10 Coordination

Section A

2011-4.
a Grey matter
b Leprosy
c To supply nutrients to the spinal cord.

2007-3.
a. Is a reflex action that is acquired through experience.
b. -Presentation of original stimulus and related response made.
-Substitute stimulus is presented together with the original stimulus.
-Substitute response is now presented alone.
c. Conditioned reflex is acquired from experience with a stimulus that was originally ineffective in
producing the observed response while simple reflex action is an automatic response to
stimulation.

2006-4.
a. Time taken for the person to hear the sound.
Intensity of the sound from the clock.
b. To find out the out the distance of sound from the cars increases,
it became difficult to locate the source of the sound location is effective by using two cars.
c. In general, as the distance of sound from the ears increases, it becomes difficult to locate the
source of the sound, and sound location is effective by using two ears.

2004-4.
a. A-White matter B-Ganglion
b. A consists of nerve fibers white D consists of cell bodies.
c. Over-exposure to radiations. Smoking, viral infection.

10 Coordination - Answers
 Section B

2011-10.
a.

b. To ensure that impulses travel one direction or to help filter weak or unwanted stimuli.
c. It affects the cerebrum thereby affecting decision making of an individual.

2010-10.
a. T: Myelin sheath S: Axon
b. Motor neurone
c. Impulses would not be transmitted to effectors or muscle hence no response.
d. Has myelin sheath which insulates the neurone

10 Coordination - Answers
 11 Human diseases
Section A

2012-1.
a. Carrying germs which introduce human body through bite.
Burrowing under the skin of human and lay eggs. e.g. flea cause the jigger.
b. Itching in between toes. Splitting skin between toes.

2011-3.
a. (i) Typhoid
(ii) Salmonellosis (bacteria)
(iii) Drinking contaminated water.
Eating contaminated food.
b. Germs multiply in the body but there are no symptoms in the host.

2010-4.
a. Droplet infection
b. Tuberculosis, Common cold
c. Covering the mouth or nose when coughing or sneezing to prevent germs(drops) getting into the
air or to others.

2009-1.
a. (i) Sharing injection needles with an infected person.
Receiving infected blood during a blood transfusion
Mother-to-child transmission.
(ii) Avoiding to share injection needles.
b. They have to take the drug ARV that can slow down the illness.
They have to keep the healthy daily life.

2008-3.
a. Ringworm
b. fungu
c. To ensure personal cleanliness. / To avoid contact with infected person or personal objects.
To dry the skin to remove moisture./To wash the skin with soap, etc. (Write any one.)

11 Human diseases
2006-5
a. They carry out cell division uncontrollably.
b. Because it is genetic.
c. Avoiding exposure to ultraviolet rays (radiation).
Avoid smoking as this induces mutation of chromosomes.
Avoid drinking alcohol.
Protect yourself from strong sunlight.
Reduce stress

2004-5.
a. cancer
b. The cell of the tumour takes nutrition from surrounding cells. The cell of the tumour cause other
cells to malfunction.
c. Smoking
Drinking excess alcohol

2003-5.
a. To find out the effect of temperature on bacterial growth.
b. 37°C

Section B

2011-9.
a. Trypanosome
b. Using insecticides to kill the tsetseflies.
Appling repellants to the skin to avoid being bitten by tsetseflies.

2010-6.
a. It is body defense against infection through already made antibodies or through introduction of
antibodies.
b. (i) Platelets form blood clots or scab which prevent entry of germs.
(ii) Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills germs.

11 Human diseases
2008-12.
a. elephantiasis
b. filarial worms
c. The tiny larvae of this worm are transmitted by mosquitoes.
The mosquito bites a person and the filarial worms are injected into the victim’s blood stream.
After that, these worms grow in the lymph vessels and lay eggs.
If other mosquito bites an infected person, it sucks this worm.
d. Always wear long trousers and long sleeved shirts at dusk and dawn and sleep under mosquito
nets to prevent you from mosquito bites.

2007-6.
a. (i) Because some of the energy has been dissipated into the air.
Also some of the energy has been used to heat the water.
(ii) The boiling tube should not be inclined at that angle, it should be upright.
The distance between burning cashew nut and the boiling tube should be reduced.
b. Size of both cashew nut and bean seed should be the same.
Time taken to burn the seeds should be kept constant.
Amount of water being hearted is constant Size of test tube is the same.

2006-14.
a. (i) Oil prevents oxygen from reaching the mosquito larvae. So, they will be died.
(ii) Fish eats mosquito larvae and eggs.
b. Because malaria parasites destroy red blood cells.

2003-12.
a. N
b. M=3000
N=5500
O=1000
P=2000
Total 11500
c. Others might have got the infection but did not show malarial signs so were not included in the survey.
The number of malarial cases represented only the sample of the whole district.
d. High fever, shivering and chills followed by sweating.
Aches and pain, anaemia, enlargement of liver and spleen.

11 Human diseases
Section C

2010-16.
This was also an essay question and the expected five points should have included the following:
・Checking the blood groups of donor and recipient to avoid agglutination
・Consider the rhesus factor to avoid any reactions or still birth or miscarriages in subsequent pregnancies.
・Testing blood for HIV to avoid infecting the recipient
・Checking haemoglobin content of the donor to avoid death of donor due insufficient oxygen supply.
・Check for syphilis in donor to avoid infecting recipient.
・Consider blood pressure of donor to avoid death of donor due to low blood pressure.
・Check for hepatitis in donor to avoid infecting the recipient.
・Consider age of the donor, i.e. should not be too old or too young to avoid death of donor as
replacement of blood may be too slow.
・Check for malarial parasites to avoid infecting the recipient.

2008-14.
・First point is killing the adult mosquitoes directly to spray rooms and houses with insecticides.
・Second point is killing the mosquitoes at the larvae, eggs and pupa stages to drain all stagnant water.
All empty receptacles such as tins, bottles and broken pots should be removed or turned upside down.
・Third point is taking the breeding places from mosquitoes to cut down all the tall grasses around
homes to prevent mosquitoes from finding breeding places.
・Fourth point is decrease in number of mosquitoes. Where mosquitoes breed in a slow running
stream, the use of fish or ducks to eat the mosquito larvae and pupa is applied.
・Fifth point is protecting yourself from mosquitoes. Always wear long trousers and long sleeved
shirts at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are likely to bite. And always sleep under mosquito net.

2005-17.
To establish the cause of diarrheal disease, the following can be done:
I would find out about personal hygiene items of students because unhygienic condition result in
breeding of various type of germs.
I would also find out about source of water used be the students whether it is from a hygienic source.
If it is from boreholes, then I would advise that the boreholes should be re-located away from pit
latrines.
Knowing whether the students had been vaccinated against diseases like cholera before would also
be necessary.
Beside all theses, I would find out the methods of waste disposal used at the school. Waste
management is crucial since waste disposal areas re breeding groups for microbes that cause
diarrheal diseases.

11 Human diseases
 12 Immunity
Section A

2006-2
a. Antibodies a and b
b. Because in blood plasma of a person with blood group O, there are no antigens so which trigger
agglutination.

2005-5
a. It produce chemicals which coordinate the activity of all cells in the immune system.
b. HIV destroys the helper T-cell by inhibiting the producing of antibodies by the T-cell.

Section B

2011-14.
a. Number of uninfected children= 500-20= 480children
% of uninfected children = 480÷500×100% = 96%
b. It stimulate the production of antibodies which fought against bacteria.

2010-6.
c. It destroys or kills white blood cells which defend the body against diseases.

2009-10.
a. Because antibodies killed some antigen and then the level of antigens decreased.
b. The body is memorizing information about the antigens.
c. Because antibodies are produced in large amounts very quickly by the memory cells after
reinfection by some antigen.

2007-8.
a. Engulf and digest foreign particles, e.g. bacteria.
b. By neutralising the (poisonous) toxins produced by bacteria.
By dissolving bacteria outer coats.
By agglutinating bacteria so that they cannot invade.
By adhering to the outer surface of bacteria and so making it easier phagocytes to ingest them.
c. By dissolving digesting bacteria.

12 Immunity - Answers
2004-6.
a. Hemoglobin level in blood.
Presence of HIV and AIDS.
Blood group
Rhesus factor
Hepatitis
Syphilis
b. An individual makes its own antibodies as a result of contact with the antigen from the disease.
Once it recovers, it can make some antibodies very quickly.

2003-11.
a. A preparation of killed disease bacteria or viruses or forms of these treated in such a way as to
prevent their reproduction and when injected into bloodstream the organism undergoes a mild
form of the disease and its cells manufacture an excess of antibodies.
b. (i) Vaccination helps the body produce antibodies that fight against infections. Vaccines which
induce the production of antibodies and these antibodies remain in the body for a short time
but the ability to produce them in future becomes greatly increased due to the vaccines greatly
increased due to the vaccines, so any future invading viruses or bacteria are stopped at once.
(ii) Because vaccines are specific for the type of infections.

Section C

2003-17.
The first barrier is the skin. This is a physical barrier which prevents entry of pathogens into the
body. It does this by acting as a plastic hindrance or coverage so that pathogens cannot enter the
bloodstream.
In case the skin is cut, the mechanism of blood clotting acts as another barrier. Blood clotting
prevents the entry of germs into the bloodstream through cuts in the skin, apart from preventing
further loss of blood.
Tears also act as a barrier. Tears are produced by tear glands. The tears contain enzymes which kill
germs which may try to enter the bloodstream through the eyes.

12 Immunity - Answers
 13 Genetics
Section A

2009-5.
a. (i) discontinuous variation
(ii) Because the graph does not give a general shape.
b. 88%

2003-7.
a. Size, colour
b. Genetics(heredity), environment

Section B

2012-5.
a. Man is AO. Woman is BO
b. The son inherited allele A from father and allele B from mother have a new combination AB.
These are co-dominant alleles.

2012-6.
a. Grey cock: Gg Grey hen: Gg

G g
G GG Gg
G Gg gg

The genotype of offspring are GG, Gg and gg.

b. GG: Gg: gg=1:2:1
1
c: 12 × = 3 3 white chicks
4

2011-11.
b. (i) Rr
(ii) Heterozygous
(iii) Roan/red roan or patched red and white.

2009-11.
a. The phenotype of offspring is white and black furs and their ratio is 1 to 1.
b. (i) Black parent: Bb
(ii) White parent: bb
13 Genetics - Answers
2008-13.
a. eight
b. three
c. normal male, normal female
d. Blood fails to clot properly./ blood lucks platelets./ blood lacks plasma proteins, and so on.
e. X-chromosome
f. Haemophilia arises by a gene mutation in the gene which controls the formation of the blood
clotting mechanism.

2007-11.
a
(i)
GH parents
GH

G H G H gamete

GG GH GH HH offspring F1

(ii) Genotype: HH Phenotype: white

(iii) Because the offspring had lethal genes or undesirable traits that are dangerous to the individual
organisms.
b. Additive character

2006-8.
a. Haemophilia, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy., Hairy ears, Red-green colour blindness, Baldness
b.
Genotype Category
Gg Heterozygous dominant
GG Homozygous dominant
Gg Homozygous recessive

c.
(i) OO
(ii) 4 (A, AB, B, O)

13 Genetics - Answers
2005-14.
a.
Colour of mice Genotype of mouse
Grey(Homozygous) GG
Grey (Heterozygous) Gg
White(Homozygous) Gg

b.
(i)
Parent Gg

Gamete G G
g Gg Gg
gg
g Gg Gg
(ii) Grey and white
(iii) Phenotype ratio=1:1
24×1/2=12
12 mice white

2004-10.
a. Because the inheritance of genes was an intermediate process.
b. (i) RR
(ii) Rr
c. It facilitates production of hybrids with desirable characteristics.

2004-11.
a. (i)

Tt Tt parents

T t T t gametes

TT Tt Tt tt offspring

(ii) As shown by the cross diagram.

b.
(i) 1:2:1
(ii)3:1

13 Genetics - Answers
 14 Evolution
Section B

2012-7.
a.(i) Drag resistance in germ
(ii) The bacteria has resistance gene by mutation.
b. Population of the resistance bacteria become higher than before.

2011-11.
a.
(i)
Before After
More light peppered moth Less light peppered moth
Less dark peppered moth More dark peppered moth

(ii). Through mutation which gave dark peppered moth an advantage over the light peppered moth
because they were better camouflaged.

2010-14.
a. Species E and F
b. day25
c. Structures of fossils for organisms that existed in the past should be compared with the current
ones resemblances show relationships.

2009-9.
a. 25 beetles
b. 24.6%
c. Red beetles were eaten less than white beetles because their red colour was useful for them to be
difficult to be found by birds on red clay.

2009-11.
c. The natural selection would decrease the recessive allele.

14 Evolution - Answers
2008-8.
a. A gradual change or formation of new organisms from already existing species.
b.(i) By anatomy some parts of animals have same basic structure. This means these animals evolved
from common ancestor.
(ii) Embryology proves that the early stage of embryological development are similar in animals
have a close relationship.
c. During that early stage of meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up, these chromosomes
exchange portions. This leads to variability in the gene combinations in the gametes.
Fertilization of these gametes produces variation among offspring.

2006-10.
a. (i) D
(ii) Because it has a pointed mouth and teeth.
b. They have one pair of nostril and the different adaptation of the mouth to feeding behavior.
These are enough to suggest that they arise from a common ancestor or since they share a common
ancestor. It means they used to depend on the same type of food.
Owing to a rise in population, the competition for food and space was high.
Some fish sought alternative forms of food, others migrated to new environments where their body
morphological adapted to the new habitats.

2004-8.
b. (i) Homologous structure
(ii) Because these structure have same design.

2003-13.
a. Through adaptation where the weevils have acquired characteristics that help them survive DDT.
b. Weevils that have developed an adaptation for surviving in a DDT accumulated environment are
going to survive compared to those that are not well adapted, so these weevils will become
resistant to DDT and able to reproduce mare of resistant weevils.

14 Evolution - Answers
 15 Population
Section C

2012-16.
To estimate the population of fish in a pond, one would need the following materials: nets, nail
vanish or indelible ink and paintbrush.
One would then use the following methods; First use nets to capture the fish from a pond. Then
mark each fish caught with a spot of nail vanish or indelible ink. Small paintbrush should be used to
apply dye or ink.
Next, count the number of fish marked. Then release the fish into a pond. This should take at least
some time before another capturing exercise.
At this point, repeat the capturing exercise in which one should collect both marked and unmarked
fish.
One should then count them and use this formula:
Population size=Number of fish in first catch ×Number of fish in second catch ÷Number of fish
recaptured
In the end or in the conclusion, one would find that the calculations give an estimate of the
population of the fish in a pond.

2006-17
The first problem from rapid growth of human population is deforestation. This is the clearing of
large areas of natural woodland and forests either for settlement or agriculture. Deforestation
disturbs rainfall pattern, which eventually leads to desertification.
Another problem is overgrazing. When people have occupied almost all lands including where
animals would be feeding, the animals are forced to graze on a small piece of land for a long time.
This leads to soil erosion and therefore loss of fertility.
Scarcity of land forces people and companies to dump waste material some of which can be toxic
into the environment. This pollution can lead to contamination and therefore diseases.
Overpopulation can lead to overcrowded and this can encourage spread of diseases such as
tuberculosis. Diseases like HIV and AIDS easily spread in highly populated areas due to the high rate
of interaction between individuals.
Rapid growth of human population causes pressure on social services like health service, education
and welfare services.

15 Population - Answers
 16 Ecosystem
Section A

2010-3.
a. J:Decomposition K: Photosynthesis
b. Global warming

2007-4.
a. (i) In region B, the rats are not rapidly growing or accumulating mass.
Because the rats lacked a diet with vitamins to make them grow healthy.
(ii) In region C, the rats rapidly start to lose considerable weight.
Because the rats could have been attacked by diseases.
b. Number of rats , Quantity of food given

2005-6
a.(i) Squid or krill
(ii) Bacteria
b. Phytoplankton→ Krill Fish→ Crab-eater seal→ Leopard seal→ Bacteria
c. Because they are organisms the break down dead organisms at any other tropic level.

2004-1
a. (i) Refers to the natural unit that is composed of both living and non-living components of the
environment.
(ii) Refers to an association of plants and animals that live together in the same habitat and
affect each other.

b. (i) numbers
shrubs
birds
caterpillars

(ii) biomass

caterpillars
birds

shrubs

16 Ecosystem - Answers
2003-6.
a. Light, temperature, water, humidity, wind speed, topography, oxygen
b. [Link] pollution through washing away of chemicals, e.g. fertilizer from cultivated fields
[Link] accidents, for example, for example, spills in oceans cause pollution on the surface
water.
Oils spills besides cutting off oxygen supply, can also stick to feathers of water-living birds.

Section B

2012-8.
a. F: Decomposition P: Feeding Z: Nitrification
b. Nitrogen gas is changed to ammonium compound while nitrogen fixation by bacteria in soil.
Then nitrifying bacteria change ammonium compound to nitrate while nitrification.
Nitrate absorbed by plant.
c. Denitrification take place in the conditions which are groundwater, wetlands and poorly ventilated
comers of the ocean.
Denitrification takes place under special conditions in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
In general, it occurs where oxygen, a more energetically favourable electron acceptor, is depleted,
and bacteria respire nitrate as a substitute terminal electron acceptor.
Due to the high concentration of oxygen in our atmosphere, denitrification only takes place in
environments where oxygen consumption exceeds the rate of oxygen supply, such as in some soils
and groundwater, wetlands, poorly ventilated corners of the ocean, and in seafloor sediments.

2010-13.
a. Sunlight
b. Decomposes organic matter and releases mineral salts which are used by producer for growth or
for protein formation or lipid formation or synthesis of vitamin.

2009-13.
a. water plants → fish type A → fish type B → fish eagles
b. Because in high tropic level's animals the insecticide is accumulated and then concentrated by
eating another animals which contain insecticide in their body.

16 Ecosystem - Answers
2008-7.
a. Pondweeds produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Water snails use this oxygen for respiration.
Water snails produce carbon dioxide by respiration. Pondweeds use this carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
b. Because there was no oxygen to breath in the aquarium. During the night, pondweeds and
duckweeds couldn’t carry out photosynthesis and produce oxygen because of a lack of light.

2007-5.
a. Capture, mark and recapture method.
b. Using P = (No. of organism in first sample × No. of organisms second sample)
÷No. of marked organism recaptured
Where P = is total no. of grasshoppers in the area
P=64×60÷12
P= 320
c. Density = No. of individuals÷Area
=320/32m2
=10/m2

2007-13.
First mark out, using pegs and strings a piece of ground of known area where a particular plant is in
abundance.
Use a metre quadrat, collect data from at least a number of quadrats placed at random in the area you
have marked out. Count number of individual plants in each quadrat.
Calculate the average density of the plant per m2.
Finding total population, then multiply the density figure by the number of square metre of the total
area calculated at the beginning.

2006-12
a.(i) Feeding relationship
(ii) Sharp eye sight. Sharp beak.
b. Population of K will also decrease. Because population reduction of M will bring lack of food for L.
So population of L will decrease. It means K will be not able to get food. As a result, population of K
will decrease.
c. By introducing more of organism L in the environment.

16 Ecosystem - Answers
2004-7.
a. E-Decomposers F-Carbon dioxide
b. Absence of decomposers result in shortage of mineral salts in the soil, making the soil infertile for
growth of producers; the result of which is that the consumer has little food.
c. Worms make holes in soil and these holes help aerate the soil as a result enough oxygen is available
to producers for respiration.
Worms provide nutrients to the soil from their excreta.

2004-9.
a. (i) Desert
(ii) Spine
(iii) Modified leaves that are in form of spine. Because less water will be evaporated from the leaves
since reduced surface area.

2004-12.
a. 6B has air spaces but not 6A.
6A has spirally arranged vascular tissue but 6B has not.
b. (i) 6B
(ii) Because has air spaces to contain oxygen while in water.

2003-15.
a. Untreated sewage causes failure of oxygen to dissolve into the water surface at point of discharge
as a result oxygen concentration is low at that point. But as distance increases, from the point of
sewage discharge, the concentration of the sewage becomes low, due to the fact that it becomes
spread, so oxygen will dissolve into the water surface and combines with water molecules more, so
oxygen concentration starts to increase.
b. Because at the point of sewage discharge, the concentration of sewage becomes greater than the
concentration of water containing oxygen, so oxygen does not dissolve into the water surface from
the atmosphere.
c. Effect: It would be decreased.
Explanation: Fish can not get enough oxygen,

16 Ecosystem - Answers
 Section C

2009-16.
Environmental degradation can be caused by next five causes.
1, Soil erosion.
When it rains, the rain washes soil off hilly slopes. Soil erosion results in the loss of topsoil. This is the
most fertile soil as it contains the nutrients that plant need. When people cultivate the land, it also
cause soil erosion. So we need to take measures against it such as reforestation.
2, Deforestation.
Deforestation is caused by the cutting down of trees for making the gardens, firewood and building
the house. Deforestation can cause soil erosion, reduction of rainfall and changes in weather patterns.
In order to prevent the deforestation, we need to change the source of energy and materials from
trees to new ones.
3, Air pollution.
Air pollution is caused by an increase in harmful gases and fumes from fires, industry and vehicle
exhausts. It is responsible for the greenhouse effect and for global warming. It may cause respiratory
diseases. In order to prevent air pollution, we need to do the proper disposal of trashes and control
the amounts of exhaust from vehicles and industries.
4, Water pollution.
Water pollution is caused when sewage or domestic and industrial wastes are released into streams
and rivers. The release of untreated sewage into rivers can spread waterborne diseases such as
cholera, dysentery and typhoid. We have some ways for preventing the water pollution. One of them
is to dispose the urine and faeces properly.
5, Over-fishing.
The number of fish is declined by the over fishing in the lake. Over-fishing is partly due to changes in
fishing patterns. Now fishermen catch too many fish including small and immature fish. This means
that fish are caught faster than they can replace themselves through breeding. We have the closing
season and return small and immature fish into the lake for keeping the number of fish.

16 Ecosystem - Answers
2008-15.
The energy flow is started up by light energy from the sun. This light energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll in green plants. In the chlorophyll light energy is converted into chemical energy. In
tropical woodland, there are so many green plants. They absorb much light energy and it is converted
into chemical energy.
Next energy flow is from plants to first consumers along food chains as plants are eaten by first
consumers. In this step, energy moves to first consumers from plants. And then the first consumers
are eaten by second consumers. So energy moves to second consumers from first consumers. But
much of this chemical energy is lost at each step. So, a little energy is transferred to the next level.
Some energy is lost as heat energy, as plants and animals respire. Some is unused when parts of
plants and animals are left uneaten. Substances such as carbon and nitrogen are cycled in ecosystem.
But the energy flow is one-way flow. The energy flow is started up by light energy. And then energy
flows from one link to the next along food chains. And some energy is lost as respiration by living
things.

2007-13.
First mark out, using pegs and strings a piece of ground of known area where a particular plant is in
abundance.
Use a metre quadrat, collect data from at least a number of quadrats placed at random in the area
you have marked out. Count number of individual plants in each quadrat.
Calculate the average density of the plant per m2.
Finding total population, then multiply the density figure by the number of square metre of the total
area calculated at the beginning.

2003-18.
To estimate the density of grasshoppers in the garden, one would need the following materials: nets,
nail vanish or indelible ink and paintbrush.
One would then use the following methods; First use nets to capture the grasshoppers from the
garden. Then mark each grasshopper caught with a spot of nail vanish or indelible ink. Small
paintbrush should be used to apply dye or ink.
Nest, count the number of grasshoppers marked. Then release the animals into the garden. This
should take at least some time before another capturing exercise.
At this point, repeat the capturing exercise in which one should collect both marked and unmarked
grasshoppers. One should then count them and use this formula: Population size=Number of
grasshoppers in first catch × Number of grasshoppers in second catch÷Number of grasshoppers
recaptured
In the end or in the conclusion, one would find that the calculations give an estimate of the
population of the grasshoppers in the garden.

16 Ecosystem - Answers
 1 Photosynthesis
Section A

2012-2.
a. Midrib
b. P has large surface area to expose as much of it possible to sunlight and air for photosynthesis.
R is branched to provide good water supply to mesophyll cell for photosynthesis.

2011-2.
a. C6H12O6
b. Z is used for respiration to release energy.
Z is changed into proteins for growth.
Z is changed into lipids for cell wall formation.
c. The process absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere/thereby reducing its concentration in
the atmosphere.
2010-1.
a. X: Epidermal cell Y: Stoma
b. It is used to form chlorophyll which traps sunlight energy for photosynthesis

2009-6.
a. K: oxygen L: hydrogen
b. diffusion
c. It has stomata on its surface.

2007-1.
a. Photolysis
b.
( i) A: Chloroplast, (traps light for photosynthesis).
B: Nucleus
(ii) Plant cell
c. It provides oxygen to the environment Provide food in form of starch.
Reduce CO2 in the atmosphere thereby preventing global warming.

2006-1.
a. Respiration
b. Has stomata for enter and go out gases.
Thin lamina to facilitate faster diffusion of gases.
c. Transporting mineral salts as well as water to photosynthesizing leaves.

1 Photosynthesis - Answers
2005-2.
a. (i) Chlorophyll absorb light energy
(ii) Xylem brings water to leaves which is a raw materials for photosynthesis.
b. By combining glucose and nitrogen

2004-3.
a. (i) Because magnesium is necessary for production of chlorophyll molecules.

2003-1.
a. (i) Oxygen
(ii) Glucose
b By absorbing carbon dioxide which diffuses into leaves of plants to use for photosynthesis.

Section B

2011-5.
a. R: Vacuole S: Nucleus
b. (i) Palisade mesophyll
(ii) Having a lot of chloroplasts. Cells are close to upper epidermis.
c. T is pentagonal in shape while U is round. T has thick walls while U has thin walls.
d. Carbon dioxide is used up in the process of photosynthesis in the mesophyll cells so its
concentration decreases in the cells hence carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf to mesophyll cells.

2003-8.
a. CO2 concentration is the highest at dawn. It is decreasing from dawn to dusk. At dusk,
the concentration is the lowest. And it is increasing from dusk to dawn.
b. At dawn when sunlight intensity is low, the rate of photosynthesis is low so carbon dioxide which is
a raw material for the process does not diffuse much into the leaf. On the other hand, between
midday and dusk, the rate of photosynthesis is high since sunlight intensity has increased,
so this result in more diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaf.

1 Photosynthesis - Answers
Section C

2008-16.
Collect fresh green leaves and grind them. Squeeze the ground leaves to obtain an extract.
Cut a strip of filter paper. Put a drop of the extract on the strip about 4cm from the edge.
Dip the edge of the filter paper with the drop of the extract in alcohol in a beaker about 2cm from
the spot of the extract.
The alcohol rises up the strips to the spot of the extract dissolve as the alcohol passes through the
spot the pigments move up with the alcohol at different rates.
This leads to the separation of the pigments into three different coloured spots.
The three different coloured spots indicate the leaves have three different types of pigments.

2004-16.
i. Glucose is used by other cells in plant where it can be used for respiration.
ii. Can be stored for future use in storage organs, e.g. roots.
iii. Can be converted into cellulose to make new cell walls.
iv. Can be converted into fats and oils.
v. Can be combined with nitrogen and other minerals to make amino acid and proteins.

1 Photosynthesis - Answers
 2 Transportation in plant
Section A

2012-4.
a. (i) Phloem
(ii) It has sieve plate. It has companion cell.
b. pores in sieve plate allow sugars to pass from one cell to the other. Companion cell carries out some
life processes of the phloem.

2004-3.
a. (ii) By osmosis
b. Both processes involve movement substance from areas of high concentration to area of low
concentration.

2003-2.
a. (i) A
(ii) Because A has more dilute solution, so it has more water molecules than a more concentrated
solution that has fewer water molecules.
b.

2 Transportation - Answers
 Section B

2011-12.
a. Semi-permeable membrane
b. (i) Blue black colour in starch solution. Brown colour inside the Visking tube.
(ii) Iodine molecules will diffuse out of the Visking tube to starch solution but starch molecule will
not enter the tube because their molecules are big.

2010-12.
a. (i) Increased temperature will make the bubble move faster towards the shoot.
(ii) Increased humidity would make the bubble either move slowly towards the shoot or remain
stationary.
b. To measure distance moved by the bubble for a given period of time. Then divide distance moved
by time taken.

2008-10.
a. X. phloem tube Y. xylem vessel
b. (i) Y: xylem vessel
(ii) Xylem vessels carry water up from the roots.
c. Z is called cambium. The cambium is a region of active cell division, where new xylem and phloem
are formed.

2008-11.
a. (i) Potassium, Magnesium
(ii) Concentration of potassium and magnesium in cell sap is higher than it in pond water, so these
minerals enter the cell sap against concentration gradient by active transport.
b. (i) The concentration of minerals in cell sap and pond water would be equal.
(ii) If alga were killed, alga cannot absorb ions by active transport. As a result, minerals move by
diffusion to decrease the concentration gradient.

2004-13.
a. (i) It will decrease.
(ii) Because water will move by osmosis from Visking tubing to container with 40% sugar solution.
b. Selectively permeable membrane.

2 Transportation - Answers
 Section C

2011-16
PROCEDURE
1. Fill two similar photometers with equal volume of water.
2. Record the level of meniscus
3. Insert one leafy shoot in both photometers
4. Smear Vaseline on areas between the shoot and the cork
5. Observe changes in the level of meniscus in both potometers
RESULTS
Distance covered by meniscus in the photometer placed in sunlight would be more than in
photometer placed in darkness.
CONCLUSION
Increase in light intensity increases rate of transpiration.

2009-17
Prepare soaked bean seeds during about 4 days in water and the agar petri dish which contains
starch.
Cut the beans in half and put them on the agar petri dish so as that the section of beans faces on the
surface of agar.
Maintain these sets under 30°C during 24 hours.
Remove the beans from the agar after 24 hours.
Drop the iodine solution on the surface of the agar.
Remove the excess iodine solution from the surface of the agar and wash the surface of the agar.
Observe colour change on the surface of the agar. If experiment is well done, the parts the beans are
put on the surface of the agar does not change, the colour is iodine/brown colour and another parts
turn to blue black colour.
We can conclude the enzymes are secreted from the beans and it digests starch in the agar.

2005-16.
Prepare a shoot and fix it on a potometer. Fill the potometer with water of known volume.
Leave the plant on the ground where air is circulating and where there is enough there light.
As water transpires from the aerial surface of the shoot, it draws it from the potometer tube.
The photometer will measure the amount of water taken up the plant as result of transpiration.
This then shows that transpiration affects water uptake in plant.

2 Transportation - Answers
 3 Tropism
SectionA

2005-1.
a. Plant hormone which may affect rates of growing in roots and shoots.
b. (i) By growing faster.
(ii) By growing slowly

SectionB

2009-14.
a. Because black colour prevents the reflection of light inside the box.
b.

c. In seedling Y the growth does not occur because tip which produces auxins that promote and
regulate plant growth was cut off.

2005-7.
a. L
b.
(i) Cell P
(ii) Because cells in region M are elongated.

3 Tropism - Answers
2003-14.
a. Gravity
b. (i) The potted plant shows negative geotropism where it grows away from the pull of the earth
gravity.
(ii) Owing to gravity, auxin concentrates mare on the lower side of the shoot as a result this has a
higher concentration of auxin than the upper side. This influences cell elongation on the lower
side as compared to the upper side, so the plant bends upwards.

Section C

2006-16.
Prepare pre-germinated beans seedling with straight plumule and radicle, 2 petri dishes, pins, moist
cotton.
Pin 2-3 bean seedlings on the cotton in each petri-dish. In one petri-dish, the seedlings are in
horizontal position. In another one, the seedlings are in vertical position. Make sure there is space
between them.
Leave the sets on horizontal bench, and observe after 2 days.
We will observe that plumules grow upwards, while radicles grow downwards.

2004-18.

In this as a methods, one would need 2 potted plants(seedlings) of similar stages of growth, one of
which placed in cardboard box with a window cut in one side allow light to penetrate from one
direction. The other should be places on a clinostat. This expose the plant to light on both. This is
control.
After a few days, the two plant should be removed from the boxes and compared. The results would
show that the stem of plant with one-sided-illumination bend towards the light. The one in the
clinostat does not bend.
This gives a conclusion that the young shoot has responded to one-sided lighting by growing
towards it. This tendency is called phototropism.

3 Tropism - Answers
 4 Digestive system
Section A

2009-3.
a. enzyme G
b. It would lose its activity. (It would be denatured.)
c. Optimum pH of each enzyme is different.

2008-5.
a. Enzymes are denatured by heat.
b. Tube X brown.
Tube Y blue-black.

2005-3.
a. R: Liver S: Small intestine
b. By regulating and recovering excess glucose stored by the liver.

2003-3.
a
Disaccharides Polysaccharides
i. Sweet taste No sweet taste
ii. White crystalline solids Not crystalline
iii. Soluble in water Insoluble in water

b. Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Section B

2012-13.
a. Thin epithelium to diffusion of food faster.
Dense network of blood capillaries to ensure continuous blood flow.
b. Large drops of fats are not broken down.
Stomach acid is not neutralized for another enzyme.
c. To reduce of glucose level to conversion of glucose to glycogen.

4 Digestive system - Answers

2011-6.
a. Starch
b. The food substance is produced by combining several glucose molecules which release water
molecules.
c. Salivary amylase. Pancreatic amylase

2006-7.
a. X-Epithelium Y-Lacteal
b. fatty acids, glycerol.
c. Villus has thin epithelial cells that allow soluble substances to pass easily.
Epithelial cells on villus have numerous mitochondria that provide energy for the uptake of
digested food by active transport.
Villi are provide a large surface area for the absorption of the product of digestion.

2003-9.
a.
60

50

40
Rate of reaction
(mg/hour)

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature(℃)

b. As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increase too up a point where any more
temperature increase does not result in increase in the rate reaction. At that point, enzyme activity
is denatured and reaction begins to decrease.
c. Since the enzyme is denatured due to high temperatures, the rate of reaction decrease considerably.
d. 37℃

4 Digestive system - Answers

Section C

2007-12.

The first problem associated with the human digestive system is constipation. Constipation is a
situation where stools become too hard to be expelled from the body. It can be controlled from the
body. It can be controlled by drinking enough water after meals and by doing physical exercises. It
can also be controlled by using drugs such as laxatives.
Another problem is heartburn. This is a burning sensation in the oesophagus. It is caused by acidic
stomach when the contents surge or increase and move upwards into the oesopagus. It can be
controlled by taking anti-acid medications.
Stomach ulcer is another problem of the human digestive system. It may be caused when a person
constantly has too much acid in his or her stomach so that the gastric juice begins to eat into the
lining of the stomach, causing ulcers. Ulcers can be avoided by leading a worry-free life and a life not
burdened by too much work.
Indigestion is another problem and is caused by eating food too quickly and not chewing it enough.
It can be controlled by ensuring that one eats the food slowly, adequately chewing it before
swallowing.
The fifth problem is appendicitis. This is an inflammation of the appendix. This canbe cured by
removing the appendix in an operation.

4 Digestive system - Answers

 5 Circulatory system
Section A

2011-1.
a. Lymph is tissue fluid drained into the lymphatic system.
b. Lymph does not contain large protein molecules nor red blood cells while plasma contains
large protein molecules and red blood cells.
c. The volume of chest cavity increases/pressure in the chest cavity decreases/ and this draws
the lymph towards the chest cavity.

2008-1.
a. Adrenaline
b. It caused more supply of glucose and oxygen to muscles. This increased respiration rate which
resulted in more energy released for running.

2008-2.
a. X-Rib Y-Sternum
b. The heart, the lungs (Write any one.)
c. pericardial cavity, pleural cavity (Write any one.)

2008-6
a Phagocytosis
b. The site of infection in the blood vessel.
c The bacterium is digested.

2006-3.
a.(i) Sickle-shaped
(ii) They have an abnormal shape like a sickle and contain little haemoglobin.
b. Genetic/ mutation
c .malaria

5 Circulatory system - Answers

 Section B

2012-12.
a. Tricuspid
b. (i) U has more O2 than T.
(ii) T has more CO2 than U.
c. Contract of thick muscles of V to the greater force exerted on blood.

2012-14.
a. (i) Tissue fluid
(ii) Oxygen, water glucose, fatty acid amino acid
b. (i) They are very thin walls which consist of a single layer of flatted cells.
Having narrow lumens which create high blood pressure to push plasma.
(ii) Having valves to prevent back flow of lymph.
The wall of lymph vessel mare permeable than capillaries to drain wastes.
c. P

2011-7.
a. R: elastic muscle fiber(or tunica media) T: endothelium (or tunica intima)
b. M has thick elastic muscle fiber while N has thin elastic muscle fiber.
M has a narrow lumen while N has wide lumen.
c. The contraction of skeletal muscles squeeze vessel N and force blood forward.

2010-7.
a. (i) Person H
(ii) Because has lowest content of red blood cells.
b. Ratio of white blood cells to platelet in person F
5,000:250,000=1:50

5 Circulatory system - Answers

2007-10.
a. Tunica media, fibre layer/fibrous tissue
b. (i) M
(ii) Arteries have narrow lumen.
Fibre layer in arteries is more present than in any other blood vessel.
c. Because the pulse rate corresponds to the beating action of the heart as the heart pumps blood
through arteries.

2006-6.
a. Q-Valve
b. Veins and lymph vessel/lacteal
c. ←Arrow shows direction of flow of blood.
d. Blood would flow backwards without reaching the heart.
e. Muscle contraction

2005-10.
a. A- Pulmonary artery
B-Vena cave
b. (i) Walls marked C are thicker than those marked D.
(ii) Because they have to pump blood with much force to all parts of the body.

2005-12.
a. The liquid part of the blood which fibrinogen has been removed.
b. (i) X-Compatible blood Y-Agglutination of blood
(ii) Group B
(iii) Because anti-B antibodies agglutinate against the b antigens on the red blood cells.
c. Avoid agglutination of blood cells.

2003-10.
a. (i) B
(ii)D
(iii)A
b. (i) Their shape which is biconcave offers a wide area to collect and release oxygen more efficiently.
(ii) Has haemoglobin that has a high affinity for oxygen.
c.
Cell D produces antibodies to fight against infections which cell C engulfs bacteria and destroys them.

5 Circulatory system - Answers

 Section C

2005-15.
Plasma is one of the components of the human blood. Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It contain
glucose, amino acid, salts, hormones and blood protein. It also contains antibodies that fight against
infections.
Another component of human blood is white blood cells. There are several types of white blood cells
in the body. Phagocytes engulf bacteria and lymphocytes produce anitibodies.
Red blood cells form anther component of the human blood. Reds blood cells determine blood group
of individuals since they have antigens. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen
throughout the body to tissues.
Another component of the human blood comprises the platelets. Platelets prevent entry of germs into
the body by forming clots.

5 Circulatory system - Answers

 6 Respiratory system
Section A

2010-2.
a. Trachea
b. It is thin walled.
c. There is high concentration of oxygen in part marked Q than in the muscle fiber hence oxygen
diffuses into the muscle fiber.

2009-2.
a. cilia
b. (i) It traps dust particles in the air.
(ii) It lubricates the surfaces in the regions of contract between the lungs and thorax.
c. The rings of cartilage help to keep trachea open during breathing.

Section B

2012-10.
a. Causing lung cancer
Damaging the brain.
b. Increase rate of breathing. Increase heart beat
c. Very thin wall to diffuse gases effectively
Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries to exchange gases which in blood easily.

2011-13.
a. day2
b. (i) The amount of oxygen is decreased between day2 and day 4.
(ii) The population of bacteria is increasing thereby using more oxygen for respiration.

6 Respiratory system - Answers

2009-12.
a. Left atrium
b. Blood flows from point T to S. During this blood flow blood receives oxygen from alveolus.
So point S has more oxygen than point T.
c. Oxygen dissolves in this thin layer of moisture for easy diffusion across the wall of the alveolus.

2007-7.
a. After 20 seconds
b. 4.2liters
c.
(i) 5 seconds take 2 breaths.
60
60 seconds will take 2 × breaths
5
=24breaths

(ii) 5 seconds take 4 breaths

60
60seconds will take 4 × 5
breaths
=48breaths

d. Because the body muscles require more oxygen to release mare energy during respiration for
exercising.

2005-9.
a. Carbon dioxide
b. (i) Aerobic respiration
(ii) Because oxygen is used.

c. For growth.
For chemical reactions.
For physical activities.

Section C
6 Respiratory system - Answers
2011-15.
Partially burnt charcoal used up oxygen in the khola and gave off carbon monoxide. The
calves breathed in the carbon monoxide which combined with haemoglobin hence reduction in
the amount of oxygen transported. This lowered respiration in cells which resulted in less
energy produced. Then brain cells stopped working.

2010-17.
Let a person breath while at rest foe one minute (specified period of time) then record number of
breaths made. Let the same person carry out a vigorous activity for some time then immediately after
exercise record number of breath made in one minute (specified time). Compare number of breaths
made before and after exercise. Number of breaths (or breathing rate) made before exercise is lower
than after exercise. Therefore exercise increase rate of breathing.

2006-15.
Basically, the breathing mechanism in a human being is viewed from two angles. The first part is
inspiration. During inspiration also called inhalation, external intercostal muscles contract. This
makes the intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move upwards and outwards and the diaphragm
muscles on the edges contract. The diaphragm flattens, making the volume of thorax increase. Air
pressure decreases in the thorax and this makes air rush into the lungs.
Another part is expiration. During expiration or exhalation, the external intercostal muscles relax and
the intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm domes upwards, making the volume of thorax when
compared to that of the atmosphere. This forces the air out of the lungs.

2004-17.
For inhalation, a fish opens its mouth (buccal cavity). This increases the volume of the mouth and
decreases the water pressure in the buccal cavity(mouth).
Water flows into the mouth from outside because internal water pressure is lower than external
water pressure.
Operculum muscles bulge. This increases volume of the mouth and decreases pressure in the gill
region. Water flows over the gills.
For exhalation, a fish closes mouth while muscle raises the floor of mouth. This decreases volume of,
and increases the water pressure now exceeds external water pressure. Water is forced out of
operculum. As water flows past gill filament oxygen diffuses out of the water into blood, and carbon
dioxide diffuse out of the blood into the water.

6 Respiratory system - Answers

 7 Locomotion
Section A

2005-4.
a. Provides a slimy surface that reduces friction.
b. It is light and makes buoyancy in air while in flight

2004-2.
a. (i) Feathers
(ii) Fins
b. Both have streamlined body shape.
Both have powerful muscles that act on skeleton to produce movement.

Section B
2010-11.
a. (i) Down stroke
(ii) Depressor muscles contract and elevator muscles relax
b. Has aerofoil shape which creates higher pressure below the wing than on upper part.

2008-9.
a. upward beat
b. (i) Spreading of the wing provides the large surface area. This creates a large air pressure under
the surface of the wing.
(ii) Feathers enable birds to trap a lot of air. It raises air resistance below the wings and produces
up thrust on the wings.

2006-13.
a. (i) Biccps /Flexor muscle
(ii) Humerus
b. The aim will stretch.
c. It bulges out. It shortens.

2004-8.
a. Differences in shape of the bones especially humerus.
Radius and ulna in rabbit are separate while in bad are fused.

7 Locomotion - Answers
Section C

2007-14.
If birds were not adapted to overcoming gravity, they would not fly up and not fly at all. Beside, if
their bodies were not so adapted the birds would not overcome the effect of drag which are reduced
speed and lack of balance. Birds overcome these problems because they have strong but light bones.
This makes them lighter. Birds also have large and powerful flight or pectoral muscles that provide
the power to flap wings in flight. Their bodies are also streamlined to reduce air resistance.
They contain air sacs that make them lighter beside the feathers that provide aerofil needed to
generate lift when the wings.

7 Locomotion - Answers
 8 Reproduction
Section A

2012-3.
a. Crossing over
b. Ovary or testis
c. Giving variation resulting from exchange of genetic material in strand.

2010-5.
a. Fertilization
b. (i) Identical twins
(ii) They originated from a single ovum or single zygote.

2009-4.
a. (i) metaphase
(ii) Because the pairs of chromatid line up on equator of cell.
b. It contracts and pulls chromatids for separating and moving to opposite poles of the cell.

2008-4.
a. Diploid (number)
b. (i) 2 daughter cells
(ii) 2 chromatids

2007-2.
a. (i) Genetic material (Nucleus)
(ii) Dissolves surface on the ovum to allow sperm to penetrate it for fertilization.
b. Contains mitochondria that release energy used in sperm movement.

8 Reproduction - Answers
Section B

2012-9.
a. X: Urethra Z; Testis
b. Vasectomy
c. Passing sperm is stopped completely. Permanent. No side effect.

2011-8.
a. (i) day 12 to 16
(ii) Ovulation has occurred or the egg is in the fallopian tube.
b. Thickening of the uterine wall. Vascularisation of uterine wall
c. Corpus luteum produces progesterone which maintains the thickness of the uterine wall in
preparation for implantation.

2010-9.
a. P: Umbilical artery Q: Umbilical vein
b. (i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Urea
c. Lungs
d. has dense network of blood vessels for efficient transport of substance.

2009-8.
a. P: ovum R: corpus luteum
b. ovulation
c. (i) progesterone
(ii) It keeps the uterus lining thick and with a dense network of blood vessels.

2006-9.
a. A-Vas deferens or sperm duct.
B-Prostate gland
b. Testosterone
c. Because of cutting the sperm duct, sperm cannot reach the penis.

2005-11.
a. (i) B-Uterus
(ii) C-Placenta
b. It acts as a shock absorber, protecting the developing foetus against mechanical injury.
It supports the foetus and allows it to move freely during growth.

8 Reproduction - Answers
2005-13.
a. 3 = (3.1+2.5+3.0+3.5+3.4+2.5+2.6+3.4+3.0+3.5+2.0+3.5/12)
b. (i)
Birth mass(kg) 2.0-2.4 2.5-2.9 3.0-3.4 3.5-3.9
No. of babies 1 3 5 3
(ii)

c. 3.0-3.4
d. Continuous variation

2004-14
a. About 5 weeks
b. (i) Umbilical cord
(ii) It allows antibodies diffuse from the mother’s blood into the embryonic blood capillaries.
Allows metabolic waste, e.g. urea to diffuse from the embryonic blood capillaries into the
mother’s bloodstream. Allows dissolved food substances such as glucose to diffuse from the
mother’s blood into that of embryo.
c. Mitosis

Section C

2012-15.
Fist milk of breast feeding called colostrum which is rich in proteins, vitamins and antibodies which
help the baby fight early infections before its own immunity system develops.
Breast milk is cheap and is available the instant it is needed.
Breast milk is digested more quickly and more easily than bottled milk. If unhyginically handled,
bottled milk may cause frequent constipation in babies.
Breast milk is at the right temperature, i.e. the normal body temperature for the baby.
Breast feeding provides emotional and psychological benefits to both mother and baby.

8 Reproduction - Answers
2009-15.
There are several contraceptive methods. Typical contraceptive methods are following ways;
1, The rhythm method: the rhythm method prevents pregnancy by avoiding sexual intercourse during
the period when ovulation is most likely to occur.
2, Use of the condom: the condom is used to cover the penis and collect the semen in order to prevent
pregnancy.
3, Taking contraceptive pills: contraceptive pills contain female sex hormones that prevent ovulation.
4, Use of the intra-uterine device(IUD): the IUD is inserted into the uterus. It prevents the
implantation of an egg in the uterus.
5, The vasectomy: the sperm ducts are tied and cut by the surgical operation. This prevents sperm
from reaching the penis, so no sperm are discharged.

*Another contraceptive methods:

The tubal ligation is the sterilization operation for women. Both the oviducts are cut and tied back,
This prevents the sperm in the uterus from reaching the egg.
The diaphragm is inserted into the top of the vagina and placed over the cervix. It prevents sperm
from getting into the uterus.
The spermicides are placed high into the vagina before intercourse and chemicals that can be used to
kill the sperm.

2003-16.
I would advice the couple to choose from a number of contraceptive methods. The first would be use
of contraceptive pills. These are pills that contain oestrogen and progestron-like hormones. The
hormones prevent ovulation.
Another method would be the use of a diaphragm. A diaphragm is a dome-shaped rudder cap with
an elastic rim increased onto the top of the vagina and placed over the cervix, preventing sperms
from entry into uterus.
The couple would also benefit if I presented to them the use of a condom as a contraceptive method.
A condom is a thin rubber tube which is used to cover the erect penis before intercourse.
Sperms are collected at the end of the sheath so are prevented from entering the uterus. I would also
present to them the rhythm method. This is also known as safe-period method. This method is based
on the fact that in every menstrual cycle, there is a fertile period when ovulation is likely, so avoiding
sexual intercourse during this period prevents pregnancy.
The fifth method I would present to them would be withdrawing the penis from the vagina before
the organism so as to prevent depending the sperms into the uterus. I would however emphasise that
this is a very risky method because it can be too late to withdraw the penis.

8 Reproduction - Answers
 9 Excretion
Section A

2003-4
a. The process that removes amino groups from the amino acid.
b. (i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Nitrogenous compounds e.g. urea

Section B

2012-11.
a. (i) Urea
(ii)Excess amino acids are deaminated by the liver. Deamnination is the removal of amino groups
from amino acid molecules by the liver. The amino group is changed to urea and sent to the kidneys.
b. Glucose, Protein

2010-8.
a. 485cm3
b. Urine output increased
c. ADH made kidney tubules more permeable thereby reabsorbing more water hence reducing urine
output.

2009-7.
a. Because they produce concentration gradient in the dialyser for efficient diffusion of waste matters.
b. Because they provide a large surface area to increase the rate of diffusion.
c. Because if an air bubble enters the patient's blood vessels, it blocks and prevents the blood flow.
As a result, it leads the death of the patient.

2007-9.
a. (i) A: Bowman’s capsule
(ii) B: Collecting duct, tubules
b Contains the Bowman’s capsule where ultra-filtration occurs.
c. (i) Less urine is produced
(ii) When blood is concentrated with salt, hypothalamus stimulates pituitary glands so secrete into
blood anti-diuretic hormone. When this hormone reaches the kidney, it causes tubules to
absorb more water from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood and this causes kittle urine
production.

9 Excretion - Answers
2006-11.
a. M: Renal artery N: Bowman’s capsule
b. (i) Ultra-filtration
(ii) Blood capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule have very small diameter, so the high blood
pressure forces substances out or semipermeable hence allows some substances to pass and
not others.
c. Reabsorption of glucose from the tubule into the bloodstream.

2005-8.
a. (i) Glucose, Protein
(ii) Uric acid, Creatinine, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium
b. Anti-diuretic Hormone
c. Because it contains ammonia which is not needed and harmful to the body.

2004-15.
a. Dialysis fluid and blood plasma are similar in composition so important substances do not diffuse
out of the blood.
b. Each has a selectively permeable membrane that allows only smaller particles to pass through.
c. (i) Urea
(ii) water

Section C

2010-15.
There is filtration in the glomerulus due to high pressure which results in smaller substances leaking
out into the bowman’s capsule or renal tubules.
Then selective re-absorption of useful substances occurs from the renal tubules into the blood
capillaries either by active transport or diffusion or osmosis(for water) leaving behind substances in
the renal tubukes called urine.

9 Excretion - Answers