MCE 310 (Machine Drawing) Lectures by Kilanko O.

Similarly, a shaft may be dimensioned as follows: Minimum

clearance
 89.988 
90 g6   (first choice)
 89.966 

 – 0.012 
or 90 g6 or 90 g6  
 –0.034 
Maximum
In cases where a large amount of repetition is clearance
involved, information can be given in tabulated form, Fig. 12.5 Clearance fits—allowance always positive
and a typical component drawing is shown in Fig. 12.3.
Maximum
ØA interference

ØB

Dia. Size
40,05 ØC
A
40,00
50,02 ØA Minimum
B
49,97 interference
45,03
C Fig. 12.6 Interference fits—allowance always negative
44,98
ØD
20,05
D
20,00
Maximum
clearance
Fig. 12.3
In many cases, tolerances need be only of a general
nature, and cover a wide range of dimensions. A box
with a standard note is added to the drawing, and the
typical examples in Fig. 12.4 are self explanatory.
Except where otherwise
stated general tolerances Maximum
to be ± 0.1 interference

Fig. 12.7 Transition fit—allowance may be positive or negative

General casting
tolerance ± 0.3

100
Fig. 12.4

Engineering fits between two mating parts can be

divided into three types: 80

1 a clearance fit (Fig. 12.5), in which the shaft is

always smaller than the hole into which it fits;
Units of cost

2 an interference fit (Fig. 12.6), in which the shaft is 60

always bigger than the hole into which it fits;
3 a transition fit (Fig. 12.7), in which the shaft may be
either bigger or smaller than the hole into which it 40
fits—it will therefore be possible to get interference
or clearance fits in one group of assemblies.
It will be appreciated that, as the degree of accuracy 20
required for each dimension increases, the cost of
production to maintain this accuracy increases at a
sharper rate.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Figure 12.8 shows the approximate relationship
Tolerance (mm)
between cost and tolerance. For all applications, the
manufacturing tolerance should be the largest possible Fig. 12.8 Approximate relationship between production cost and
which permits satisfactory operation. manufacturing tolerance

95
 MCE 310 (Machine Drawing) Lectures by Kilanko O.

Elements of Deviation This is the difference between the maximum,

minimum, or actual size of a shaft or hole and the
interchangeable systems basic size.
Maximum metal condition (MMC) This is the
(Fig. 12.9) maximum limit of an external feature; for example, a
shaft manufactured to its high limits would contain
the maximum amount of metal. It is also the minimum
Basic size
limit on an internal feature; for example, a component
which has a hole bored in it to its lower limit of size
Upper deviation would have had the minimum of metal removed and
for shaft remain in its maximum metal condition.
Lower deviation
for shaft
Unilateral and bilateral
limits
Shaft Zero line
Figure 12.10 shows an example of unilateral limits,
where the maximum and minimum limits of size are
disposed on the same side of the basic size. This system
Minimum is preferred since the basic size is used for the GO
limit
of size
Shaft tolerance limit gauge; changes in the magnitude of the tolerance
affect only the size of the other gauge dimension, the
Maximum limit NOT GO gauge size.
of size and Figure 12.11 shows an example of bilateral
maximum
material Lower deviation limits, where the limits are disposed above and below
condition for hole the basic size.
Upper deviation Basic size
for hole Basic size

Hole

Minimum limit of
size and maximum
Hole tolerance
material condition

Maximum limit Minimum limit Minimum limit

of size
Maximum limit Maximum limit
Fig. 12.9 Elements of interchangeable systems
Nominal size is the size by which a component is Fig. 12.10 Unilateral limits Fig. 12.11 Bilateral limits
referred to as a matter of convenience, i.e. 25 mm, 50
mm, 60 mm thread.
Actual size is the measured size.
Bases of fits
Basic size is the size in relation to which all limits of
size are fixed, and will be the same for both the male The two bases of a system of limits and fits are
and female parts of the fit. (a) the hole basis,
Limits of size These are the maximum and minimum (b) the shaft basis.
permissible sizes acceptable for a specific dimension.
Tolerance This is the total permissible variation in Hole basis (Fig. 12.12) In this system, the basic
the size of a dimension, and is the difference between diameter of the hole is constant while the shaft size
the upper and lower acceptable dimensions. varies according to the type of fit. This system leads to
Allowance concerns mating parts, and is the difference greater economy of production, as a single drill or
between the high limit of size of the shaft and the low reamer size can be used to produce a variety of fits by
limit of size of its mating hole. An allowance may be merely altering the shaft limits. The shaft can be
positive or negative. accurately produced to size by turning and grinding.
Grade This is an indication of the tolerance magnitude: Generally it is usual to recommend hole-base fits, except
the lower the grade, the finer will be the tolerance. where temperature may have a detrimental effect on
large sizes.

96
 MCE 310 (Machine Drawing) Lectures by Kilanko O.

Table 12.1 shows a range of fits derived from these

selected hole and shaft tolerances. As will be seen, it
covers fits from loose clearance to heavy interference,
Basic size

I
and it may therefore be found to be suitable for most
C T normal requirements. Many users may in fact find
that their needs are met by a further selection within
this selected range.
It should be noted, however, that this table is offered
only as an example of how a restricted selection of fits
Fig. 12.12 Hole-basis fits: – clearance T – transition I – interference can be made. It is clearly impossible to recommend
selections of fits which are appropriate to all sections
Shaft basis (Fig. 12.13) Here the hole size is of industry, but it must be emphasised that a user who
varied to produce the required class of fit with a basic- decides upon a selected range will always enjoy the
size shaft. A series of drills and reamers is required for economic advantages this conveys. Once he has installed
this system, therefore it tends to be costly. It may, the necessary tooling and gauging facilities, he can
however, be necessary to use it where different fits are combine his selected hole and shaft tolerances in
required along a long shaft. This BSI data sheet 4500A different ways without any additional investment in
gives a selection of ISO fits on the hole basis, and data tools and equipment.
sheet 4500B gives a selection of shaft-basis fits extracted For example, if it is assumed that the range of fits
from BS 45000, the current standard on limits and fits. shown in the table has been adopted but that, for a
The ISO system contained in BS 4500 gives an particular application the fit H8-f7 is appropriate but
extensive selection of hole and shaft tolerances to provides rather too much variation, the hole tolerance
cover a wide range of applications. It has been found, H7 could equally well be associated with the shaft f7
however, that in the manufacture of many standard and may provide exactly what is required without
engineering components a limited selection of tolerances necessitating any additional tooling.
is adequate. These are provided on the data sheets For most general applications, it is usual to
referred to above. Obviously, by using only a selected recommend hole-basis fits, as, except in the realm of
range of fits, economic advantages are obtained from very large sizes where the effects of temperature play
the reduced tooling and gauging facilities involved. a large part, it is usually considered easier to manufacture
and measure the male member of a fit, and it is thus
desirable to be able to allocate the larger part of the
C T I tolerance available to the hole and adjust the shaft to
suit.
In some circumstances, however, it may in fact be
preferable to employ a shaft basis. For example, in the
case of driving shafts where a single shaft may have to
accommodate a variety of accessories such as couplings,
bearings, collars, etc., it is preferable to maintain a
constant diameter for the permanent member, which is
the shaft, and vary the bore of the accessories. For use
in applications of this kind, a selection of shaft basis
Fig. 12.13 Shaft-basis fits: C-clearance T – transition I – interference fits is provided in data sheet BS 4500B.
Note. Data Sheet 4500A (p. 98) refers to hole basis
fits.
Selected ISO fits—hole Data Sheet 4500B (p. 99) refers to shaft basis fits.
basis (extracted from
BS 4500) Interpretations of limits of
The ISO system provides a great many hole and shaft
size in relation to form
tolerances so as to cater for a very wide range of
conditions. However, experience shows that the majority There are two ways of interpreting the limits of size of
of fit conditions required for normal engineering an individual feature, which are known by;
products can be provided by a quite limited selection 1 The Principle of Independency, where the limits
of tolerances. The following selected hole and shaft of size apply to local two point measurements of a
tolerances have been found to be commonly applied: feature regardless of form.
selected hole tolerances: H7 H8 H9 H11; 2 The Envelope Requirement, also known as The
selected shaft tolerances: c11 d10 e9 f7 g6 h6 k6 n6 Taylor Principle, where the limits of size of an
p6 s6. individual feature are intended to have a mutual
dependency of size and form.

97
 MCE 310 (Machine Drawing) Lectures by Kilanko O.

Extracted
BRITISH STANDARD
Data Sheet
from
BS 4500 : 1969 SELECTED ISO FITS—HOLE BASIS 4500A
Issue 1. February 1970
confirmed August 1985

Clearance fits Transition fits Interference fits

+

H 11 H9 H9 s6
Diagram to H8 n6 p6
scale for H7 H7 H7 k6 H7 H7 H7
25 mm diameter Holes
0
g6 h6
f7

e9
–
c 11 d 10
Shafts

Nominal sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Nominal sizes
Over To H11 c11 H9 d10 H9 e9 H8 f7 H7 g6 H7 h6 H7 k6 H7 n6 H7 p6 H7 s6 Over To

mm mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm mm mm

+ 60 – 60 + 25 – 20 + 25 – 14 + 14 –6 + 10 –2 + 10 –6 + 10 +6 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 12 + 10 + 20
— 3 0 – 120 0 – 60 0 – 39 0 – 16 0 –8 0 0 0 +0 0 +4 0 +6 0 + 14 — 3
+ 75 – 70 + 30 – 30 + 30 – 20 + 18 – 10 + 12 –4 + 12 –8 + 12 +9 + 12 + 16 + 12 + 20 + 12 + 27
3 6 0 – 145 0 – 78 0 – 50 0 – 28 0 – 12 0 0 0 +1 0 +8 0 + 12 0 + 19 3 6
+ 90 – 80 + 36 – 40 + 36 – 25 + 22 – 13 + 15 –5 + 15 –9 + 15 + 10 + 15 + 19 + 15 + 24 + 15 + 32
6 10 0 – 170 0 – 98 0 – 61 0 – 28 0 – 14 0 0 0 +1 0 + 10 0 + 15 0 + 23 6 10
+ 110 – 95 + 43 – 50 + 43 – 32 + 27 – 16 + 18 –6 + 18 – 11 + 18 + 12 + 18 + 23 + 18 + 29 + 18 + 39
10 18 0 – 205 0 – 120 0 – 75 0 – 34 0 – 17 0 0 0 +1 0 + 12 0 + 18 0 + 28 10 18
+ 130 – 110 + 52 – 65 + 52 – 40 + 33 – 20 + 21 –7 + 21 – 13 + 21 + 15 + 21 + 28 + 21 + 35 + 21 + 48
18 30 0 – 240 0 – 149 0 – 92 0 – 41 0 – 20 0 0 0 +2 0 + 15 0 + 22 0 + 35 18 30
+ 160 – 120
30 40 0 – 280 + 62 – 80 + 62 – 50 + 39 – 25 + 25 –9 + 25 – 16 + 25 + 18 + 25 + 33 + 25 + 42 + 25 + 59 30 40
+ 160 – 130 0 – 180 0 – 112 0 – 50 0 – 25 0 0 0 +2 0 + 17 0 + 26 0 + 43
40 50 0 – 290 40 50
+ 190 – 140 + 30 + 72
50 65 0 – 330 + 74 – 100 – 74 – 60 + 46 – 30 + 30 – 10 + 30 – 19 + 30 + 21 + 30 + 39 + 30 + 51 0 + 53 50 65
+ 190 – 150 0 – 220 0 – 134 0 – 60 0 – 29 0 0 0 +2 0 + 20 0 + 32 + 30 + 78
65 80 0 – 340 0 + 59 65 80
+ 220 – 170 + 35 + 93
80 100 0 – 390 + 87 – 120 – 87 – 72 + 54 – 36 + 35 – 12 + 35 – 22 + 35 + 25 + 35 + 45 + 35 + 59 0 + 71 80 100
+ 220 – 180 +0 – 260 –0 – 159 0 – 71 0 – 34 0 0 0 +3 0 + 23 0 + 37 + 35 + 101
100 120 0 – 400 +0 + 79 100 120
+ 250 – 200 + 40 + 117
120 140 0 – 450 0 + 92 120 140
+ 250 – 210 + 100 145 + 100 – 84 + 63 – 43 – 40 – 14 + 40 – 25 + 40 + 28 + 40 + 52 – 40 + 68 + 40 + 125
140 160 0 – 460 0 305 0 – 185 0 – 83 0 – 39 0 0 0 +3 0 + 27 0 + 43 0 + 100 140 160
+ 250 – 230 + 40 + 133
160 180 0 – 480 0 + 108 160 180
+ 290 – 240 + 46 + 151
180 200 0 530 0 + 122 180 200
+ 290 260 + 115 – 170 + 115 – 100 + 72 – 50 + 46 – 15 + 46 – 29 + 46 + 33 + 46 + 60 + 46 + 79 + 46 + 159
200 225 0 550 0 – 355 0 – 215 0 – 96 0 – 44 0 0 0 +4 0 + 31 0 + 50 0 + 130 200 225
+ 290 280 + 46 + 169
225 250 0 570 0 + 140 225 250
+ 320 300 + 52 + 190
250 280 0 620 + 130 – 190 + 130 – 110 + 81 – 56 + 52 – 17 + 52 + 32 + 52 – 36 + 52 + 66 + 52 + 88 0 + 158 250 280
+ 320 330 0 – 400 0 – 240 0 – 108 0 – 49 0 0 0 +4 0 + 34 0 + 56 + 52 + 202
280 315 0 650 0 + 170 280 315
+ 360 360 + 57 + 226
315 355 0 – 720 + 140 – 210 + 140 – 125 + 89 – 62 + 57 – 18 + 57 – 36 + 57 + 40 + 57 + 73 + 57 + 98 0 + 190 315 355
+ 360 400 0 – 440 0 – 265 0 – 119 0 – 54 0 0 0 +4 0 + 37 0 + 62 +57 + 244
355 400 0 760 0 + 208 355 400
+ 400 440 + 63 + 272
400 450 0 840 + 155 – 230 + 155 – 135 + 97 – 68 + 63 – 20 + 63 – 40 + 63 + 45 + 63 + 80 + 63 + 108 0 + 232 400 450
+ 400 480 0 – 480 0 – 290 0 – 131 0 – 60 0 0 0 +5 0 + 40 0 + 68 + 63 + 292
450 500 0 880 0 + 252 450 500
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2 Park Street, London, W1A 2BS
SBN: 580 05766 6

98
 MCE 310 (Machine Drawing) Lectures by Kilanko O.

Extracted
BRITISH STANDARD
Data Sheet
from
BS 4500 : 1969 SELECTED ISO FITS—SHAFT BASIS 4500B
Issue 1. February 1970

Clearance fits Transition fits Interference fits

C 11
Diagram to + D 10
scale for
25 mm. diameter Holes
E9
F8
G7
H7 K7
0
h6 h6 h6 h6 h6 h6
h7 N7 P7
h 11 h9 S7
h9 Shafts
–

Nominal sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Nominal sizes
Over To h11 C11 h9 D10 h9 E9 h7 F8 h6 G7 h6 H7 h6 K7 h6 N7 h6 P7 h6 S7 Over To

mm mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm 0.001 mm mm mm

0 + 120 0 + 60 0 + 39 0 + 20 0 + 12 0 + 10 0 0 0 –4 0 –6 0 – 14
– 3 – 60 + 60 – 25 + 20 – 25 + 14 – 10 +6 –6 +2 –6 0 –6 – 10 –6 – 14 –6 – 16 –6 – 24 – 3
0 + 145 0 + 78 0 + 50 0 + 28 0 + 16 0 + 12 0 +3 0 –4 0 –8 0 – 15
3 6 – 75 + 70 – 30 + 30 – 30 + 20 – 12 + 10 –8 +4 –8 0 –8 –9 –8 – 16 –8 – 20 –8 – 27 3 6
0 + 170 0 + 98 0 + 61 0 + 35 0 + 20 0 + 15 0 +5 0 –4 0 –9 0 – 17
6 10 – 90 + 80 – 36 + 40 – 36 + 25 – 15 + 13 –9 +5 –9 0 –9 – 10 –9 – 19 –9 – 24 –9 – 32 6 10
0 + 205 0 + 120 0 + 75 0 + 43 0 + 24 0 + 18 0 +6 0 –5 0 – 11 0 – 21
10 18 – 110 + 95 – 43 + 50 – 43 + 32 – 18 + 16 – 11 +6 – 11 0 – 11 – 12 – 11 – 23 – 11 – 29 – 11 – 39 10 18
0 + 240 0 + 149 0 + 92 0 + 53 0 + 28 0 + 21 0 +6 0 –7 0 – 14 0 – 27
18 30 – 130 + 110 – 52 + 65 – 52 + 40 – 21 + 20 – 13 +7 – 13 0 – 13 – 15 – 13 – 28 – 13 – 35 – 13 – 48 18 30
0 + 280
30 40 – 160 + 120 0 + 180 0 + 112 0 + 64 0 + 34 0 + 25 0 +7 0 –8 0 – 17 0 – 34 30 40
0 + 290 – 62 + 80 – 62 + 50 – 25 + 25 – 16 +9 – 16 0 – 16 – 18 – 16 – 33 – 16 – 42 – 16 – 59
40 50 – 160 + 130 40 50
0 + 330 0 – 42
50 65 – 190 + 140 0 + 220 0 + 134 0 + 76 0 + 40 0 + 30 0 +9 0 –9 0 – 21 – 19 – 72 50 65
0 + 340 – 74 + 100 – 74 + 60 – 30 + 30 – 19 + 10 – 19 0 – 19 – 21 – 19 – 39 – 19 – 51 0 – 48
65 80 – 190 + 150 – 19 – 78 65 80
0 + 390 0 – 58
80 100 – 220 + 170 0 + 260 0 + 159 0 + 90 0 + 47 0 + 35 0 + 10 0 – 10 0 – 24 – 22 – 93 80 100
0 + 400 – 87 + 120 – 87 + 72 – 35 + 36 – 22 + 12 – 22 0 – 22 – 25 – 22 – 45 – 22 – 59 0 – 66
100 120 – 220 + 800 – 22 – 101 100 120
0 + 450 0 – 77
120 140 – 250 + 200 – 25 – 117 120 140
0 + 460 0 + 305 0 + 185 0 + 106 0 + 54 0 + 40 0 + 12 0 – 12 0 – 28 0 – 85
140 160 – 250 + 210 – 100 + 145 – 100 + 85 – 40 + 43 – 25 + 14 – 25 0 – 25 – 28 – 25 – 52 – 25 – 68 – 25 – 125 140 160
0 + 480 0 – 93
160 180 – 250 + 230 – 25 – 133 160 180
0 + 530 0 – 105
180 200 – 290 + 240 – 29 – 151 180 200
0 + 550 0 + 355 0 + 215 0 + 122 0 + 61 0 + 46 0 + 13 0 – 14 0 – 33 0 – 113
200 225 – 290 – 260 – 115 + 170 – 115 + 100 – 46 + 50 – 29 + 15 – 29 0 – 29 – 33 – 29 – 60 – 29 – 79 – 29 – 159 200 225
0 + 570 0 – 123
225 250 – 290 + 280 – 29 – 169 225 250
0 + 620 0 – 138
250 280 – 320 + 300 0 + 400 0 + 240 0 + 137 0 + 62 0 + 52 0 + 16 0 – 14 0 – 36 – 32 – 190 250 280
0 + 650 – 130 + 190 – 130 + 110 – 52 + 56 – 32 + 17 – 32 0 – 32 – 36 – 32 – 66 – 32 – 88 0 – 150
280 315 – 320 + 330 – 32 – 202 280 315
0 + 720 0 – 169
315 355 – 360 + 360 0 + 440 0 + 265 0 + 151 0 + 75 0 + 57 0 + 17 0 – 16 0 – 41 – 36 – 226 315 355
0 + 760 – 140 + 210 – 140 + 125 – 57 + 62 – 36 + 18 – 36 0 – 36 – 40 – 36 – 73 – 36 – 98 0 – 187
355 400 – 360 + 400 – 36 – 244 355 400
0 + 840 0 – 209
400 450 – 400 + 440 0 + 480 0 + 290 0 + 165 0 + 83 0 + 63 0 + 18 0 – 17 0 – 45 – 40 – 272 400 450
0 + 880 – 155 + 230 – 155 + 135 – 63 + 68 – 40 + 20 – 40 0 – 40 – 45 – 40 – 80 – 40 – 108 0 – 229
450 500 – 400 + 480 – 40 – 292 450 500
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2 Park Street, London, WIY 4AA
SBN: 580 05567 1

99