Module 6: Painting When white is added to a color, it is a tint and it gives a

Overview lighter value. When black is added to a color, it is a shade and it

This module tackles elements of painting, principles of design, gives a darker value.
methods of presenting the subject, color harmony, and famous 3. Intensity is the degree of brightness of a hue.
Filipino painters. Artists express their thoughts and observation The colors in the color wheel are at their full intensity (bright).
about their environment through painting. Since it is an expression But once we added white, black or gray to any color, this color
of thoughts and ideas, it helps people to understand themselves, becomes dull.
their environment, and the situation of the society in the past and
at present.
Painting
Painting is the art of illustrating the artist’s creativeness on a Color Schemes
flat surface such as canvas, paper, wood, etc. using colored 1. Monochromatic is using the same hue with different
pigments. This form of art conveys lots of meaning to people. gradients of value, or referring to one hue of several tones.
Some paintings are based on real life, but others are the
products of the artists’ imagination. People appreciate paintings
for some reasons. They say if a person is cheerful, he
appreciates work of arts with bright colors. Others love
paintings because these artworks are related with their field of
experience. 2. Analogous involves the use of three adjacent colors in the
Elements of Painting color wheel, or the three colors next to each other.
(1) Line. It is the simplest and universal of the six elements. It
has two general categories:
(a) straight line refers to horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines.
A horizontal line connotes rest, calmness, and relaxation. A
vertical line connotes poise, force and balance. A slanting line 3. Complementary colors consist of two colors which give a
or diagonal line connotes instability and loss of control. strongest contrast with one another.
(b) curved line connotes action, energy, life, and pleasure.
(2) Texture. This refers to the external aspect of paintings. The Examples:
application of paint may be thin and smooth, shiny or dull, and Yellow and violet
thick or rough. Red and green
(3) Value. This refers to lightness and darkness of a color. When 4. Split Complementary is a scheme using three colors. Select
colors are greatly diluted with white, they are called tints; the one color on the color wheel. Let’s say green and find its
colors that are darker by the addition of black are called complement which is red and then choose the color on each
shades. side of the red plus green to achieve split complementary
(4) Space. The artist ought to put the objects in their proper scheme.
places to help the viewers interpret the paintings.
(5) Color. This gives life to any visual arts. It is the shade used by
an artist that shows the real image of something and presents
the connotation of each colored object in the artwork. There
are two kinds of color: 5. Triadic uses three colors that are of equal distance from each
(a) Warm colors are called advancing colors because they make other.
the objects appear larger and nearer to the viewers. (b)
Cool colors are receding colors because they give a peaceful
effect on the paintings.
Color has three properties, namely:
1. Hue literally means color. It refers to as pure color, or as the
dominant color of the object. 6. Square Tetradic consists of four colors with equal spaced
between them.

2. Value is the quantity of white or black that is added to a hue. 7. Rectangular Tetradic is similar to square tetradic scheme
with four colors. To achieve rectangular tetradic, draw a
rectangular shape as shown in the figure below.
 artist may use color, size or position of the object making the
other elements appear subordinates to the main subject.

The colors in the four corners make a rectangular

tetradic. Notice that there is one pie that separates the two
corners and another three pies that separate the other
corners.
Some Ways of Presenting the Art Subject
(6) Shape. This refers to an enclosed two-dimensional area.
Shape is formed whenever lines connect both ends. 1. Realism. This refers to the real appearance of the major and
minor objects shown in the artworks.
Principles of Designs
2. Abstraction. There are some techniques to show abstract
1. Rhythm. It is a repetition of lines, shapes, sizes and colors in
subjects.
the artworks.
a. Expressionism. The expressionist uses distortion, swirling,
and exaggeration in order to convey his feelings. The artist has
an emphasis on emotional content.
b. Mangling. They presents subject that is cut or hacked.
c. Cubism. The cubist expresses his subject with the use of
cone, cylinder and geometric shapes.
2. Proportion. It describes the relationship of dimension of the
3. Symbolism. This also expresses emotions, thoughts and
objects when compared to another object. It is important to
fantasies. The elements of the artwork represent an idea. The
give proportion to the elements of the artwork to emphasize
Spolarium painted by Luna gives us a glimpse of Roman history.
their meanings. Besides, failure of the artist to do this, the
It informed us about the dying gladiators who were devoid of
resulting image will be less realistic.
their worldly possessions.
4. Impressionism. The impressionist usually paints about
outdoor activities capturing realistic scenes. He is also
interested with landscapes as his subjects.
5. Fauvism. This is characterized by vivid colors resulting to a
vibrant effect. The concern of the artist is to give enjoyment
that’s why depression is out of his theme. He does not conform
3. Balance. This may be formal (symmetrical) or informal with the actual appearance of the object pertaining to its
(asymmetrical). color.
Formal balance is bring off if the objects are similar in forms, 6. Dadaism. The concern of the artist is to show in public the
appearances, and sizes at equal distances from the center. This wickedness of the society. The presentation is somewhat
kind of arrangement of objects gives the viewers an impression shocking and provoking.
of self-respect, seriousness, and formality. Informal balance is 7. Futurism. The artist is concerned with the view of the
achieved by arranging the things which are dissimilar in shapes, modern world. His works appear worthier and more splendid
appearances, and sizes at equal distance from the center. It with a touch of advanced technology. The subject expresses
gives an impression of something natural and relaxed. Unlike modernization.
objects follow the asymmetrical order, still, they give a pleasing
8. Surrealism. The surrealists view the world as a magical one,
appearance to the viewers.
or beyond reality. He may also present his subject with violence
or cruelty.
Color Harmony
1. Complementary colors (contrasted color harmony). It
neutralizes or intensifies each other when they are combined.
Examples: a combination of pink and blue; black and white
4. Harmony. This is achieved if the artwork has similar or 2. Monochromatic colors (related color harmony). This consists
related elements. You can also show harmony through colors, of several tones of one hue.
lines, shapes, forms, and texture in your work. Example: dark blue- royal blue-sky blue
Some Noted Filipino Painters
1. Juan Luna won the first gold medal in the National Exposition
of Fine Arts in Madrid (1884). His artwork Blood Compact won
the silver medal at Universal Exposition in St. Louis Missouri,
USA in 1904. Spolarium, his other work of art, means spoils of
war.
5. Emphasis. This is the center of attraction of the artwork.
There are various ways used by an artist to show emphasis. The
2. Fernando Amorsolo was the first National Artist in the 7. Cesar Legaspi was known for utilizing the cubism method
country. He specialized in Philippine settings and perfected with geometric shapes. His artworks include Morning Dance,
contrasting hues for harmony. He was known for using Gadgets and Reclining Nude.
backlight technique in painting, making his creation bright and
cheerful. His major works are entitled Dalagang Bukid, El Ciego,
The Mestiza and Planting Rice.

8. Ang Kiukok painted a subject about nationalism and

sociological agenda through cubistic forms. Some of his
3. Victor D. Edades, the Father of Modern Philippine Painting, artworks are entitled Fisherman, Fighting Figures and
led an assemblage called “The Thirteen Moderns “. He was Crucifixion.
known for using dark somber colors. He focused on factory
workers, laborers and simple town people as his subjects.

9. Benedicto Cabrero was known as “Bencab” and he was

marked as the best seller of his generation. His artwork “Sabel”
4. Carlos”Botong” Francisco was the most distinguished mural is a symbol of dislocation, despair and isolation.
painter for three decades. He used historical events as his
subject. His major works are entitled First Mass at Limasawa,
Bayanihan and The Invasion of Limahong.

5. Vicente Manansala used abstract and cubist styles. He Module 7: Photography and Leaf Art
focused on realistic themes. His major works are entitled A Overview
Cluster of Nipa Hut, Market Vendors and Madonna of the This module provides the definition of other forms of visual arts
Slums. such as photography and leaf art. An artist can convey his thoughts
and feelings through these two art forms. This lesson explains why
photography considered an art and why leaf carving/cutting
became an art.
It also teaches the learners the important points to remember in
writing caption of a photograph. Also, it provides the learners the
techniques of cutting and carving leaves. The students can
produce bookmarks and home décor out of these art forms.
6. Hernando R. Ocampo was known for his abstract paintings. Photography
His works featured shapes bounded with curved lines painted Photography is an art form with unique features that makes it
in intense colors. His masterpiece “Genesis” was the basis of different from painting. Merriam Webster dictionary defines art
the design of the curtain of CCP Main Theater. His major works “something that is created with imagination and skill and that is
are entitled Slum Dwellers, Genesis, and Ina ng Balon. beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings.” With
this definition, photography can be a tool to express one’s ideas
creatively.
The techniques and styles of a photographer on how he will
show the real world can be considered an art. Aside from the
artist can take a photograph of his subject as it is, he may also
arrange his subject to express his emotions or ideas and let the
world see and understand the thoughts expressed on it.
A photograph can give us lots of meanings, and each
interpretation is based on one’s field of experience or on one’s
culture. An artist can create number of captions to a picture as
long as these support the story presented in the photograph. My momma always said ‘Life is like a box of chocolate. You never know
Ansel Adam used a system to regulate exposure and contrast what you’re gonna get'”. Forrest Gump
that gave the photograph a distinctive view of freshness and 4. Make sure that you use the correct spelling of the important
depth as you can see it below. person you are describing in the picture.

Ansel Adams, The Tetons and the Snake River

Here are guidelines in writing captions.
1. Use present tense of the verb to describe the picture. Afghan Girl/ Photo credit Steve McCurry
2. Do not begin the caption with names unless this person is Note: The two-word caption gives meaning to the fear in her
relevant to the picture. eyes. With the caption revealing her background as an Afghan
3. Start identifying or describing members of the group from girl ,we can relate to the idea expressed by the photographer.
left to right’ 5. Consider the kind of audience in writing your caption.
4. Caption should give the viewers an information which is
not obvious in the picture. It should add information that
matches the image.
5. Avoid using “above or pictured here”.
6. Write caption that covers the meaning of the whole photo.
7. Write in capital letter the first letter of the first word of
your caption. Indian bride getting ready for her wedding
8. Caption can be written in a brief sentence or in a title case. 6. Write caption based on your purpose. This picture focuses
If you need to add one or two sentences to your caption, more on the products but lesser than about the person.
make sure these will support your first sentence.
9. Always remember when you write caption, it should be
meaningful and catchy.
10. You can begin your caption with a prepositional phrase,
participial phrase and other phrases; or a clause.
Other Tips to Write Your Caption
1. Use a striking question that provokes emotions.
Our Mother’s Day sales start today | Photo credit Matilda Bababeva
7. Write caption with a conversational tone. It’s not a
complicated sentence but write as if you are talking with a
friend.

Do you think we have enough time to save this planet?

2. Give extra value to the viewer.

When all you need is a cup of coffee before you start working
Leaf Art
Leaf art by cutting is done by an artist by using tools like cutter,
scissors or any pointed instrument to create the desired
This is the pure definition of freedom images. Leaf carving is scratching some parts of the leaf to
3. Use a quote or lyrics appropriately. Make credit to someone achieve the desired image. Watch the videos to get more ideas
else’s quote. about leaf art.
Examples: 2. Relief Sculpture – the sculpted image is still attached to the
whole material. Relief comes from a Latin word relevo meaning
to raise. An example of this sculpture is the “Venus of Laussel”.

Module 8: Sculpture
Overview
You will learn about sculpture as a form of expression, the types,
features, elements, materials and methods to be used
for sculpture and the famous Filipino sculptors.
Sculpture Venus of Laussel

Sculpture originates from the Latin word “sculpere“, means to Kinds:

carve. It is the art of expressing the artist’s ideas in three- 2.1. Low or Bas Relief Sculpture. The image is slightly raised
dimensional forms - has width, length and height. It is done by above the plane.
using hard and soft materials such as wood, clay, glass, gold,
silver and others.
It is a functional art because its primary purpose is to
perpetuate memories or commemorate events.
Moreover, sculpture is the greatest form of fine arts. It is
referred to as plastic arts because of the shaping process or
plasticity it involves. It is a three - dimensional form of arts.
Sculpture can be a representational or wholly abstract. 2.2. High Relief or Alto Relief. The image is raised one half or
*In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing more of the material used.
to consider is the material.
Features of Sculpture
• Line
• Color
• Texture
• Form
• Style 2.3. Sunken Relief or Intaglio. The material is hollowed to get
• Volume the desired image.
• Perspective
Elements of Sculpture
• Mass and Space. These are the two most important
elements of sculpture.
• Texture and Volume
• Surface
• Light and Shade New Types of Sculpture
• Color 1. Assemblage or Recycled Art. This is similar to collage in that,
Types of Sculpture both used different or any pieces of materials that are put
together to form artistic work. The difference is that,
1. Free Standing Sculpture or Sculpture – in-the-Round can be assemblage is more on construction of three-dimensional form
seen at all sides such as statues. The sculpted image is attached while collage is a two- dimensional (width and length) form of
only on the base. One of the famous examples of free-standing art.
sculpture is the “Statue of Liberty”.

2. Kinetic. This is a type of arts that has movements. It is

Statue of Liberty operated by a machine or with the use of batteries to make the
creative works move. Some sculptors used other techniques to 3. Modeling is a process of manipulating soft materials such as
produce artistic work without using machine or batteries. clay and wax with the use of artist’s hands or with the use of
Example: Wind Chimes metal and wood for creating and shaping a three-dimensional
form of arts.
4. Fabrication is an additive process which employs joining or
fastening such as nailing, stapling and welding.
Famous Filipino Sculptors
1. Napoleon V. Abueva was known as the “Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture” and National Artist for Sculpture in 1976.
He used almost all kinds of materials for sculpture. Example :
3. Luminous. This is a type of sculpture that is emitting or UP Gateway
reflecting light. 2. Guillermo E. Tolentino was proclaimed as National Artist for
sculpture in 1973. He used concrete to create his artworks. Ex:
UP Oblation, Andres Bonifacio Monument
3. Isabelo Tampinco was known for his wood carvings for
churches, notably the San Ignacio church in Intramuros; Manila
Cathedral’s facade; high relief on [Link] Church molave’s
door
4. Abdulmari Asia Imao was designated as National Artist of the
Philippines for Sculpture in 2006. He was known for using the
okir or okil (plant-based design), sarimanok ( sari means various
4. Welded. This is a sculptural type in which artwork is formed or assorted; manok- chicken and naga ( a Sanskrit language-
by welding technique. serpent) as motifs in his artworks. He was also a painter.
5. Arturo Rogerio Luz was known as printmaker, sculptor,
painter and art administrator. He received the award “National
Artist Award in 1997. He used hardwoods, marble, and metal
for his creative works.
Module 9: Architecture
Overview
Architecture as a form of expression and be familiarized with the
Materials for Sculpture types and elements of architecture, the materials to be used for
Stone. These are normally used for gravestone in cemeteries, in architecture and the well-known Fil archi and their major works.
building houses and other establishments. Architecture
Granite. Egyptian sculptors used granite in making the sculpture
The word "architecture" comes from the Latin architectura and
of their pharaohs.
that from Greek (architecton), "master builder", from the
Marble. Some of the famous sculptures made of marble are the
combination of (archi-), "chief" or "leader" and (tekton), a
internationally famous Pieta, David and Dying Slave by
"builder" or "carpenter“.
Michelangelo.
Jade. It is widely used in Ancient China as an ornamental stone. Architecture is the making of beautiful buildings.
People believed this material displays a quality of morally Buildings should embody three important elements: plan,
good. construction and design (Caslib Jr. et. al., 2018)
Ivory. Its source is the main part of the elephant tusk. This is According to Sanchez [Link].(2012):
used in making billiard balls.
Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings
Gold and Silver. It is used to make pieces of jewelry.
and other types of structures. Varied materials used include
Plaster. This medium is used for making manikins, models, stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and plaster.
molds, decorations and other indoor sculpture.
Architecture is often referred to as the “mother of the arts”
Clay. It is a soft material and is easy to create an artwork because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in
because of its plasticity. However, it is fragile. relation to other fields of art such as painting, sculpture,
Methods Used for Sculpture interior design, landscape architecture, and city planning.
1. Carving is removing the unwanted portion of the solid De Architectura is the earliest written work on the subject of
material to create artistic work. architecture by the Roman architect VITRUVIUS.
According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three
2. Casting is a process of melting materials and is poured into
principles:
the mold with hollow cavity for the desired image. The
solidified part is known as casting which is broken out of the 1. Durability
mold to get the finished product or artwork. 2. Utility
3. Beauty
In planning any building, consider the following:
 1. Purpose or functions relationships between parts of a whole, or between two or
2. Site/location more items perceived as a unit.
3. Climate 5. Light
4. Materials
It is a necessity for sight and, in architecture, a utility. But light is
Types of Architecture also a powerful, though ephemeral, a vehicle of expression.
Alan Gowans categorized architectures into several types 6. Texture
(Pagay, 2012):
It refers to the way objects feel to the touch. Texture plays a
1. Monuments or Tombs dual role in architecture: it expresses something of the quality
This type of architecture commemorates the past of a society of materials and it gives a particular quality to light.
such as the Iwo Jima monument at Arlington National
7. Color
Cemetery or the rants tomb in New York.
2. Shrines and Sanctuaries It is a constant feature of architecture. It includes pigments
which usually preserve the texture of the original surface, and
These are places of ceremonies and rituals, binding a
veneers of wood and a variety of manufactured product that
community together such as the National Cathedral in
entirely alter the surface character.
Washington D.C, on your hometown, or church or synagogue.
3. Walls and Forts 8. Environment
They serve as protection against attacks like the “Great Wall of The architect aims to create harmonies with preexisting
China”. elements in the landscape and townscape. The natural
4. Shelters environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the
They provide the basic protection against the elements such as architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks.
sun, rain and wind (e.g., barn for animals, bus shelter or grain 9. Form
silo) Form is not only the physical shape, size, and mass of a work
5. Homesteads are meant, but also all the elements that contribute to the
They provide an individual an ideal space to raise family, your work’s aesthetic structure and composition.
family’s house. Architectural Materials
6. Palaces 1. Stone
These the living and the working space for rulers such as the Its advantages are durability, adaptability to sculptural
Buckingham Palace, Versailles or the United States Capitol; a treatment, and the fact that it can be used in modest structures
place where government meets the people. in its natural state.
7. Public Works 2. Brick
These are foundations of civilized life, such as windmills, roads
Compares favorably with stone as a structural material for its
bridges, water works the railroads and subways, airport,
fine and weather resisting qualities and for the ease of
terminals and etc.
production, transportation, and laying. Bricks maybe used in
8. Mansions construction only in conjunction with mortar, since the unit is
They are large homesteads that include servants. too small, too light and too irregular to be stabilized by weight.
9. Shops and Offices
3. Wood
These structures facilitate for disturbing goods or services such
as Village’s general store to the mall of America outside It’s easier to acquire, transport, and work than other natural
Minneapolis, or the Chicago mercantile exchange. materials. All parts of a building can be efficiently constructed
of wood except foundations; its advantage is susceptibility to
10. Amenities
fire, mold, and termites.
They are places for community welfare and recreation, such as
hospitals, orphanages, libraries, museums, institutional housing 4. Iron and Steel
like nursing homes, fairgrounds, or union hall. The most important innovation in architecture since ancient
Elements of Architecture (Pagay, 2012) times. These methods provide far stronger and taller structures
with less expenditure of material than stone, brick, or wood
1. Content
and can produce greater unsupported spans over openings and
This element is the subject matter of architecture.
interior or exterior spaces.
2. Space and Mass
The two arts in which space is of great importance are 5. Concrete
architecture and painting. Architecture is primarily in art of Concrete is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with
space. aggregates of sand and stones, which hardens rapidly by
3. Composition chemical combination to a stone like, water and fire-resisting
The organization of the whole out of its parts, the conception of solid of great compressive (but low tensile) strength.
single elements, the interrelating of these elements, and the Famous Filipino Architects
relating of them to the total form. The architecture of the Philippines reflects the country’s
4. Scale and Proportion complex cultural identity. First colonized by Spain, then Japan
Both have to do with size. Scale means size in relation to a and finally America, Filipinos joke that they spent 400 years in a
standard or “normal” size. Proportion refers to size convent, five in a prison camp, and 45 in Hollywood. This
complexity finds its creative expression in the work of
these famous post-war architects, whose vision simultaneously
captured the country’s history while looking towards the
region’s future (Naji, 2008).
➢Juan F. Nakpil - The son of veterans of the Philippine
Revolution, Juan Nakpil was committed to the belief that
architecture built in the Philippines should reflect its culture
and people.
National Artist for Architecture,1973
Major Works: Rizal Shrines in Calamba Laguna, Quezon Hall,
University of the Philippines, Gonzales Hall, Philippine Village
Hotel, Manila Rizal Theaters, Makati SSS Building, Quezon City
Rufino Building and etc.
➢ Leandro Locsin was in some ways a quintessential
Renaissance man. A brilliant architect, interior designer, artist,
and classically trained pianist, Locsin was also a keen art
collector, amassing a sizable collection of fine Chinese art and
ceramics during his lifetime. It is for his buildings, however, that
he is remembered. From airport terminals to memorial chapels,
arts centers to stock exchange structures, Locsin left his mark
on the urban landscape of the Philippines.
National Artist for Architecture,1990
Major Works: Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folks Arts
Theater, Philippine International Convention Center in Manila,
Sofitel Philippine Plaza (Western Philippine Plaza), Philippine
Pavilion in Osaka Japan and Manila International Airport (NAIA
Terminal I)
➢ Pablo S. Antonio- One of the first exponents of modernist
architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio is revered as a
pioneer and the foremost architect of his time.
National Artist for Architecture, 1976
Major Works: Far Eastern University (in the late 1930’s), Life
Theater in Quezon Blvd. in Manila and Galaxy Theater
➢ Idelfonso P. Santos Jr.- The father of Philippine landscape
architecture, Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as he was
known, created some of the best loved urban spaces in the
Philippines. Landscape architecture, which deals with
parks, plazas, and green spaces, was a little-considered element
of urban planning in the first half of the 20th century.
National Artist for Architecture, 2006
Major Works: Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila Hotel,
San Miguel Cooperation Building, Nayong Filipino, Paco Park,
Rizal Park, Loyola Memorial Park and Tagaytay Highlands Golf
and club.