KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGY (KIIT)
Department of Mathematics, SAS
VECTOR, PDE and COMPLEX ANALYSIS
(MA21004)
Assignment - 2 Solutions
Question 1
Solve the PDE
uyy + 6uy + 13u = 4e3y
Solution
Treat x as a parameter. The equation becomes an ordinary differential equation in y.
Homogeneous equation:
uyy + 6uy + 13u = 0
Auxiliary equation:
m2 + 6m + 13 = 0
√
−6 ± 36 − 52
m=
2
m = −3 ± 2i
Hence the complementary function is
uc = e−3y (C1 cos 2y + C2 sin 2y)
Now find the particular solution.
Assume
up = Ae3y
1
Then
uy = 3Ae3y , uyy = 9Ae3y
Substitute in the equation:
9Ae3y + 18Ae3y + 13Ae3y = 4e3y
40A = 4
1
A=
10
Thus
1 3y
up = e
10
Final solution:
1 3y
u(x, y) = e−3y (C1 cos 2y + C2 sin 2y) + e
10
—
Question 2
Derive the one dimensional wave equation.
Solution
Consider a vibrating string of length L with tension T and mass per unit length ρ.
Let
u(x, t)
be the transverse displacement.
Consider a small segment of the string of length ∆x.
Using Newton’s second law:
Force = mass × acceleration
Vertical force on the element:
T sin θ2 − T sin θ1
For small angles
∂u
sin θ ≈ tan θ =
∂x
2
Thus
∂u ∂u
T −
∂x x+∆x ∂x x
∂ 2u
= T 2 ∆x
∂x
Mass of the element
ρ∆x
Acceleration
∂ 2u
∂t2
Applying Newton’s law
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
T ∆x = ρ∆x
∂x2 ∂t2
Cancelling ∆x
∂ 2u T ∂ 2u
=
∂t2 ρ ∂x2
Let
T
c2 =
ρ
Hence the wave equation becomes
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= c
∂t2 ∂x2
—
Question 3
Find the deflection u(x, t) for a string fixed at both ends having length L = 1,
c2 = 1 with zero initial velocity and initial deflection
f (x) = kx(1 − x)
3
Solution
Wave equation:
utt = uxx
Boundary conditions
u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = 0
General solution using separation of variables:
∞
X
u(x, t) = [An cos(nπt) + Bn sin(nπt)] sin(nπx)
n=1
Initial velocity condition
∂u
(x, 0) = 0
∂t
Thus
Bn = 0
Initial displacement
u(x, 0) = kx(1 − x)
∞
X
kx(1 − x) = An sin(nπx)
n=1
Coefficient
Z 1
An = 2 kx(1 − x) sin(nπx)dx
0
Solving the integral gives
8k
An = (1 − (−1)n )
n3 π 3
Thus the deflection is
∞
X 8k
u(x, t) = 3 3
(1 − (−1)n ) cos(nπt) sin(nπx)
n=1
nπ
—
4
Question 4
Convert the PDE to normal form and solve
xuxy − yuyy = 0
Solution
General second order PDE
Auxx + 2Buxy + Cuyy = 0
Here
x
A = 0, B= , C = −y
2
Characteristic equation
A(dy)2 − 2B(dx)(dy) + C(dx)2 = 0
0 − (x)dxdy − y(dx)2 = 0
xdy + ydx = 0
d(xy) = 0
Hence
ξ = xy
Take
η=x
In these new variables the equation reduces to
uξη = 0
Integrating
u = F (ξ) + G(η)
Thus
u = F (xy) + G(x)
—
5
Question 5
Find the temperature on a laterally insulated rod whose ends are kept at zero
degree of length 10 cm and λn = 1.05 and initial temperature
f (x) = 4 − 0.8|x − 5|
Solution
Heat equation
ut = α2 uxx
Boundary conditions
u(0, t) = 0, u(10, t) = 0
General solution
∞
X nπx
u(x, t) = Bn sin e−λn t
n=1
10
Where
n2 π 2
λn =
100
Coefficient
Z 10
2 nπx
Bn = f (x) sin dx
10 0 10
Since
f (x) = 4 − 0.8|x − 5|
Split the integral at x = 5.
Z 5 Z 10
1 nπx nπx
Bn = (4 − 0.8(5 − x)) sin dx + (4 − 0.8(x − 5)) sin dx
5 0 10 5 10
Therefore the temperature distribution is
∞ nπx n2 π 2
X
u(x, t) = Bn sin e− 100
t
n=1
10