Review of the Related Literature

1. Spatial User Experience: Designing Interfaces for 3D Interaction

2. From Concept to Creation: Navigating the Path to Bringing Ideas to

Life

3. The Art of CNC Milling: From Design to Machining

4. Human Factors in CNC Machining: Understanding Operator Behavior

5. Learning to Machine: Cognitive Development in CNC Operations

Spatial interfaces for 3D Visualization

Art is a unique feature of human experience. It involves the complex interplay among stimuli,

persons, and contexts. Using structural equation modeling, we explored this complex interplay by

analyzing expertise-related differences in the aesthetic appreciation of classical, abstract, and modern

artworks. Art is a diverse and distinct form of expressions that has a wide range of styles and purposes. It

has been a part of human culture for decades, serving as a form of change that can affect the world.

Broadly speaking, art can be described as an application of human creative skill and imagination maybe it

in visual form such as carving, sculpture, etc. (Leder, H., Gerger, G., Dressler, S. G., & Schabmann, A.,

2012)([Link] )

Throughout history, creativity has been a main driving force for humans to develop and innovate,

ranging from literature to art and technology. At its core, creativity involves exploring new perspectives,

allowing the expansion of ideas and thoughts whether it be the creation of a groundbreaking piece of

technology, the invention of a revolutionary product, or the development of a novel scientific theory. It is

a skill that can be developed, enhanced, and strengthened throughout practice and experiences. Creativity

flourishes in the field of boundless imagination, where limitations and possibilities seem constant.
 Moreover, by fostering an environment that encourages exploration and open-mindedness,

individuals and organizations can unlock their creative potential and harness it to tackle complex

challenges, drive modernization, and inspire positive change. Creative thinking often involves making

connections between seemingly unrelated concepts or domains. It’s about synthesizing information from

various sources and combining them to make a new and meaningful idea.

Spatial 3D datasets are particularly challenging to visualize. Unlike general 3D interaction,

visualization of 3D datasets is less focused on creation than it is on sense-making. Making sense of 3D

datasets requires an ability to manipulate the data or the view, to select in 3D specific regions of interest,

and to place and manipulate visualization widgets to better understand the inherent structure of the dataset

or some of its internal properties. While 3D interaction techniques address some of these challenges on

pre-defined objects, 3D visualization techniques should enable users to achieve all operations on non-

predefined structures. (The State of the Art of Spatial Interfaces for 3D Visualization,

[Link]

Beyond conventional 2D representations, 3D visualization provides a potent tool for representing

objects and data in three dimensions. Many industries have been transformed by this intuitive and

engaging style. Before construction ever starts, engineers and architects may digitally tour structures to

improve designs and spot possible problems. Before physical prototypes are constructed, product

designers may see and test their ideas in three dimensions, which improves manufacturability and saves

time and resources. 3D visualization enables users to engage with the environment by going beyond static

visuals. By changing the viewpoint, rotating things, and exploring from various perspectives, users may

promote more in-depth investigation, analysis, and decision-making. Key methods for producing

powerful 3D experiences include 3D modeling, rendering, and animation. Digital representations of items

or surroundings are created using 3D modeling. A 3D model is rendered into a 2D image by adding

textures and lighting to give the image a realistic appearance. Animation creates compelling storytelling

by giving 3D models movement and life. The uses of 3D visualization will grow much more as it
develops further. This revolutionary technology has the power to completely alter how we interact with

the world around us, design, and communicate complicated information.

Spatial 3D statistics are particularly difficult to understand and visualize. Making sense of 3D

datasets requires the capacity to manipulate visualize structures of the datasets or some of its internal

parts to properly understand its concept. 3D visualization techniques should allow users to achieve all

processes on non-predefined structures. Moreover, 3D interaction, such as manipulation, selection and

annotation, becomes more crucial when applied to complex features of 3D datasets, especially when

precise interaction is needed.

This provide a method beyond that by manufacturing physical three-dimensional models via the

Graphical Kernel System (GKS) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) methods. This kind of

method is very well suited for visualization in some application areas. Moreover, it yields physical models

which can be manipulated in the preoperative phase. ( K. Reumann, G. Giebel, K. Mildenstein, 1985),(

[Link] ). And according to ( Sandeep Kochhar, Jim Hall,

1996),( [Link] the key concept in CAD/CAM graphics systems is

that of presentations—pictures that convey information about products or parts of products. CAD/CAM

graphics systems that create and manipulate presentations have specific graphical requirements that have

not been addressed by existing OOGS. These requirements include the support of CAD/CAM concepts

such as drawings, views and view-specific graphics, and layers, and the ability to allow external

geometric modelers to be linked into the presentation. The researcher concur that this kind of software is

one example of producing 3D product or materials that the user needs or want.

Validating the article’s statement, the context of machining, a spatial interface typically refers to

the graphical representation of machining operations and tool paths in a three-dimensional (3D) space. It

is commonly used in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software, where engineers and machinists

design and simulate the manufacturing process before actual machining takes place. It involves

understanding how objects are positioned and oriented relative to each other in a machining environment,
as well as how tools and cutting paths move within this space to produce desired outcomes. Overall,

machining spatial understanding is essential for efficiently and accurately executing machining processes.

It involves the ability to interpret geometric information, visualize tool paths and spatial relationships, and

make informed decisions to produce high-quality machined parts.

Idea to Reality

The history of ideas is a rich tapestry that spans millennia of intellectual investigation and

discovery and is woven throughout human society. Ideas have shaped history, changing society and the

world, from the earliest documented ideas of ancient philosophers to the most innovative discoveries

made by modern scientists. Great intellectuals and visionaries have always dared to question the status

quo and push the limits of knowledge and creativity. The history of ideas is a monument to humanity's

never-ending curiosity and need for knowledge, from the emergence of philosophical conceptions in

ancient Greece to the scientific revolutions of the Renaissance and Enlightenment. It is a story of victories

and disappointments, of discoveries and paradigm changes.

As Earl Nightingale stated “Everything begins with an idea” (S Berger, O Niebuhr, A Brem - An

den Rändern der Sprache, 2020, throughout human history, human curiosity, inventiveness, and problem-

solving have fueled the dynamic and continual process of idea creation. he complexes tapestry of ideas

that continue to affect our world today is a result of the contributions of innovators and intellectuals from

a variety of backgrounds and eras. The process of generating, developing, and honing new concepts,

solutions, or inventions is known as idea creation. These are some methods and approaches that can aid in

coming up with creative ideas. It takes tenacity, imagination, and desire to turn a concept into reality.

Inspiration or a flash of insight that sparks the imagination is the first step in the process. This idea grows

from a simple notion into a prospective and purposeful vision. The voyage requires careful preparation,

astute judgment, and overcoming obstacles in the path. Collaboration is necessary since the concept needs

to be brought to life by a variety of viewpoints and expertise. Obstacles can be turned into chances for

development and creativity with commitment and diligence. Ultimately, witnessing the concept come to
life fills one with a sense of satisfaction and achievement since it proves that dreams can come true with

perseverance and commitment.

“Creative thinking brings about new things (innovation) ranging from solutions to simple to

puzzle and riddles to ideas and inventions that that have radically altered our world “The researcher

agreed that Throughout history, humanity's greatest leaps forward have emerged from the combination of

imagination and invention. From thought to creation, each innovation began as a spark in the mind, fueled

by the desire to push boundaries and solve problems. Furthermore, Innovation is the bridge that connects

the realm of imagination to the tangible world, the force that turns possibilities into realities. One prime

example of this are Machine learning it is an artificial intelligence that analyze vast amounts of data, these

algorithms can identify patterns and connections invisible to the human eye. This allows them to not only

assist in the development process but also to suggest entirely new avenues for exploration. Imagine a tool

designer, researcher grappling with a complex design or part that employer or costumer needed. Machine

learning can analyze genetic data, patient records, and environmental factors, potentially revealing

unexpected interaction and leading to novel treatment strategies. At its core, innovation involves taking

an existing idea and making it better, faster, or more efficient. It can be a radical invention that disrupts an

entire industry, or an improvement that makes a product more user-friendly. Regardless of scale,

innovation thrives on a foundation of creativity, critical thinking, and a willingness to challenge the

status, and problem solving, (RW Weisberg – 2006).

Innovation is not without its challenges. Fear of failure, resource constraints, and a resistance to

change can all hinder the journey from concept to creation. However, the potential rewards are vast.

Successful innovation can lead to economic growth, improved efficiency, and solutions to some of

humanity's most pressing problems. From mechanical breakthroughs that create to technological

advancements that help us globally, innovation is the driving force behind progress. By fostering a culture

of creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration, we can continue to bridge the gap between ideas and

realities, ensuring a future fueled by innovation and progress.

They range from sophisticated robotics that improve manufacturing precision to artificial

intelligence-driven systems that optimize decision-making processes. To ensure efficiency and safety,

autonomous cars use complex algorithms to navigate roads. With the help of CNC machines, complex

designs can be precisely created, turning abstract ideas into desired products. Mechanical technology that

incorporates machine learning algorithms, allowing easier operations, and manufacturing processes,

machinist in a new era practicing newly form of invention. These inventive devices push the envelope of

what is feasible and encourage a future in which technology is connected into all phases of life in addition

to streamlining operations and inspiring creativity.

Freeform surfaces, also called sculptured surfaces, have been widely used in various engineering

applications. Freeform surfaces are primarily manufactured by CNC machining, especially 5-axis CNC

machining. Various methodologies and computer tools have been developed in the past to improve

efficiency and quality of freeform surface machining.

CNC carving enables unique flexibility in terms of materials and components. This kind of

machine can operate with a wide range of materials such as plastic, wood, metal, foam, etc. allowing

artists or even machinists to explore creative and unique ideas across widespread industries. For example,

creating a chess piece. To achieve such complex designs and curves, it is applicable to use a four axis

CNC machine. One of the key advantages of a CNC machine is its ability to recreate intricate designs

efficiently and accurately. It also ensures uniformity, meaning balanced and well made in every part of

the material. Innovation CNC machining innovation is always changing and pushing the limits of what is

possible in manufacturing. Multi-axis machining is one noteworthy field of innovation. The three axes

that conventional CNC machines normally work in are X, Y, and Z. However, technological
developments have made it possible to create machines with four, five, or even more axes. This increased

capacity makes it possible to fabricate incredibly elaborate shapes and complex geometries that were

previously thought to be impractical. (Ali Lasemi, Deyi Xue, Peihua Gu,2010)

([Link]

Human Behavior using CNC

Continued development of modern machines and production equipment, supported by advanced

control systems and based on recent achievements in computer and software technology, is necessary to

fulfil client requirements. A significant number of manufacturing systems are able to work automatically

with a limited contribution from employees. However, even in advanced manufacturing systems, one of

the most important factors is still the human being. The manual and manpower operation been concurred

by software operation and be handling by one person. These new machining operations need to be learned

the incoming student, student or someone who need or want to learn the present machining. Usually

overall system handling and performance still depends on human decisions, especially now in this time of

day the significance of decision making is much more advance than it was before. In such situation, man

machine interaction holds a significant role in manufacturing. (Oborski, P. (2004),

([Link]

Just as twentieth century advances in machine automation resulted in the economic devaluation of

practical knowledge and skillsets historically cultivated by machinists, artisans, and other highly trained

workers (Braverman 1974), while also driving the cultivation of new skills in a variety of engineering and

white collar occupations, ICTs are also recognized as potential causes of a complex pattern of economic

deskilling, reskilling, and upskilling. (Vallor, S. Moral (2015). [Link]

9)

(K Jarosz, YT Chen, R Liu (2023), [Link] ), due to the

high efficiency and consistent product quality, CNC machining has gained a dominant role in the modern
machining industry. However, conventional machining still has its significance for certain production

settings, e.g. prototyping, and machining workforce preparation. CNC and conventional machining

require particular skills and knowledge, which can be unique to specific types of machine tools or overlap

to a certain extent. With increasing production volume demands and an aging workforce, a need for

efficient quantification, preservation and transfer of said skillsets arises to ensure effective preparation of

future professionals and the undisrupted operation of the manufacturing industry. The research

experiences the insufficient knowledge of the student that have a struggling consuming the ideas,

machining knowledge to meet the need manufacturing skill for the industry. the deficiency of skills and

knowledge of the student will be affected the application of all the operation for any manufacturing

processes making a production in industry. researcher sees that in college student especially mechanical

student. The knowledge needs to be consumed for every mechanical student is being prevented by

insufficient skill and machine. Having proper equipment and materials is the best way to ensure that

students have all the necessary information and skills they need to be competent and promising future

members of the professional field (EA Cabildo, KC Aurelio, KL Borlongan, C Mayuyu 2022).

Cognitive Development

Through the art of cutting, shaping, engraving, and forming. It starts with the fundamentals of

various machine functions and processes, such as turning, milling, drilling, etc. Honing skills can be a

critical aspect in developing once skills in a specific field of machining. Patience, precision, and a keen

eye for detail are cultivated through practice and experimentation, as each project presents its unique

challenges and learning opportunities.(H.M.A.A. Al Assadi, S.V. Wong, A.M.S. Hamouda, M.M.H.

Megat Ahmad, 2004, [Link] The relationship between the

machining parameters is complex thus it will be impossible to represent with any mathematical model.

The selection of appropriate cutting tools and the machining parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of

cut, play an important role in the efficient utilization of machine tools. Thus, significantly influence the

overall manufacturing cost. The prevailing source of such parameters is the Machining Data Handbook.
The Machining Data Handbook is based on the collection and storage of large quantities of data from

laboratory experiments and workshop experience, then can simply retrieve recommended cutting speeds

and feed for any specific cutting operation. Based on (J Madison – 1996), being cognizant of the type and

uses of CNC machine, the preparation that goes into programming, the forms of machine motion, and the

different type of compensation is essential to your success in the CNC field. This type of machine is one

bridge of a machinist to fully understand the sum of machine that being generated by code or

programming. The research concurs that everything that need or must know a machinist student is all

contain in the machining hand book. Hand book is had a big part for every student for any kind of

machine that has different function and operation, this will be their guide to succeed or master their

programming skills or technical skills for the present or future industry. to fully understand the CNC

machine their lots institution or colleges giving and training to master any kind of CNC machine to have a

cognitive knowledge for this kind of machine are giving CNC Training For the practical works of the

technological students, modern advanced workshop machines including the Computer Numerical Control

(CNC) machines, such as CNC Lathe, CNC Milling Machine, and CNC Machining Centre, have also

been bought and installed. By using these CNC machines, courses that combine theoretical knowledge

with practical applications have been conducted and the required equipment for laboratories has also been

produced. About 859 trainees have been trained in the courses on Auto CAD and CNC Applications from

2002 up to the present. Their a lot of programs that giving courses or training for CNC machine for

educate the student for being luck of knowledge and insufficient equipment and training in every College

and Universities. (C Tubsree, S Bunsong - 2013).

In any kind of training facilities CNC milling machine is common but CNC milling machine has

a different kind of axis, there are 3 axis, 4 axis 5 axis and etc. Based on (Kim, BS., Ro, SK. & Park, JK.

(2010). ([Link] )the CNC system designed for the 3-axis milling

machine consists of two parts. The one is a graphical user interface program which runs under Microsoft

Windows and the other is a DSP program which is implemented on a DSP board with TI TMS320C6701
chips. A G-code interpreter is included in the CNC system which can interpret and interpolate a basic set

of G-codes and M-codes in real-time. The implementation of this kind of training will help every

Mechanical Student to master all the skills by operating the CNC milling machine.

In the field of CNC 4 axis Milling Machining, there are problems involving overall technical

skills, such as lack of knowledge about the said machine, lack of programming knowledge, etc. thus,

improving and enhancing skills is a must in the industry and in education. Mechanical student is obliged

to learn about machines such as a CNC milling machine. It is required in a future job requirement. As

some educational institution does not offer thorough operation of a CNC 4 axis milling machine. The

researchers would like to make a CNC 4 axis milling machine trainer program for those students, for the

purpose of developing and enhancing their skills and knowledge about CNC milling machine. One true to

life example is us 3rd year BSMT students. The BS mechanical students don’t have a specific subject

pertaining to CNC machining, Student learned about the coding but it’s only the basics of it. As we lack

the knowledge and skill to operate the said machine, Mechanical Technology student of Bicol University

cannot pursue CNC machine related task or job in the future. Producing this study will meet the need of

every student to be qualified for adopting the CNC 4 axis milling machine and be qualified to be future

Machinist.

[Link]

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[Link]/abstract/document/1532781?

fbclid=IwAR2ksYmoCy9OZRlCj3kQYn0LbgHl2km1M0tG9EHW26xSXsPejn_-JlfsgGs

[Link]

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