Data Processing:
It is significant for the researcher to carry out preliminary screening of the
questionnaire, followed by data editing and coding.
• Data Editing:
The process of data editing is primarily concerned with checking of illegible,
incomplete, illogical or inconsistent responses.
The raw data may often contain respondent error as well as non respondent error.
These non sampling errors affect the reliability of the study; thus it is important to
carry out data editing.
Data Coding:
• It is a systematic way of condensing massive data sets into mutually exclusive and
collectively exhaustive categories to make it amenable for analysis.
• The process by which verbal data are converted into variables and categories of variables
using number system or alphabets or alphanumeric symbols, so that the data can be entered
into MS-Excel files or spread sheets for further interpretation.
( Bourque, , 2004).
For exploratory research codes are developed inductively after data collection
and during data analysis as data analysis is primarily non-statistical.
The standard guidelines used for coding are given below:
on a scale of attitudes about on a survey of where city residents live,
work, South =1
East =2
5=Strongly agree
North =3
4=Somewhat agree West =4
3=Neither agree nor disagree
on a survey of occupation,
2=Somewhat disagree Business=1
Government service=2
1=Strongly disagree Private sector=3
Data entry:
After data editing and coding the data are entered in the MS-Excel file or spread sheet.
A manual recheck of the data entry process can be done for a small set of data to confirm that the
codes assigned are entered.
The only care that has to take is
“missing data”.
The other option is to substitute
the missing data with the mean
value of the concerned variable.
Preliminary Analysis:
The data from the spreadsheet can be directly imported in the SPSS file or other packages available.
The first part of data analysis is [Link], 2. Graphical presentation and [Link] summarization.
This is called as “Descriptive Statistics”.
Descriptive statistics: It is only concerned with obtaining summary measures of the different
variables about which the data has been collected.
It includes classification, graphs, frequency diagrams (histograms), calculating measures of central
tendency as well as measures of dispersion.
The measures of central tendency include mode, median and mean.
The measures of dispersion are range, skewness and standard deviation.
Tabulation:
Tabulation is the process of simple counting of cases that fall into various categories. It is
the final step in preparing data for further and detailed analysis using MS-Excel or software packages.
It may be a simple tabulation or cross tabulation of two variables simultaneously without doing
any statistical calculations.
One-Way Tabulations are useful in communicating the result of a study.
In addition, they can be used for other purposes:
1. to determine the degree of item nonresponse,
2. to locate blunders,
3. to locate outliers or unusual observations,
4. to calculate summary statistic
5. to determine the empirical distribution of the variable in question
One way tabulation (simple tabulation):
Cross tabulation:
SPSS
SPSS stands for
“Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”.
It is an “IBM tool” first launched in 1968.
This is one software package mainly used for statistical analysis of the data.
SPSS is mainly used in the following areas like healthcare, marketing, and
educational research, market researchers, health researchers, survey companies,
education researchers, government, marketing organizations, data miners, and many
other
Features of SPSS
This makes the process of manipulating, analyzing and pulling data very simple.
SPSS have easy access to data with different variable types. These variable data is
easy to understand.
Trend analysis, assumptions, and predictive models are some of
the characteristics of SPSS.
SPSS is easy for you to learn, use and apply.
It helps in to get data management system and editing tools handy.
SPSS helps us to design, plotting, reporting and presentation features for more
clarity.
Statistical Methods of SPSS :
Many statistical methods can be used in SPSS, which are as follows:
Prediction for a variety of data for identifying groups and including methodologies
such as cluster analysis, factor analysis, etc.
Descriptive statistics, including the methodologies of SPSS, are frequencies,
cross-tabulation, and descriptive ratio statistics, which are very useful.
Also, Bivariate statistics, including methodologies like analysis of variance
(ANOVA), means, correlation, and nonparametric tests, etc.
Numeral outcome prediction such as linear regression.
SOURCE :
1. Publication by Timira sukla, IT school of Management
[Link]
2. [Link]