power
Requirement and Performance Factors of a
Sunflower Thresher” issue in March 2015.
[9] A.K. Goel, D. Behera, S. Swain and B.K. Behera
: “Performance Evaluation Of A Low – Cost
Manual Sunflower Thresher” Indian [Link]. Res,
43(1):37-41, 2009.
[10] Shivanand H. Kakhandaki, M. Anantachar, & M.S.
Madhusudhan: “Performance Evaluation Of High
Capacity Sunflower Thresher”, International Journal
of Agricultural engineering |Volume 5|Issue
2|October, 2012|138-141.
[11] Singh, K. P., Mishra, H. N. and Saha, S. (2011).
Design, development and evaluation of Barnyard
millet dehuller. Journal of Agricultural Engineering,
48(3): 17-25.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(1), 878–882 | 882