Urinary System MCQs (1–30)

1. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A. Nephron
B. Glomerulus
C. Bowman's capsule
D. Loop of Henle
Answer: A
2. Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
C. Loop of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: B
3. Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A
4. What hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (Vasopressin)
C. Renin
D. ANP
Answer: B
5. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. Renin
D. ANP
Answer: B
6. Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Nephron
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
7. Which structure stores urine until micturition?
A. Kidney
B. Ureter
C. Urinary bladder
D. Urethra
Answer: C
8. Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
A. Ureter
B. Urethra
C. Collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B
9. What is the primary nitrogenous waste in human urine?
A. Ammonia
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Uric acid
Answer: B
10. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Ascending loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C
11. Which hormone stimulates renin release?
A. High blood pressure
B. Low blood pressure
C. High sodium
D. ADH
Answer: B
12. What is the role of renin?
A. Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
C. Stimulates aldosterone directly
D. Inhibits sodium reabsorption
Answer: A
13. Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
A. Renin
B. ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)
C. ADH
D. Aldosterone
Answer: B
14. What is the main function of angiotensin II?
A. Vasodilation
B. Vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release
C. Stimulates ADH secretion
D. Increases glomerular filtration rate
Answer: B
15. Which cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
A. Macula densa
B. Juxtaglomerular cells
C. Podocytes
D. Principal cells
Answer: B
16. Which cells sense sodium concentration in the distal tubule?
A. Podocytes
B. Macula densa
C. Juxtaglomerular cells
D. Intercalated cells
Answer: B
17. What is the normal pH range of urine?
A. 3.5–4.5
B. 4.5–8.0
C. 6.0–7.0
D. 7.5–8.5
Answer: B
18. Which substance is freely filtered at the glomerulus and mostly reabsorbed?
A. Glucose
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Sodium
Answer: A
19. Which condition is characterized by the presence of protein in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: B
20. Which condition is characterized by the presence of glucose in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: A
21. Which condition is characterized by the presence of red blood cells in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: C
22. Which condition is characterized by the presence of pus (white blood cells) in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: D
23. What is the role of the loop of Henle?
A. Filtration
B. Concentration of urine by creating osmotic gradient
C. Reabsorption of glucose
D. Storage of urine
Answer: B
24. Which part of the nephron is sensitive to aldosterone?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B
25. What is the normal volume of urine excreted per day?
A. 200–400 mL
B. 400–600 mL
C. 800–2000 mL
D. 2500–3000 mL
Answer: C
26. What is the function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?
A. Excretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3−
B. Filtration of urea
C. Secretion of glucose
D. Storage of urine
Answer: A
27. Which substance is used clinically to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Sodium
D. Glucose
Answer: B
28. Which condition is caused by excessive ADH secretion?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH)
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: B
29. Which condition is caused by ADH deficiency?
A. SIADH
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: B
30. What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?
A. Increases sodium and water excretion
B. Increases sodium reabsorption
C. Stimulates ADH release
D. Stimulates aldosterone release
Answer: A31. What is the main site of potassium secretion in the nephron?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: C
32. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Ascending loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C
33. Which cells in the collecting duct are responsible for acid-base balance?
A. Principal cells
B. Intercalated cells
C. Podocytes
D. Juxtaglomerular cells
Answer: B
34. Which hormone stimulates erythropoietin production in the kidney?
A. ADH
B. Cortisol
C. Low oxygen (hypoxia)
D. Aldosterone
Answer: C
35. What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the start of the proximal tubule?
A. Hyperosmotic
B. Isoosmotic
C. Hypoosmotic
D. Variable
Answer: B
36. Which part of the nephron has the highest number of mitochondria for active transport?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A
37. Which substance is completely excreted and not reabsorbed, used to measure GFR?
A. Glucose
B. Inulin
C. Urea
D. Sodium
Answer: B
38. Which condition is characterized by reduced urine output?
A. Oliguria
B. Polyuria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: A
39. Which condition is characterized by excessive urine output?
A. Oliguria
B. Polyuria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: B
40. Which condition is characterized by complete absence of urine?
A. Oliguria
B. Polyuria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: C41. Which part of the nephron is mainly responsible for calcium reabsorption under
PTH influence?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C
42. Which condition is caused by ADH deficiency?
A. SIADH
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Oliguria
Answer: B
43. Which condition is caused by excessive ADH secretion?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. SIADH
C. Hypokalemia
D. Polyuria
Answer: B
44. Which hormone antagonizes the effects of aldosterone?
A. ADH
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C. Renin
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
45. Which nitrogenous waste is filtered and partially reabsorbed?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Glucose
D. Sodium
Answer: A
46. Which nitrogenous waste is freely filtered and almost completely excreted?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Sodium
D. Glucose
Answer: B
47. What is the normal pH range of urine?
A. 4.5–8.0
B. 3.5–4.5
C. 7.0–8.5
D. 5.0–6.0
Answer: A
48. What is the condition characterized by the presence of glucose in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: A
49. What is the condition characterized by protein in the urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: B
50. What is the condition characterized by red blood cells in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: C
51. What is the condition characterized by white blood cells in urine?
A. Glycosuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: D
52. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water but actively reabsorbs sodium?
A. Descending loop of Henle
B. Ascending loop of Henle
C. Proximal tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
53. Which part of the nephron is the main site of glucose reabsorption?
A. Distal tubule
B. Proximal tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
54. Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Nephron
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
55. Which structure stores urine until micturition?
A. Kidney
B. Ureter
C. Urinary bladder
D. Urethra
Answer: C
56. Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
A. Ureter
B. Urethra
C. Collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B
57. Which enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular cells to regulate blood pressure?
A. Aldosterone
B. ACE
C. Renin
D. ADH
Answer: C
58. What is the main role of the loop of Henle?
A. Filtration
B. Concentration of urine using countercurrent mechanism
C. Secretion of drugs
D. Storage of urine
Answer: B
59. Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: B
60. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Cortisol
Answer: B61. Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of water reabsorption?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A
62. Which part of the nephron establishes the medullary osmotic gradient?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C
63. Which substance is commonly used clinically to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Sodium
D. Glucose
Answer: B
64. Which hormone stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Renin
Answer: C
65. Which condition is characterized by reduced urine output (<400 mL/day)?
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: B
66. Which condition is characterized by excessive urine output (>2.5 L/day)?
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: A
67. Which condition is characterized by complete absence of urine?
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: C
68. Which condition is characterized by painful urination?
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Dysuria
Answer: D
69. Which hormone increases in response to low blood pressure and low sodium levels?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
70. Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Androgens
D. Epinephrine
Answer: B
71. Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Androgens
D. Epinephrine
Answer: B
72. Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex zona reticularis?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Androgens
D. Epinephrine
Answer: C
73. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for potassium secretion?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: C
74. Which hormone promotes sodium excretion and lowers blood pressure?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: C
75. Which structure prevents backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureters?
A. Ureterovesical junction
B. Urethra
C. Collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: A
76. Which part of the nephron is sensitive to angiotensin II?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: A
77. Which ion is primarily reabsorbed under the influence of aldosterone?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Calcium
D. Hydrogen
Answer: B
78. Which ion is primarily secreted under the influence of aldosterone?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Answer: B
79. Which substance is freely filtered but not reabsorbed, making it useful for measuring renal
clearance?
A. Glucose
B. Creatinine
C. Urea
D. Sodium
Answer: B
80. Which hormone regulates water permeability of the collecting duct?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: B
81. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for bicarbonate reabsorption?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A
82. Which hormone is released in response to hypovolemia or low blood pressure?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. Renin
D. ANP
Answer: C
83. Which part of the nephron is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Ascending loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
84. Which hormone stimulates sodium and water reabsorption to increase blood pressure?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: B
85. Which hormone promotes diuresis and natriuresis?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: C
86. Which renal structure filters blood plasma?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Glomerulus
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
87. Which part of the nephron adjusts the final concentration of urine?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B
88. Which condition results from chronic kidney failure with accumulation of nitrogenous waste?
A. Azotemia
B. Glycosuria
C. Proteinuria
D. Hematuria
Answer: A
89. Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption during dehydration?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
90. Which substance in urine indicates muscle breakdown and kidney filtration efficiency?
A. Glucose
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Sodium
Answer: C91. Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing most of the filtered
glucose?
A. Distal convoluted tubule
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
92. Which hormone increases in response to high plasma osmolarity?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: B
93. Which condition is caused by obstruction of urine flow leading to kidney swelling?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Cystitis
Answer: A
94. Which nitrogenous waste is produced from creatine metabolism?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Ammonia
D. Uric acid
Answer: B
95. Which hormone decreases urine output by increasing water reabsorption?
A. ANP
B. ADH
C. Aldosterone
D. Renin
Answer: B
96. Which part of the nephron performs selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B
97. Which hormone is released in response to low blood sodium levels?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
98. Which part of the nephron has a countercurrent multiplier system?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B
99. Which hormone promotes potassium excretion in urine?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. ANP
D. Renin
Answer: B
100. Which structure in the nephron prevents plasma proteins from entering the filtrate?
A. Podocytes of Bowman's capsule
B. Proximal tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A
Urinary System Structured Questions (1–20)
1. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Answer: Nephron
2. Which structure in the nephron performs filtration of blood?
Answer: Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
3. What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Answer: Reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes
4. Which part of the nephron is responsible for concentrating urine?
Answer: Loop of Henle
5. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water but actively reabsorbs sodium?
Answer: Ascending loop of Henle
6. What hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
7. What hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule
and collecting duct?
Answer: Aldosterone
8. Which hormone promotes sodium and water excretion to lower blood pressure?
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
9. Which cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus release renin?
Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells
10. What is the role of the macula densa?
Answer: Senses sodium concentration in the distal tubule and signals renin release
11. What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted in urine?
Answer: Urea
12. Which nitrogenous waste is freely filtered and almost completely excreted, used to measure
GFR?
Answer: Creatinine
13. Where is erythropoietin produced, and what is its function?
Answer: Produced in the kidney; stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia
14. What is the normal daily urine output in adults?
Answer: Approximately 800–2000 mL/day
15. Which structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Answer: Ureter
16. Which structure stores urine until it is expelled from the body?
Answer: Urinary bladder
17. Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
Answer: Urethra
18. What is the role of podocytes in the nephron?
Answer: Form the filtration barrier in Bowman's capsule and prevent plasma proteins from
entering filtrate
19. Which part of the nephron secretes potassium and hydrogen ions to regulate electrolyte and
acid-base balance?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
20. What is the countercurrent multiplier system, and where is it located?
Answer: Mechanism in the loop of Henle that concentrates urine by creating a medullary
osmotic gradient21. Which part of the nephron is mainly responsible for reabsorbing glucose?
Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule
22. Which part of the nephron adjusts the final concentration of urine?
Answer: Collecting duct
23. What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
Answer: Selective reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and water; secretion of potassium and
hydrogen ions
24. Which cells in the collecting duct are responsible for sodium and water reabsorption?
Answer: Principal cells
25. Which cells in the collecting duct regulate acid-base balance?
Answer: Intercalated cells
26. What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Answer: Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, initiating a cascade to increase blood
pressure
27. Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Answer: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
28. What are the main effects of angiotensin II on the kidneys and circulation?
Answer: Vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone release, increases sodium and water
reabsorption, raises blood pressure
29. What is the function of the vasa recta?
Answer: Maintains the medullary osmotic gradient to facilitate water reabsorption
30. What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) during dehydration?
Answer: Increases water permeability of the collecting duct to concentrate urine
31. Which hormone promotes potassium excretion in urine?
Answer: Aldosterone
32. Which hormone promotes sodium and water excretion?
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
33. Which cells sense sodium concentration in the distal tubule?
Answer: Macula densa cells
34. Which condition is characterized by reduced urine output (<400 mL/day)?
Answer: Oliguria
35. Which condition is characterized by excessive urine output (>2.5 L/day)?
Answer: Polyuria
36. Which condition is characterized by complete absence of urine?
Answer: Anuria
37. Which condition is characterized by painful or difficult urination?
Answer: Dysuria
38. What is the normal pH range of urine?
Answer: 4.5–8.0
39. Which renal structure prevents backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureters?
Answer: Ureterovesical junction
40. What is hydronephrosis?
Answer: Swelling of the kidney due to obstruction of urine flow41. Which part of the nephron is
impermeable to water but actively reabsorbs sodium?
Answer: Ascending loop of Henle
42. Which part of the nephron is permeable to water but not to solutes?
Answer: Descending loop of Henle
43. What is the role of the proximal tubule in acid-base balance?
Answer: Reabsorbs bicarbonate and secretes hydrogen ions
44. Which substance is used clinically to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Answer: Creatinine
45. What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Answer: Filtration of blood to form the glomerular filtrate
46. Which hormone increases in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels?
Answer: Aldosterone
47. Which hormone is secreted in response to high plasma osmolarity?
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
48. Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood volume or high sodium?
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
49. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for calcium reabsorption under PTH
influence?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule
50. What is the main function of podocytes in Bowman's capsule?
Answer: Form a filtration barrier to prevent plasma proteins from entering the filtrate
51. What is the function of the collecting duct?
Answer: Adjusts final urine concentration, reabsorbs water and electrolytes under hormonal
control
52. Which renal structure senses oxygen levels in the blood and secretes erythropoietin?
Answer: Interstitial fibroblasts of the kidney
53. What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Answer: Regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration via renin secretion
54. Which hormone promotes red blood cell production?
Answer: Erythropoietin
55. What is the main nitrogenous waste in urine?
Answer: Urea
56. Which nitrogenous waste is completely excreted and used to measure renal clearance?
Answer: Creatinine
57. What is the normal daily urine volume in adults?
Answer: 800–2000 mL/day
58. Which structure stores urine until micturition?
Answer: Urinary bladder
59. Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Answer: Ureter
60. Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
Answer: Urethra61. What is the countercurrent multiplier system, and where is it located?
Answer: Mechanism in the loop of Henle that creates a medullary osmotic gradient to
concentrate urine
62. What is the role of the vasa recta?
Answer: Maintains the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla to facilitate water reabsorption
63. Which part of the nephron secretes hydrogen and potassium ions to regulate pH and
electrolytes?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
64. Which cells in the collecting duct are responsible for sodium and water reabsorption?
Answer: Principal cells
65. Which cells in the collecting duct regulate acid-base balance?
Answer: Intercalated cells
66. What is the function of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Answer: Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, initiating a cascade that increases blood
pressure
67. Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Answer: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
68. What are the main effects of angiotensin II?
Answer: Vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone release, increasing sodium and water
reabsorption to raise blood pressure
69. Which hormone increases water permeability of the collecting duct?
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
70. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Answer: Aldosterone
71. Which hormone promotes sodium and water excretion and decreases blood pressure?
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
72. What is oliguria?
Answer: Reduced urine output (<400 mL/day)
73. What is polyuria?
Answer: Excessive urine output (>2.5 L/day)
74. What is anuria?
Answer: Complete absence of urine
75. What is dysuria?
Answer: Painful or difficult urination
76. What is hydronephrosis?
Answer: Swelling of the kidney due to obstruction of urine flow
77. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water but actively reabsorbs sodium?
Answer: Ascending loop of Henle
78. Which part of the nephron is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes?
Answer: Descending loop of Henle
79. What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Answer: Filters blood plasma to form glomerular filtrate
80. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing glucose?
Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule81. Which part of the nephron adjusts the final
concentration of urine?
Answer: Collecting duct
82. What is the role of podocytes in Bowman's capsule?
Answer: Form a filtration barrier to prevent plasma proteins from entering the filtrate
83. Which renal structure senses oxygen levels in the blood?
Answer: Interstitial fibroblasts of the kidney
84. What is the main function of the proximal tubule in acid-base balance?
Answer: Reabsorbs bicarbonate and secretes hydrogen ions
85. Which structure prevents backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters?
Answer: Ureterovesical junction
86. What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Answer: Regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate via renin secretion
87. Which hormone stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia?
Answer: Erythropoietin
88. Which nitrogenous waste is produced from protein metabolism?
Answer: Urea
89. Which nitrogenous waste is produced from muscle metabolism?
Answer: Creatinine
90. What is the normal daily urine volume in adults?
Answer: 800–2000 mL/day
91. Which part of the nephron is mainly responsible for calcium reabsorption under PTH
influence?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule
92. Which part of the nephron secretes potassium and hydrogen ions to maintain electrolyte and
acid-base balance?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
93. Which hormone increases in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels?
Answer: Aldosterone
94. Which hormone is secreted in response to high plasma osmolarity?
Answer: ADH
95. Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood volume or high sodium?
Answer: ANP
96. Which part of the nephron establishes the medullary osmotic gradient?
Answer: Loop of Henle
97. What is the function of the vasa recta?
Answer: Maintains the medullary osmotic gradient for water reabsorption
98. Which renal structure filters blood plasma?
Answer: Glomerulus
99. Which part of the nephron is sensitive to aldosterone?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
100. Which part of the nephron performs selective secretion of drugs and ions?
Answer: Distal convoluted tubule