India

National Olympiad
1986

1 A person who left home between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. returned between 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. and
found that the hands of his watch had exactly exchanged place, when did he go out ?

2 Solve 
 log2 x + log4 y + log4 z = 2
log3 y + log9 z + log9 x = 2
log4 z + log16 x + log16 y = 2


3 Two circles with radii a and b respectively touch each other externally. Let c be the radius of
a circle that touches these two circles as well as a common tangent to the two circles. Prove
that
1 1 1
√ =√ +√
c a b

4 Find the least natural number whose last digit is 7 such that it becomes 5 times larger when
this last digit is carried to the beginning of the number.

5 If P (x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients and a, b, c, three distinct integers, then show
that it is impossible to have P (a) = b, P (b) = c, P (c) = a.

6 Construct a quadrilateral which is not a parallelogram, in which a pair of opposite angles and
a pair of opposite sides are equal.

7 If a, b, x, y are integers greater than 1 such that a and b have no common factor except 1
and xa = y b show that x = nb , y = na for some integer n greater than 1.

8 Suppose A1 , . . . , A6 are six sets each with four elements and B1 , . . . , Bn are n sets each with
two elements, Let S = A1 ∪ A2 ∪ · · · ∪ A6 = B1 ∪ · · · ∪ Bn . Given that each elements of S
belogs to exactly four of the A’s and to exactly three of the B’s, find n.

9 Show that among all quadrilaterals of a given perimeter the square has the largest area.

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 India
National Olympiad
1987

1 Given m and n as relatively prime positive integers greater than one, show that

log10 m
log10 n

is not a rational number.

2 Determine the largest number in the infinite sequence

√
2
√3
√4 √
1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , n n, . . .

3 Let T be the set of all triplets (a, b, c) of integers such that 1 ≤ a < b < c ≤ 6 For each triplet
(a, b, c) in T , take number a · b · c. Add all these numbers corresponding to all the triplets in
T . Prove that the answer is divisible by 7.

4 If x, y, z, and n are natural numbers, and n ≥ z then prove that the relation xn + y n = z n
does not hold.

5 Find a finite sequence of 16 numbers such that: (a) it reads same from left to right as from
right to left. (b) the sum of any 7 consecutive terms is −1, (c) the sum of any 11 consecutive
terms is +1.

6 Prove that if coefficients of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are odd integers, then
the roots of the equation cannot be rational numbers.

7 Construct the 4ABC, given ha , hb (the altitudes from A and B) and ma , the median from
the vertex A.

8 Three congruent circles have a common point O and lie inside a given triangle. Each circle
touches a pair of sides of the triangle. Prove that the incentre and the circumcentre of the
triangle and the common point O are collinear.

9 Prove that any triangle having two equal internal angle bisectors (each measured from a
vertex to the opposite side) is isosceles.

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 India
National Olympiad
1988

1 Let m1 , m2 , m3 , . . . , mn be a rearrangement of the numbers 1, 2, . . . , n. Suppose that n is

odd. Prove that the product

(m1 − 1) (m2 − 2) · · · (mn − n)

is an even integer.

2 Prove that the product of 4 consecutive natural numbers cannot be a perfect cube.

3 Five men, A, B, C, D, E are wearing caps of black or white colour without each knowing the
colour of his cap. It is known that a man wearing black cap always speaks the truth while
the ones wearing white always tell lies. If they make the following statements, find the colour
worn by each of them: A : I see three black caps and one white cap. B : I see four white
caps C : I see one black cap and three white caps D : I see your four black caps.

4 If a and b are positive and a + b = 1, prove that

1 2 1 2 25
   
a+ + b+ ≥
a b 2

5 Show that there do not exist any distinct natural numbers a, b, c, d such that a3 +b3 = c3 +d3
and a + b = c + d.

6 If a0 , a1 , . . . , a50 are the coefficients of the polynomial

25
1 + x + x2

show that a0 + a2 + a4 + · · · + a50 is even.

7 Given an angle ∠QBP and a point L outside the angle ∠QBP . Draw a straight line through
L meeting BQ in A and BP in C such that the triangle 4ABC has a given perimeter.

8 A river flows between two houses A and B, the houses standing some distances away from
the banks. Where should a bridge be built on the river so that a person going from A to B,
using the bridge to cross the river may do so by the shortest path? Assume that the banks
of the river are straight and parallel, and the bridge must be perpendicular to the banks.

9 Show that for a triangle with radii of circumcircle and incircle equal to R, r respectively, the
inequality R ≥ 2r holds.

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 4-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1989

1. Prove that the polynomial

f (x) = x4 + 26x3 + 52x2 + 78x + 1989

is irreducible over Z[x].

2. Let a, b, c, d be real numbers, not all zero. Prove that the roots of the
polynomial x6 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d cannot all be real.
3. Let A be a subset of the set {1, 11, 21, 31, . . . , 551} whose no two elements
add up to 552. Show that A has not more than 28 elements.
4. Find all natural numbers n such that
(i) n is not a square, and
√
(ii) [ n]3 divides n2 .
5. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. Show that the quantity
a b c
+ +
b+c c+a a+b
3
must lie between 2 and 2. Can the equality hold at either limit?
6. In a scalene triangle ABC the angle at A is obtuse.
√ Determine the set of
points on the extended side BC such that AD = BD · CD.
7. A triangle ABC is acute-angled. For any point P within the triangle,
D, E, and F denote the projections of P onto BC, CA, AB respectively.
Find the locus of P for which triangle DEF is isosceles. When is △DEF
equilateral?

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 5-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1990

1. If the equation x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has four positive real roots, prove that
(a) pr − 16r ≥ 0
(b) q2 − 36s ≥ 0
with equality in each case if and only if the four roots are equal.
2. Find all pairs of nonnegative integers (x, y) satisfying (xy − 7)2 = x2 + y2 .
3. Let f : N0 → N0 be a function that satisfies
(x)
x
(i) x − f (x) = 19[ 19 ] − 90[ f90 ] for all nonnegative integers x;
(ii) 1900 < f (1990) < 2000.
Find all possible values that f (1990) can take.
4. Determine the number of three-element subsets of {1, 2, 3, . . ., 300} for which
the sum of the elements is a multiple of 3.
5. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. Show that the quantity
a b c
+ +
b+c c+a a+b
3
must lie between 2 and 2. Can equality hold at either limit?
6. In a scalene triangle ABC the angle at A is obtuse.
√ Determine the set of points D
lying on the extended line BC for which AD = BD ·CD.
7. For any point P lying within a given acute-angled triangle ABC, let D, E, F de-
note the feet of the perpendiculars from P onto AB, BC,CA respectively. Find
the set of all positions of P for which the triangle DEF is isosceles. For which
position of P is the triangle DEF equilateral?

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 6-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1991

1. Find the number of positive integers n such that

(i) n ≤ 1991,
(ii) n2 + 3n + 2 is a multiple of 6.
2. In an acute-angled triangle ABC, the altitude from A meets the semicircle
with diameter BC constructed outwards at point A′ . Points B ′ and C ′
are defined analogously. Prove that
2 2 2 2
SBCA ′ + SCAB ′ + SABC ′ = SABC ,

where SXY Z denotes the area of triangle XY Z.

3. Given a triangle ABC, denote
B−C A
x = tan tan ,
2 2
C −A B
y = tan tan ,
2 2
A−B C
z = tan tan .
2 2
Prove that x + y + z + xyz = 0.
4. Let a, b, c be real numbers in the interval (0, 1) with a + b + c = 2. Prove
that
a b c
· · ≥ 8.
1−a 1−b 1−c
5. In a triangle ABC with incenter I, points X, Y are taken on the segments
AB, AC respectively such that BX · AB = IB 2 and CY · AC = IC 2 .
Given that the points X, I, Y are collinear, find the possible values of ∠A.
n
6. (a) Find all positive integers n for which 3n+1 divides 23 + 1.
n
(b) Prove that 3n+2 does not divide 23 + 1 for any positive integer n.
7. Determine all real solutions x, y, z of the system

 x+y−z = 4,
x2 − y 2 + z 2 = −4,
xyz = 6.


8. We are given 10 objects of integer weights with the total weight 20. Prove
that if none of the weights exceds 10, then the objects can be divided into
two groups of equal weights.

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 9. The incircle l of a triangle ABC is centered at I and touches the side BC at
T . The line through T parallel to IA meets the incircle again at S and the
tangent to the incircle at S meets AB, AC at points C ′ , B ′ , respectively.
Prove that the triangle AB ′ C ′ is similar to the triangle ABC.
10. For any positive integer n, let s(n) denote the number of ordered pairs
(x, y) of positive integers for which
1 1 1
+ = .
x y n

Determine all those n for which s(n) = 5.

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 7-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1992

1. In a triangle ABC, ∠A = 2∠B. Prove that a2 = b(b + c).

2. If real numbers x, y, z satisfy x + y + z = 4 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6, show
that each of x, y, z lies in the segment 32 , 2 . Can x attain either of the
endpoints of the segment?
3. Determine the remainder of 1992 upon division by 92.
4. Find the number of permutations (p1 , . . . , p6 ) of 1, 2, . . . , 6 such that for
any k, 1 ≤ k ≤ 5, (p1 , . . . , pk ) does not form a permutation of 1, 2, . . . , k.
5. Two circles C1 and C2 in the plane meet at points P and Q 6= P . A line
through P meets C1 at A and C2 at B. Let Y be the midpoint of AB and
let QY meet the cirlces C1 and C2 again at X and Z respectively. Show
that Y is the midpoint of XZ.
6. Let f (x) be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that there exist
distinct integers a1 , . . . , a5 at which f takes the value 2. Show that there
does not exist an integer b with f (b) = 9.
7. For each integer n ≥ 3, find the number of ways in which one can place the
numbers 1, 2, . . . , n2 in the squares of an n × n chessboard (one on each)
such that the numbers in each row and in each column form an arithmetic
progression.
8. Find all pairs (m, n) of positive integers for which 2m + 3n is a perfect
square.
9. Find n such that in a regular n-gon A1 A2 . . . An we have
1 1 1
= + .
A1 A2 A1 A3 A1 A4

10. Determine all functions f : R \ [0, 1] → R such that for all x,

 
1 2(1 − 2x)
f (x) + f = .
1−x x(1 − x)

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 8-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1993

1. The diagonals AC and BD of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD intersect at

point P . Let O be the circumcenter of triangle AP B and H be the or-
thocenter of triangle CP D. Show that the points H, P , and O lie on a
line.
2. Consider a quadratic polynomial P (x) = x2 + ax + b with a, b ∈ Z. Show
that for any integer n there is an integer m such that P (n)P (n + 1) =
P (m).
3. If a, b, c, d are positive numbers with a + b + c + d = 1, prove that
1
ab + bc + cd ≤ .
4
Does the analogous inequality hold for n variables?
4. Find the set of all points P in the set of a triangle ABC such that
P 6= A, B, C and the triangles ABP , BCP , and CAP have the same
circumradii.
5. Show that there exists a natural number n such that n! in decimal system
ends in exactly 1993 zeros.
6. Let S be the circumcircle of a right triangle ABC with ∠A = 90◦ . Circle
S1 is tangent to the lines AB and AC and internally to S. Circle S2 is
tangent to AB and AC and externally to S. If r1 and r2 are the radii of
S1 and S2 prove that r1 · r2 equals four times the area of △ABC.
7. Let B be a 53-element subset of A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 100}. Prove that there
are two distinct elements x, y ∈ B whose sum is divisible by 11.
8. Let f be a bijective function from A = {1, 2, . . . , n} to itself. Prove that
there is a positive integer M such that f M (i) = i for each i ∈ A, where
f M = f ◦ f ◦ · · · ◦ f (M times).
9. Prove that there exists a convex hexagon in the plane whose all interior
angles are equal and whose side lengths are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in some order.

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 9-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1994

1. In a triangle ABC with an obtuse angle at C, AD and CF are the medians

and G the centroid.
AC
√
(a) If points B, D, G, F lie on a circle, show that BC ≥ 2.
(b) Moreover, if P is the fourth vertex of the parallelogram AGCP , prove
that triangle GAP is similar to △ABC.
2. Prove that if x is a real root of x5 − x3 + x = a, then x6 ≥ 2a − 1.
3. Prove that among any 181 perfect squares there exist 19 whose sum is
divisible by 19.
4. Find the number of (nondegenerate) triangles whose vertices lie in the set
of points (s, t) in the plane with s, t ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

5. A circle through vertex C of a rectangle ABCD is tangent to sides AB

and AD at M and N . Given that the distance from C to the line M N
equals 5, compute the area of rectangle ABCD.
6. Find all functions f : R → R which satisfy

f (−x) = f (x) and f (x + 1) = f (x) + 1 for all x, and

f x1 = fx(x)


2 for all x 6= 0.

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 10-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1995

1. In an acute-angled triangle ABC with ∠A = 30◦ , H is the orthocenter

and M the midpoint of BC. Point T is symmetric to H with respect to
M . Show that AT = 2BC.
2. Show that there are infinitely many pairs (a, b) of coprime integers such
that both the quadratic equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + 2ax + b = 0
have integer roots.
3. Show that the number of three-element subsets {a, b, c} of {1, 2, . . . , 63}
with a + b + c < 95 is less than the number of those with a + b + c > 95.
4. Let Γ′ be the circle lying inside a triangle ABC and touching the sides
AB and AC and the incircle Γ of the triangle externally. Show that the
ratio of the radii of the circles Γ′ and Γ equals tan2 π−α
4 .

5. The real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an are all greater than 1 and satisfy |ak −
ak+1 | < 1 for 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1. Prove that
a1 a2 an−1 an
+ + ···+ + < 2n − 1.
a2 a3 an a1

2p−1 − 1
6. Find all primes p for which is a perfect square.
p

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 11-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1996

1. (a) Show that, for any positive integer n, there exist distinct positive
integers x and y such that x + j divides y + j for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
(b) If for some positive integers x and y, x+j divides y +j for all positive
integers j, show that x = y.
2. Let C1 and C2 be two concentric circles in the plane with radii R and 3R
respectively. Show that the orthocenter of any triangle inscribed in C1 lies
in the interior of C2 . Conversely, show that every point in the interior of
C2 is the orthocenter of some triangle inscribed in C1 .
3. Solve in real numbers a, b, c, d, e the following system of equations:

3a = (b + c + d)3 , 3b = (c + d + e)3 , 3c = (d + e + a)3 ,

3d = (e + a + b)3 , 3e = (a + b + c)3 .

4. Find the number of ordered triples (A, B, C) of subsets of a given n-

element set X such that A ⊂ B ( C.
5. The sequence (an )n∈N is defined by a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and

an+2 = 2an+1 − an + 2 for n ≥ 1.

Prove that for any m, am am+1 is also a term of the sequence.

6. Given a 2n × 2n array of 0’s and 1’s containing exactly 3n zeros, show
that it is possible to remove all the zeros by deleting some n rows and n
columns.

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 12-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1997

1. A line through the vertex C of a parallelogram ABCD meets the exten-

sions of sides AB and AD at E and F respectively. Prove that

AC 2 + CE · CF = AB · AE + AD · AF.

2. Show that there do not exist positive integers m and n such that
m n+1
+ = 4.
n m

3. Suppose that a, b, c are distinct real numbers and t a real number such
1 1 1
that a + = b + = c + = t. Show that abc + t = 0.
b c a
4. One hundred rays emanating from the center of a square divide the square
into 100 parts, all having equal parameter p. Show that 1.4 < p < 1.5.
5. Find the number of 4 × 4 arrays tables whose entries are from the set
{0, 1, 2, 3} such that the sum of the numbers in each of the four rows and
in each of the four columns is divisible by 4.
6. Let a and b be positive numbers for which the cubic equation x3 −ax+b = 0
has three (not necessarily distinct) real roots. If α is the one with minimal
absolute value, prove that
b 3b
<α< .
a 2a

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 13-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1998

1. Let AB be a chord of a circle C1 that is not a diameter, and M be the

midpoint of AB. Let T be a point on the circle C2 with OM as diameter.
The tangent to C2 at T meets C1 at P . Show that

P A2 + P B 2 = 4P T 2 .
√ √
2. Let a and b be positive rational
√ numbers.
√ Prove that if 3
a + 3 b is a
rational number, then so are 3 a and 3 b.
3. Let p, q, r, s be four integers with 5 ∤ s. If there is an integer a for which
pa3 + qa2 + ra + s is divisible by 5, prove that there is an integer b such
that sb3 + rb2 + qb + p is also divisible by 5.
4. A convex quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle of unit radius. Show
that if AB · BC · CD · DA ≥ 4, then ABCD is a square.
5. Suppose a, b, c are real numbers such that the quadratic equation

x2 − (a + b + c)x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0

has roots of the form α ± iβ, where α > 0 and β 6= 0 are real numbers.
Show that:
(a) The numbers a, b, c are all positive.
√ √ √
(b) The numbers a, b, c are the sides of a triangle.
6. We want to choose n of the 2n integers 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, . . . , n − 1, n − 1 such
that the average of the n chosen integers is an integer and as small as
possible. Show that this can be done for each positive integer n and find
this smallest value.

The IMO Compendium Group,

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 14-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 1999

1. Points D, E, F are taken on the sides BC, CA, AB of an acute-angled

triangle ABC such that AD ⊥ BC, AE = BC, and CF bisects ∠C.
Suppose that CF meets AD at M and DE at N such that F M = 2,
M N = 1, and N C = 3. Find the perimeter of △ABC.
2. In a village 1998 persons volunteered to clean up, for a fair, a rectangular
field with integer sides and perimeter equal to 3996 feet. For this purpose,
the field was divided into 1998 equal parts. If each part had an integer
area, find the length and width of the field.
3. Prove that there are no nonconstant polynomials p(x) and q(x) with in-
teger coefficients such that p(x)q(x) = x5 + 2x + 1.
4. The equilateral triangles ABC and A1 B1 C1 are inscribed in concentric
circles Γ and Γ′ respectively. If P and P ′ are arbitrary points on Γ and
Γ′ respectively, prove that
2 2 2
P ′ A2 + P ′ B 2 + P ′ C 2 = P A′ + P B ′ + P C ′ .

5. Show that among any four distinct positive numbers one can choose three,
say A, B, C, such that the three quadratic equations

Bx2 + x + C = 0
Cx2 + x + A = 0
Ax2 + x + B = 0

either all have real roots or all have non-real roots.

6. For which positive integers n can the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 4n} be split into n
disjoint four-element subsets {a, b, c, d} such that in each of them a =
b+c+d
3 ?

The IMO Compendium Group,

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 15-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2000

1. The incircle of triangle ABC touches sides BC, CA, AB at K, L, M re-

spectively. The line through A parallel to LK meets M K at P , and the
line through A parallel to M K meets LK at Q. Prove that the line P Q
bisects AB and AC.
2. Find all integers x, y, z satisfying

x+y =1−z and x3 + y 3 = 1 − z 3 .

3. If a, b, c, x are real numbers such that abc 6= 0 and

xb + (1 − x)c xc + (1 − x)a xa + (1 − x)b

= = ,
a b c
prove that a = b = c.
√
4. In a convex quadrilateral P QRS, P Q = RS, ( 3 + 1)QR = SP and
∠RSP − ∠SQP = 30◦ . Prove that ∠P QR − ∠QRS = 90◦ .
5. Prove that if λ is a (real or complex) root of the cubic equation x3 + ax2 +
bx + c = 0 whose coefficients satisfy 1 ≥ c ≥ b ≥ a ≥ 0, then |λ| ≤ 1.
6. For every natural number n ≥ 3, let f (n) denote the the number of pair-
wise noncongruent triangles with integer sides and perimeter n. Prove
that
(a) f (1999) > f (1996);
(b) f (2000) = f (1997).

The IMO Compendium Group,

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 16-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2001

1. For any point P in a non-right triangle ABC, denote by A1 , B1 , C1 the

reflections of P in the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Prove that:
(a) If P is the incenter or an excenter of the triangle, then it is the
circumcenter of △A1 B1 C1 .
(b) If P is the circumcenter of the triangle, then it is the orthocenter of
△A1 B1 C1 .
(c) If P is the orthocenter of the triangle, then it is either the incenter
or an excenter of △A1 B1 C1 .
2. Show that the equation

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = (x − y)(y − z)(z − x)

has infinitely many solutions in integers x, y, z.

3. Prove that if a, b, c are positive numbers with xyz = 1, then

ab+c bc+a ca+b ≤ 1.

4. Show that among any nine integers it is possible to choose four, denoted
a, b, c, d, such that a+b−c−d is divisible by 20. Show that such a selection
may not be possible if there are eight integers instead of nine.
5. Let ABC be a triangle and D be the midpoint of side BC. Suppose
that ∠DAB = ∠BCA and ∠DAC = 15◦ . Show that ∠ADC is obtuse.
Moreover, if O is the circumcenter of △ADC, prove that triangle AOD is
equilateral.
6. Find all functions f : R → R satisfying the condition

f (x + y) = f (x)f (y)f (xy) for all x, y ∈ R.

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 17-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2002

1. For a convex hexagon ABCDEF in which each pair of opposite sides is

unequal, consider the following six statements:

(a1 ) AB k DE; (b1 ) BC k EF ; (c1 ) CD k F A;

(a2 ) AE = BD; (b2 ) BF = CE; (c2 ) CA = DF.

(a) Show that if all the six statements are true, then the hexagon is
cyclic.
(b) Prove that any five of these statements also imply that the hexagon
is cyclic.
2. If a, b, c are positive integers, find the least positive value of the expression
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc, as well as all triples (a, b, c) for which this value is
attained.
3. Let x, y be positive numbers with x+ y = 2. Prove that x3 y 3 (x3 + y 3 ) ≤ 2.
4. Do there exist 100 lines in the plane, no three of them concurrent, such
that they intersect exactly in 2002 points?
5. Do there exist three distinct positive numbers a, b, c such that the numbers

a, b, c, b + c − a, c + a − b, a + b − c, a + b + c

form an arithmetic progression of 7 terms in some order?

6. The numbers 1, 2, . . . , n2 are arranged in an n × n array such that the
numbers in each row and each column are in increasing order. Denote by
ajk the number in j-th row and i-th column. For each 1 ≤ j ≤ n, let bj
be the number of possible entries that can occur as ajj (For example, if
n = 3, the numbers that can occur as a22 are 4, 5, 6, so b2 = 3). Prove
that
n
b1 + b2 + · · · + bn ≤ (n2 − 3n + 5).
3

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
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[Link]
 18-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2003

1. Let P be an interior point of an acute triangle ABC. The lines BP and

CP meet AC and AB at E and F respectively, and the line AP meets
EF at point D. Let K be the projection of D on BC. Prove that DK
bisects ∠EKF .
2. Find all primes p, q and even numbers n > 2 satisfying the equation

pn + pn−1 + · · · + p + 1 = q 2 + q + 1.

3. Show that for every real number a the equation

8x4 − 16x3 + 16x2 − 8x + a = 0

has at least one non-real root and find the sum of the non-real roots of
this equation.
4. Find all 7-digit numbers formed by using the digits 5 and 7 and divisible
by both 5 and 7.
5. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle ABC. Consider the triangle A1 B1 C1
with sides a + 2b , b + 2c , c + a2 . Prove that

9
SA1 B1 C1 ≥ SABC ,
4
where SX denotes the area of triangle X.
6. In a lottery, tickets are given nine-digit codes using only the digits 1, 2, 3.
Each ticket is colored red, blue or green in such a way that two tickets
whose codes differ in all the nine places get different colors. Suppose that
the tickets with the codes 122222222 and 222222222 are red and green
respectively. Find the color of the ticket with the code 123123123.

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
Typed in LATEX by Ercole Suppa
[Link]
 19-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2004

1. In a convex quadrilateral ABCD, K, L, M, N are the midpoints of the

sides AB, BC, CD, DA, respectively. Let BD bisect KM at Q. Suppose
LK
that QA = QB = QC = QD and LM = CD
CB . Prove that ABCD is a
square.
2. Given a prime number p > 3, find all papirs of integers (a, b) such that

a2 + 3ab + 2p(a + b) + p2 = 0.

3. If a is a real root of the equation x5 − x3 + x − 2 = 0, show that [a6 ] = 3.

4. Let R be the circumradius of a triangle ABC, a, b, c be its sides, and
ra , rb , rc be the corresponding exradii. If ra ≥ 2R, prove that
(a) b < a and c < a;
(b) rb < 2R and rc < 2R.
5. Let S be the set of all hextuples (a, b, c, d, e, f ) of positive integers such that
a2 +b2 +c2 +d2 +e2 = f 2 . Consider the set T = {abcdef | (a, b, c, d, e, f ) ∈
S}. Find the greatest common divisor of all the members of T .
6. Show that the number of 5-tuples (a, b, c, d, e) of positive integers satisfying

abcde = 5(bcde + acde + abde + abce + abcd)

is odd.

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
Typed in LATEX by Ercole Suppa
[Link]
 20-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2005

1. In a triangle ABC, the median AM intersect the incircle at K and L,

where K is between A and L. Prove that if AK = KL = LM , then the
sides of triangle ABC are in the ratio 5 : 10 : 13 in some order.
2. If α and β are positive integers such that
43 α 17
< < ,
197 β 77
find the smallest possible value of β.

3. Suppose that p, q, r are positive numbers, not all equal, such that two of
the equations

px2 + 2qx + r = 0, qx2 + 2rx + p = 0, rx2 + 2px + q = 0

have a common root α. Prove that

(a) α is real and negative, and
(b) the third equation has no real roots.
4. Consider all six-digit numbers whose decimal digits from left to right are
in non-increasing order (such as e.g. 877550). If all such numbers are
written in increasing order, find the number on the 2005-th position
5. Given a positive integer x1 , a sequence (xn )∞
n=1 is constructed as follows:
For n ≥ 2, xn is obtained from xn−1 by adding some nonzero digit of
xn−1 .
(a) Prove that there is an even number in the sequence;
(b) Prove that there are infinitely many even numbers in the sequence.
6. Find all functions f : R → R such that

f (x2 + yf (z)) = xf (x) + zf (y) for all x, y, z ∈ R.

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
Typed in LATEX by Ercole Suppa
[Link]
 21-st Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2006

1. The sides a, b, c of a non-equilateral triangle ABC form an arithmetic

progression. Let I and O be the incenter and circumcenter of △ABC
respectively.
(a) Prove that IO is perpendicular to BI.
(b) If the lines BI and AC meet at K and D, E are the midpoints of
BC, BA respectively, prove that I is the circumcenter of △DKE.
2. Prove that for every positive integer n there is a unique ordered pair (a, b)
of positive integers such that
1
n= (a + b − 1)(a + b − 2) + a.
2

3. For each triple (a, b, c) of integers, define

f (a, b, c) = (a + b + C, ab + bc + ca, abc).

Find all triples (a, b, c) ∈ Z3 such that f (f (a, b, c)) = (a, b, c).
4. Some 46 unit squares of a 9 × 9 board are colored red. Show that there
exists a 2 × 2 square containing at least three red unit squares.
5. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = a, BC = b, CD = c, ∠ABC =
120◦ , and ∠ABD = 30◦ . Prove that
(a) c ≥ a + b;
√ √ √
(b) c + a − c + b = c − a − b.
2 2
6. (a) Prove that

for each n ≥ 4011 there is an integer l with n < l <
1
1 + 2005 n.
(b) Find the smallest M such that, for

each integer n ≥ M , there is an
1
integer l with n < l2 < 1 + 2005 n.

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
Typed in LATEX by Ercole Suppa
[Link]
 22-nd Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2007

1. In a triangle ABC with a right angle at C, the median through B bisects

AB
the angle between BA and the bisector of ∠B. Prove that 52 < BC < 3.
2. Let a, b, c be natural numbers and a2 + b2 + c2 = n. Prove that there exist
constants pi , qi , ri (i = 1, 2, 3) independent of a, b, c such that

(p1 a + q1 b + r1 c)2 + (p2 a + q2 b + r2 c)2 + (p2 a + q2 b + r2 c)2 = 9n.

Further, if a, b, c are not all divisible by 3, show that 9n can be expressed

as x2 + y 2 + z 2 for some natural numbers x, y, z not divisible by 3.
3. The equation x2 − mx + n = 0 has real roots α and β, where m and n are
positive integers. Prove that α and β are integers if and only if [mα]+[mβ]
is a perfect square.

4. Let σ = (σ1 , . . . , σn ) be a permutation of 1, . . . , n. A pair of indices (i, j)

is an inversion of σ if i < j and σi > σj . How many permutations of
1, . . . , n (n ≥ 3) have exactly two inversions?
5. In a triangle ABC with AB = AC, D is the midpoint of BC, P a point
on AD, and E the orthogonal projection of P on AC. If AP/P D =
BP/P E = λ, BD/AD = m and z = m2 (1 + λ), prove that

z 2 − (λ3 − λ2 − 2)z + 1 = 0.

Deduce that λ ≥ 2 with the equality if and only if △ABC is equilateral.

6. If x, y, z are positive numbers, prove the inequality

(x + y + z)2 (yz + zx + xy)2 ≤ 3(y 2 + yz + z 2 )(z 2 + zx + x2 )(x2 + xy + y 2 ).

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
[Link]
 23-rd Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2008
January 20

1. In a triangle ABC, I is the incenter, A1 , B1 ,C1 the reflections of I in BC,CA, AB re-

spectively, and I1 the incenter of triangle A1 B1C1 . Suppose that the circumcircle
of triangle A1 B1C1 passes through A. Prove that B1 ,C1 , I, I1 lie on a circle.
2. Find all triples (p, x, y) of natural numbers with p prime such that px = y4 + 4.
3. A set A of real numbers with at least four elements has the property that a2 + bc
√ all distinct a, b, c ∈ A. Prove that there exists a positive
is a rational number for
integer M such that a M is rational for every a ∈ A.
4. All points with integer coordinates in the coordinate plane are colored using three
colors, red, blue and green, each color being used at least once. It is known that
point (0, 0) is red and (0, 1) is blue. Prove that there exist three points of different
colors which form a right-angled triangle.
5. Let ABC be a triangle. Consider three equal disjoint circles τa , τb , τc inside
△ABC such that τa touches AB and AC, τb touches BC and BA, and τc touches
CA and CB. Let τ be the circle touching τa , τb and τc . Prove that the line joining
the circumcenter O and the incenter I of △ABC passes through the center of τ .
6. Given any polynomial P(x) with integer coefficients, show that there exist two
polynomials Q(x) and R(x) with integer coefficients such that
(i) P(x)Q(x) is a polynomial in x2 , and
(ii) P(x)R(x) is a polynomial in x3 .

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
[Link]
 24-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2009

First Day

1. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be an interior point such that ∠BPC = 90◦ ,
∠BA= ∠BCP. Let M and N be the midpoints of the segments AC and BC respec-
tively. If BP = 2PM, prove that A, P, and N are collinear.
2. Define the sequence (an )∞
n=1 in the following way:

0, if the number of positive divisors of n is odd,
an =
1, otherwise.

Prove that x = 0.a1 a2 a3 . . . is irrational.

Remarks. 1 and n are positive divisors of n. x can be understood as x = ∑∞
n=0 an ·
1
10 n .
3. Find all real numbers x such that:

[x2 + 2x] = [x]2 + 2[x].

Second Day

4. All the points of the plane are colored using three colors. Prove that there exists a
triangle with vertices of the same color such that either which either is isosceles
or its angles are in geometric progression.
5. Let H be an orthocenter of acute-angled triangle ABC. Denote by hmax the largest
altitude of △ABC. Prove that

AH + BH + CH ≤ 2hmax .

6. Let a, b, and c be real numbers such that a3 + b3 = c3 . Prove that

a2 + b2 − c2 > 6(c − a)(c − b).

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
[Link]
 25-th Indian Mathematical Olympiad 2010

First Day

1. Let Γ be the circumcircle of △ABC. Let M be a point in the bisector of ∠A that

is inside △ABC. Denote by A1 , B1 , and C1 the intersection points of AM, BM,
and CM with Γ, respectively. Prove that PQkBC.
2. Find all natural numbers n > 1 such that n2 does not divide (n − 2)!.
3. Find all non-zero real numbers x, y, z such that the following system of equations
is satisfied:

(x2 + xy + y2)(y2 + yz + z2)(z2 + zx + x2) = xyz

(x + x2 y2 + y4 )(y4 + y2 z2 + z4 )(z4 + z2 x2 + x4 )
4
= x3 y3 z3 .

Second Day

4. How many 6-tuples (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , a6 ) all of which elements are from {1, 2, 3, 4}
satisfy the following condition: All of a2j − a j a j+1 + a2j+1 for j = 1, . . . , 6 are
mutually equal?
5. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with altitude AK. Let H be its orthocenter
and O its circumcenter. Assume that △KOH is acute-angled and that P is its
circumcenter. Let Q be the reflection of P with respect to HO. Prove that Q lies
on the line joining the midpoints of AB and AC.
6. Define a sequence (an )n≥0 by a0 = 0, a1 = 1, and:

an = 2an−1 + an−2,

for n ≥ 2.
(a) Prove that 2am divides am+ j +(−1) j am− j for all m > 0 and j ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . ., m}.
(b) If 2k | n for some natural numbers n and k, prove that 2k | an .

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
[Link]
 India
National Olympiad
2011

1 Let D, E, F be points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively of a triangle ABC such that
BD = CE = AF and ∠BDF = ∠CED = ∠AF E. Show that 4ABC is equilateral.

2 Call a natural number n faithful if there exist natural numbers a < b < c such that a|b, and
b|c and n = a + b + c. (i) Show that all but a finite number of natural numbers are faithful.
(ii) Find the sum of all natural numbers which are not faithful.

3 Let P (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a0 and Q(x) = bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b0 be two

polynomials with integral coefficients such that an − bn is a prime and an b0 − a0 bn 6= 0, and
an−1 = bn−1 . Suppose that there exists a rational number r such that P (r) = Q(r) = 0. Prove
that r ∈ Z.

4 Suppose five of the nine vertices of a regular nine-sided polygon are arbitrarily chosen. Show
that one can select four among these five such that they are the vertices of a trapezium.

5 Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in a circle Γ. Let E, F, G, H be the midpoints

of arcs AB, BC, CD, AD of Γ, respectively. Suppose that AC · BD = EG · F H. Show that
AC, BD, EG, F H are all concurrent.

6 Find all functions f : R → R satisfying

f (x + y)f (x − y) = (f (x) + f (y))2 − 4x2 f (y),

For all x, y ∈ R, where R denotes the set of all real numbers.

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[Link]
 India
National Olympiad
2012

p √
1 Let ABCD be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. Suppose AB = 2 + 2 and AB subtends
135 degrees at center of circle . Find the maximum possible area of ABCD.

2 Let p1 < p2 < p3 < p4 and q1 < q2 < q3 < q4 be two sets of prime numbers, such that
p4 − p1 = 8 and q4 − q1 = 8. Suppose p1 > 5 and q1 > 5. Prove that 30 divides p1 − q1 .

3 Define a sequence hfn (x)in∈N0 of functions as

f0 (x) = 1, f1 (x) = x, (fn (x))2 − 1 = fn−1 (x)fn+1 (x), for n ≥ 1.

Prove that each fn (x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients.

4 Let ABC be a triangle. An interior point P of ABC is said to be good if we can find exactly
27 rays emanating from P intersecting the sides of the triangle ABC such that the triangle is
divided by these rays into 27 smaller triangles of equal area. Determine the number of good
points for a given triangle ABC.

5 Let ABC be an acute angled triangle. Let D, E, F be points on BC, CA, AB such that AD
is the median, BE is the internal bisector and CF is the altitude. Suppose that ∠F DE =
∠C, ∠DEF = ∠A and ∠EF D = ∠B. Show that ABC is equilateral.

6 Let f : Z → Z be a function satisfying f (0) 6= 0, f (1) = 0 and

(i)f (xy) + f (x)f (y) = f (x) + f (y)
(ii) (f (x − y) − f (0)) f (x)f (y) = 0
for all x, y ∈ Z, simultaneously.
(a) Find the set of all possible values of the function f .
(b) If f (10) 6= 0 and f (2) = 0, find the set of all integers n such that f (n) 6= 0.

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page Page 1
[Link]
 India
National Olympiad
2013

1 Let Γ1 and Γ2 be two circles touching each other externally at R. Let O1 and O2 be the
centres of Γ1 and Γ2 , respectively. Let `1 be a line which is tangent to Γ2 at P and passing
through O1 , and let `2 be the line tangent to Γ1 at Q and passing through O2 . Let K = `1 ∩`2 .
If KP = KQ then prove that the triangle P QR is equilateral.

2 Find all m, n ∈ N and primes p ≥ 5 satisfying

m(4m2 + m + 12) = 3(pn − 1).

3 Let a, b, c, d ∈ N such that a ≥ b ≥ c ≥ d. Show that the equation x4 − ax3 − bx2 − cx − d = 0

has no integer solution.

4 Let N be an integer greater than 1 and let Tn be the number of non empty subsets S of
{1, 2, ....., n} with the property that the average of the elements of S is an [Link] that
Tn − n is always even.

5 In an acute triangle ABC, let O, G, H be its circumcentre, centroid and orthocenter. Let
D ∈ BC, E ∈ CA and OD ⊥ BC, HE ⊥ CA. Let F be the midpoint of AB. If the triangles
ODC, HEA, GF B have the same area, find all the possible values of ∠C.

6 Let a, b, c, x, y, z be six positive real numbers satisfying x + y + z = a + b + c and xyz = abc.

Further, suppose that a ≤ x < y < z ≤ c and a < b < c. Prove that a = x, b = y and c = z.

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page Page 1
[Link]