Energy of the Future – Renewable Energy

• 1973(Middle east war), 1979(Iranian revolution) à oil shock

• 1961 Korea’s energy dependence on foreign countries 8.6 (mostly coal)
• 1971 : 50.8%, 1981 : 75.2%
• Economic development -> Increase in energy demand -> Limitations of
anthracite -> Increase in demand for oil, bituminous coal and LNG
• 1986 : 79.7%, 1991 : 84.5%, 2020 : 92%
Energy of the Future – Renewable Energy
• New/Renewable energy – New energy & Renewable energy
- New energies: fuel cell, coal liquefaction/gasification, hydrogen energy
- Renewable energies: solar power, photovoltaic, biomass, wind power,
small hydropower, geothermal, marine, waste energy
Energy of the Future – Renewable Energy
• Alternative domestic energy due to depletion of
fossil fuels
• Contribute to national security
• Prepare for international environmental
regulations according to the Climate Change
Convention
• An important next-generation promising
business along with the IT and BT industries
Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
• Humanity's ultimate energy source heat
• Energy density: 1 kW/m2 (relatively low)
• Highly dependent on natural conditions
• Clean, no worries about exhaustion light
• Two studies of heat and light

photosynthesis

Use of solar energy

 Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
• Nuclear fission à mass to energy

• 657 million tons of deuterium (2H) per second

• 653 million tons of helium (4He) per second

• 4 million tons of mass loss

• E=mc2
• Total energy generated: 3.8x1023 kW

• To Earth : 1.77x1014 kW
• To Earth surface : 1.25x1014 kW(~70%)
• Land : 8.5x1013 kW(~47%)
• Sea : 4.0x1013 kW(~23%)

Solar radiation energy and the Earth's holding energy

 Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
• 6000 degrees Celsius
• Solar constant 1.37 kW/m2
• About one-third is reflected from
the Earth and reaches the surface
due to absorption in the
atmosphere, about ~1 kW/m2.
• Direct solar radiation is about
87% due to scattering in the
atmosphere.
• It must be balanced against the
radiative heat transfer from the
Earth.
• If there is no atmosphere, the
average global temperature is
calculated as -20°C.
• Currently, the average
temperature is about 15°C.
• If emissions are reduced by
greenhouse gases, global
temperature rises.
Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
 Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
• Tilt angle : between the horizontal plate and heat collecting plate
• Perpendicular to sunlight at noon in March and September if you
match the angle of inclination with latitude..
• When the angle between sunlight and the vertical line is 60 degrees,
the energy density is 1/4 of that of the vertical.
• In order to take advantage of the strong insolation in summer, the
inclination angle is designed to be smaller than the latitude. In order
to maximize the amount of heat collected in winter when energy
demand is high, the inclination angle is designed to be larger than
the latitude.
• The influence of inclination
and azimuth is not dominant,
the roof of most buildings
to the southeast and southwest
directions is suitable.
In spring or autumn, a surface tilted in latitude degrees would
be perpendicular to the sun.
 Energy of the Future – Solar Energy

Mar. Tilted radiation

Jul. Dec. winter

summer

summer
Vertical radiation
Sep. winter
The Earth revolves around the Sun along an axis
tilted at 23.5

Earth's axial tilt forms summer and winter.

Energy of the Future – Solar Energy
summer

spring/fall

winter
 Energy of the Future – The Glass
Spectral transmittance of glass
Vis The most important optical property of
transmittance glass is that it allows light with shorter
IR wavelength among visible and infrared light
to pass through. However, it cannot pass
long-wave infrared radiation.

A lot of effort to increase the transmittance

(minimize the iron content of glass, use
plastic instead, etc.)

Far infrared
wavelength
 Energy of the Future – The Glass (heat loss)
• Temperature difference/insulation between two
surfaces
• Heat loss by conduction
thermal conductivity [W/mK]
copper 400, aluminum 200, iron 100, SUS 15
glass 1.5, brick 1.0, wood 0.15, air 0.02.
• Heat loss by convection
transparent insulator (bubble type)
• Heat loss by radiation
From inside out

How heat escapes from double-glazed windows.

The air layer is usually 6-10 mm. If it is too
narrow, the convection will be difficult but
conduction will be easy because there is only a
small thickness through which the air can
conduct. If the air layer is too wide, the
convective flow can easily circulate. In addition,
there is infrared radiation passing through the
air layer, which can be reduced by coatings with
low emissivity.
Energy of the Future –Low-Temp Solar Energy

Classification of solar energy use

• Depending on the temperature:
Low temperature type: using the glazing effect
High temperature type: using a condensing mechanism

• Depending on the format:

Active solar heating
Passive solar heating
Solar thermal engines
Daylighting

• Low temp applications (Active and passive)

- Half of the final energy, 80% of household consumption.
Heating, hot water supply, cooking, lighting in that order
- Competitive technologies: district heating, cogeneration, heat
pump.
(Advantage: Suitable for public and industrial fields as it can be
used at all times)
Passive solar heating

• History
• Roman plate glass manufacturing technology
• A 2m x 3m window frame found in the city of Pompei.
• In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population increased and housing was
dense, and health problems due to lack of mining emerged.
• Ultraviolet rays from the sun have a bactericidal effect, so it is considered a
medical tool and succeeded.
• Although it is known that very short-wavelength ultraviolet light cannot
pass through glass, it is preferred because it affects human hormone
production.
• Industrial development was delayed due to mass production and
consumption of fossil fuels, but it was revived with the advent of an energy
crisis.
 Passive solar heating
Various Solar Heating Systems
• Swimming pool heating
• Greenhouse
Outside the south wall of the building
A kind of heat collecting plate, the refrigerant is air Greenhouse addition
Energy is mainly stored in the building walls
• Trombe wall
Named of the French inventor of the greenhouse.
Southerned wall is thickened and separate air passage
Air circulates on sunny days, stops at night/cloudy day Indirect gain

• Direct gain
Normal or double glazed windows
If the heat capacity of a building is small,
it becomes a greenhouse. Direct gain
Different types of passive solar systems:(a)
Greenhouse type, (b) Thermal storage wall
type, (c) Direct acquisition type
Passive solar heating
Universal natural solar technology

- must be well insulated to reduce overall heat loss

- Efficient and responsive heating system
- must be south facing
- It must not be obscured by other buildings to get the heat of the midwinter sun.
- Avoid excessive heating in summer.

design stages of low-energy houses

Passive solar heating
•Wallasey School (Cheshire, 1961) – Direct gain building

• Large south-facing glass windows to get sun light

• Thermally Outstanding Structure (Internal Insulation)
• Thick insulation on the perimeter of the structure

Wallasey School Section

Passive solar heating

• Ultra-insulated building (Wates house, 1975)

• 450 mm thick insulation

• Small quad glazed windows
• Independent heating system

Wates house
 Natural Light
•Importance of lighting
•The efficiency of artificial lighting was extremely low, but it is improving.
•For office buildings, lighting approaches 30% of energy consumption.
•Deep Plan vs. Shallow Plan
•Shallow plan This is advantageous for mining, but disadvantageous for
insulation.
•In Deep Plan, install a light well in the center, Increase the vertical length
mirror for daylight on
of the window to allow sunlight to reach deep a narrow street in
•Recently, use of mirrors and light ducts or optical fibers London before World
War II

Modern deep plan

lighting design
Energy of the Future – Solar Thermal

• Solar thermal engines

- An extension of the active solar heating system.
- Achieving high temperature by condensing light
- Use complex collectors to raise the working fluid to a sufficient
temperature when operating a steam turbine
- One example is a large curved mirror. Millions of watts is produced.
(Mojave Desert, 90% of global electricity generation)

è In order to use solar heat, information on the amount of irradiation,

direction and altitude of irradiation, and direct irradiation rate according
to seasonal changes in a specific area is required.
Active solar heating
Types of Thermal Collectors
Energy of the Future – Solar Thermal
• BC 212 Archimedes: Fire with the reflected light of a brass shield on a Roman
battleship
- 1973, empirical experiment: 60 1m x 1.5m mirrors successfully ignited the wood
50 m ahead - the basis of modern “power towers”.

• A parabolic mirror is used to collect light.

Determination of light collection rate according to
target temperature.
§ Line focus : Maximum temp. 200-400 C
§ Point focus : Maximum temp. 1500 C
Energy of the Future – Solar Thermal
Roof type solar hot water heater
Pump Powered Solar Hot Water Heater
- Collector panels are typically 3 to 5 m2
- Installed on the roof of the house.
- The main absorber is an iron plate
connected to a copper tube through which
water circulates.
- Storage tanks usually have a capacity of
around 200 L and often include an
immersion electric heater for water use.
The tank is insulated.

• Glass has a selective transmission effect

(glazing)
• The absorber has surface treatment with
wavelength selectivity such as black copper
oxide, black iron oxide, black chrome
• Selective absorption: the absorption rate is
high at > 2.5 um. > 99% are 0.3-2.0 um.
Energy of the Future – Solar Thermal
Roof type solar hot water heater

• Thermosyphon solar heat water heater

• Applied to regions where the winter

temperature is above zero.
• Integrated with storage tank. Installed on
the roof and supplied to private houses for
hot water supply.
• The hot water from the collector panel rises
by natural convection, so a storage tank is
installed above the collector.
• No heat exchanger required.
• Temperatures of 60-65 degrees Celsius in
summer and 30-35 degrees Celsius in winter.
Solar Thermal engine – CSP type
CSP - Concentrated Solar Power.

• Along with space development, it is

necessary to test the operating
characteristics at high temperatures such as
rockets, missiles, and nuclear reactors.
In 1969, an eight-story parabolic mirror was
installed in Odeillo in the French Pyrenees.
3800 degrees at 50 cm2 in the central part
• In the early 1980s, a single 10MW solar
power plant (power tower type) in Barstow,
California. Recently under construction of
Heliostat Central Receiving System - Field of
Solar Tres in Spain (15 MW). Daylight Reflectors

Solar Tres will be three times larger than Solar Two with 2,493 heliostats, each with a
reflective surface of 96 m². The total reflective area will be 240,000 m² (2.6 million ft²). They
will be made of a highly reflective glass with metal back to cut costs by about 45%. A larger
molten nitrate salt storage tank will be used giving the plant the ability to store 600 MWh,
allowing the plant to run 24/7 during the summer.
Solar Thermal engine – Solar One
• Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity

Nevada Solar One (at right), and

Copper Mountain Solar 1 (at left)

Fossil backup, night time preservation, and

morning pre-heating, is provided by natural
gas and provides up to 2% of total output.

[Link]
 Solar Thermal engine – PTC type
PTC: Parabolic Trough Collector
•Luz International's solar power plant in Mojave, California, which accounts for 90%
of the world's solar power generation. 1984-1990 Construction of nine 13-80 MW
class SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Systems). The current collection area of 80MW
SEGS is 464,000 m2.

•Originally built for the purpose of solving the peak

cooling load in broad daylight. In 1992, construction
expansion was delayed due to a fall in natural gas prices.
Although it goes against the idea of 100% renewable
energy, solar power generation It is desirable to operate
in parallel with a natural gas or coal combustion system.
For single-route power generation, solar power is
generated during the day, stored heat is used in the
evening, and natural gas is used at night.

SEGS Solar Collector Field at Kramer Junction in

Southern California
Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics
(1) Intro
• Unlimited, pollution-free solar energy -> Electricity (direct)
• (solar)photovoltaic(power) system
• Solar cell / Unit device
• Photovoltaic cell; PV cell
• PV system
• Multiple solar cells à module (required power)
• Generate direct current à store in a capacitor à conversion to alternating
current

• Pros: direct conversion, vast energy source, rich in

materials (Si), No moving parts
• Cons:: low energy density (installation area), high
production cost, carbon dioxide during manufacturing
 Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics
• Photovoltaic = photo (light) + volt
Volt: unit (Italian physicist Volta).
• 1839 Becquerel (French physicist): increased
voltage when silver plate of ”wet cell” is
explosed to sunlight
• 1877 [Link] & [Link] (England): reported
to the Royal society about electrical property
change of Selenium when exposed to light
• 1883 Fritts: photovoltaic sheet of selenium +
gold wire + protective glass plate (figure), <1%
efficiency, distributed as exposure machine for
photography
• 1948 Bell lab: invention of transistor,
semiconductor manufacturing technology by
doping
• 1954 Chapin-Fuller-Pearson of Bell labs in New
Jersey: developed the first semiconductor
(single crystalline Si) solar cell
6% efficiency, expensive (not practical)
Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics
• 1958 mounted for communication on satellite (Vanguard
1, USA)
• Korea: Unmanned communication relay stations, all
lighthouses, all of the island regions on the west coast,
etc.

• Over the past few decades, the

efficiency of solar cells has
continued to improve and the
cost continues to decrease.
• The use of solar cells as a source
of electricity in places where it is
difficult to reach general power
lines is expanding.
• Operates several MW power
plants, mainly in Europe. The
highest efficiencies of crystalline
silicon solar cells reach >25% at
the laboratory level.
Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics

Cumulative solar cell power installations

Photovoltaics (standard test)
• Module temp. 25 oC,
1kW/m2 (100 mW/cm2),
spectral distribution AM
1.5 (air mass).
• Solar radiation outside
the Earth’s atmosphere
~ 1.37 kW/m2, AM0.
(different from Sun’s
blackbody radiation)

AM1: when sunlight is

irradiated vertically

• AM 1.5 G
à Θ = 48o
1/cos Θ=1.5
 Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics
Photoelectric effect
• 1887 Hertz : Electricity from solar energy

• 1905 Einstein : Theoretical explanation

- When light shines on the cathode plate, electrons
are emitted from the metal side of the cathode
Hertz
à Electricity generated

Einstein

• Light à particle
à x wave

• Photon

• Work function

그림 V-25. 광전효과
Energy of the Future - Photovoltaics
• Thin top layer (~1 ㎛(10-6 m)) – n-type Si
• Thick bottom layer (~ 400 ㎛) – p-type Si
• Metal electrode attached to the backside
• Single crystalline Si à ~0.5 V
• Output current – proportional to the amount of incident light and area

• 10 cm diameter + 1,000 W/m2(sunlight)

à ~1 W
• 5 cm diameter + 1,000 W/m2
à ~1/4 W

Solar cell components

Energy of the Future – Single crystalline
Si Photovoltaics
Single-crystal Si solar cell

① High-purity(99.999…%) Si

② Heat at high temp(1,500℃) à

crystal growth

③ Round cut

④ 300 um thick water

⑤ Addition of impurities via diffusion

at 1000℃

⑥ p-n junction

⑦ Electrode formation

⑧ 반사방지막(antireflection)을 첨가
• Until recently, solar cells were made of
extremely pure single crystal silicon
Production of single crystalline Si solar cell
(Czocharalski method)
Energy of the Future – Single crystalline
Si Photovoltaics
• Polycrystalline silicon consists of small
single crystals. After solidifying liquid
polycrystalline silicon into a cubic shape,
cutting it with a thin jigsaw, and
manufacturing a solar cell in the same way
as when making a single crystal cell.

• Polycrystalline silicon solar cells are easier

and cheaper to manufacture than single
crystals.

• However, the efficiency is low because the

charge transporters (electrons and holes)
generated by light can recombine at the
interface of single crystal grains.
Energy of the Future – Thin Film Photovoltaics
Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell
- a-Si (amorphous silicon): Silicon atoms with high
proportion of dangling bonds. Many local states exist
within the energy band gap.
- Used by forming a p-i(intrinsic)-n junction in solar
cells(Figure). The band gap is rather large and unclear.
- Advantages: Much cheaper than using crystalline silicon.
Good light absorption. Manufactured in a low
temperature environment. Continuous manufacturing
and deposition on a large area flexible substrate are
possible (iron, glass, plastic).
- Disadvantages: Low efficiency 14% in the laboratory, 6-
10% in the product due to deterioration within a few
months from the initial stage)
- Applications: Used for household products where price is
more important than efficiency.
Energy of the Future – Thin Film Photovoltaics
• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
- 23% of the highest efficiency laboratory among thin film solar cells
- Shell Solar (USA), Wurth Solar (Germany)

• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)

- Low cost due to electroplating process.
- No initial deterioration and the module product efficiency is about 22%.
- Disadvantages: Due to the toxicity of cadmium, caution is required in the
manufacturing process.

• DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) ~13%

- Consists of a redox electrolyte and chemically adsorbed salt on the surface
- Generates electricity by emitting electrons by receiving sunlight

• Organic (polymer) solar cell (~18%) / quantum dot solar cell (~18%)
• Perovskite solar cell (~25%)
Photovoltaics (Efficiency)
Photovoltaics (Efficiency)
 Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy

• Representative energy of clean and abundant resources

• Colorless and odorless
• Lightest gas
• Combines with oxygen to form water
• Combined with carbon and oxygen, organic matter
• Water produced after combustion
• Relatively simple to transport and store

• High cost to produce and use

• Very flammable.
Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy
boiling points of some gases
• Weight : Lightest
Gas b.p(℃)
• Diffusion : Fast (3.8 times of natural gas)
He - 269
• B.P. : -253℃
H2 - 253
• Stability : against heat(5,000℃ for atom dissociation)
N2 - 196
• Solubility : insoluble in liquid
CH4
(2.1㎖/100㎖ in 0℃ water) - 161

Storage in metal(Pd, Pt, Ni, Ti, Fe)

• Reactivity : high at high temp catalyst
Explosive at 550℃ or ignited (oxygen-hydrogen mixture)
Flammability limit concentration of combustible gas (vol %)
•Flammability : wide range of conc. (4.0~74.2%)
Flammability
Gas limit Heat(mJ)
Min Max

H2 4.0 74.2 0.03

Gasoline vapor 1.4 7.6 0.3
Natural gas 5.3 15.0 0.29

•Combustion : no carbon, only water vapor (only heat of water vapor is absorbed) heat of
combustion
Gas Heat(kJ/mol) Heat(kJ/g)

수소(H 2) 285.8 141.8

메탄(CH 4 ) 890.4 55.7
에탄(C 2 H 6 ) 1560 52
프로판(C 3H 8 ) 2204 50.1
Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen in the atmosphere
Composition

Gas Composition

N2 78.1%
O2 20.9%
Ar 0.9332%
CO2 350 ppm
Ne 18.1 ppm
He 5.2 ppm
CH 4 1.4 ppm
H2 0.5 ppm
NOx 0.3 ppm

•Raw material for hydrogen production : H2O or organic compounds

1차 에너지 à 2차 에너지 최종 소비자

(secondary energy) à (consumer)
(primary energy)
원료 매체 또는 담체
(석탄, 석유) (전기, 수소)
Coal, oil Electricity, hydr
(raw material) ogen
 Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen internal combustion engine
: proposed by Rivatz (1805) and Cecil (1820) in the early 1800s.
• Town gas by coal gasification
: In the early 19th century, 50% of town gas from coal gasification (for heating and lighting)
• Fertilizer manufacturing
: 1911 Bosch develops a method for synthesizing ammonia and fertilizer from hydrogen and ni
trogen
• The advent of fuel cells
: In 1845, Grove (England) invented the gas battery.

• The main use of hydrogen today

Chemical industry (ammonia fertilizer production)

Food processing industry (hardening treatment of edible oil)
A propellant of artificial satellites for cooling of generators in the metal industry and
semiconductor industry

• Establishment of national research plan

After the 1973 oil crisis, countries took interest in hydrogen energy and established national
research plans Germany – mid 1980s, USA – 1990, Japan – 1993, Iceland – 1998
Start a national project aiming to achieve a hydrogen economy in 2030
Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen economy

• Hydrogen production technology

• Diversification of hydrogen-using devices

• Construction of hydrogen infrastructure (infrastructure)

• Provision of legal and institutional support and regulations

Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Energy
Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Generation
(1) Kipp’s apparatus

•by reacting a solid substance with a liquid substance

Ex) iron flakes or zinc and hydrochloric acid or diluted sulfuric acid respectively.

Kipp gas generator

Energy of the Future – Hydrogen Generation
(2) Electrolysis of water
• KOH or dilute salt + Ni or Pt electrode plate + DC 2 V
• Hydrogen at the cathode, oxygen at the anode
• Theoretical voltage is 1.23 V, need about 2 V at room
temperature due to overvoltage

(3) Use of fossil fuels

Manufactured from petroleum (naphtha) or natural gas

① Partial oxidation
CnHm + n/2 O2 à n CO+ m/2 H2

Product: water gas, same gas is obtained when producing hydrogen from coal
② Steam reforming (Water vapor temp. 1,000℃ )
CnHm + n H2O à n CO+ (n + m/2) H2

Removal of CO
n CO + H2O à n CO2 + H2

At this time, the carbon dioxide gas generated is absorbed by the absorbent and removed, hydro
gen is collected, and carbon dioxide gas is recovered again.
Today, more than 90% of industrial hydrogen is produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation
from petroleum or natural gas.
Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
• Technology that generates electricity directly without burning fuel
• 1965 U.S. Apollo space program adopted as power source for Gemini 3
• Power generation efficiency is 40-60%
• Total efficiency using exhaust heat is ~80%
• Low emission of nitrogen oxides (Nox)
• Low vibration and noise
• Few restrictions on location in the environment
• Alkali type, phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid electrolyte type, solid
polymer type
• High efficiency regardless of the size of power generation
• Having little impact on the environment
• Full automatic driving is possible
• An optimal system as an alternative to local energy centers or thermal power plants
near cities
Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(1) Fuel cell

cathode
anode cell Multiple cell à stack
electrolyte Desired voltage/current

• Anode – (-) electrode

• Cathode – (+) electrode

Fuel cell
 Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(2) Principle of fuel cell
Hydrogen in fuel and oxygen in air are directly generated by electrochemical reaction

1. Hydrogen supplied to the anode is separated into hydrogen ions and electrons.
2. Hydrogen ions move to the cathode through the electrolyte layer, and electrons move to
the cathode through an external circuit.
3. Oxygen ions and hydrogen ions meet at the cathode to form a reaction product (water)
⇒The final reaction is the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity,
water and heat

Principle of fuel cell

 Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(2) Principle of fuel cell
Electrode – passage for ion flow
• Acid
H+ : cathode à anode

• Alkali
OH-: anode à cathode

• Molten carbonate
CO 2-: anode3à cathode

• Solid oxide
O2-: anode à cathode
 Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(2) Principle of fuel cell
Catalyst – Used to promote reaction, added precious metal catalyst

Cathode : H2 à 2H+ + 2e-

Anode : ½ O2 + 2H + + 2e- à H2O -△G
E= [V]
Cell : H2 + ½ O2 à H2 O 9.6487 x 104 ∙ n

Temp Fuel
Reaction 기전력 효율
(℃) (gas) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)

수소 237.2 285.9 2 1.229 0.830

25 프로판 2108.4 2220.1 20 1.093 0.950
암모니아 355.8 382.6 3 1.229 0.930

수소 221.5 243.3 2 1.148 0.911

150 프로판 2090.1 2041.0 20 1.083 1.024
암모니아 197.8 323.3 3 0.683 0.612
 Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(2) Principle of fuel cell
 Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(2) Principle of fuel cell

[Link]
Hydrogen Energy (Fuel cell)
(4) Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
① Hydrogen engine car
• internal combustion engine aid
• BMW launched a mass-produced model in 2000
② Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
• Pollution-free car
• Recognized as the ultimate form of automobile development
Wind energy

:Kinetic energy of moving wind (air)

2
E = 1 / 2mV [ J ], m = rAL[kg ] ρ

& 2 L L
E = 1 / 2m& V , m& = rA = rAV A
t
\ E& = 1 / 2 rAV 3 [W ]
E : kinetic energy, m : mass V : velocity,
A : area, L : length, ρ: density, t : time
Wind energy - History
• 7th century BC: Used to mill grain in the Afghan highlands and for propulsion
of ships
• Around 1000 AD: the first horizontal axis windmills were used in Persia, Tibet,
and China. Using horizontal axis windmills (1150 - England, 1190 - Flemish,
1222 - Germany, 1259 - Denmark)
• 12- 19th centuries: performance of windmills in Europe improved
• Late 19th centuries: European windmill developed with a rotating body
diameter of 25 m and a tower height of 30 m. Used for threshing grain,
pumping water (low wind speed)
• In 1800: about 20,000 European-style windmills were operated in France
alone.
• In 1891: Danish Dane Poul LaCour installed the first wind turbine.
• 1920-30: ~ 600,000 American self-regulate windmills were installed for water
pumps supply (high wind speed)
Wind energy - History
• 1941: Danish company Smidth introduced the first wind power generator with
aerodynamic modern wing.

-In USA, Palmer Putnam manufactured a giant wind turbine with a diameter
of 53 m for US company Morgan Smith

• 1956~67: In Denmark, Johannes Juul developed wind power based on the

Danish design concept. (about 2.2 million Wh of electricity produced)

• Early 1970s: Due to the oil crisis, large-scale MW-class wind power generator
in Germany, USA, and Sweden

• 1978: Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) Enactment – reduced oil
import, energy saving -> wind farms (50W class at the beginning, 1980's
200W class, late 1980's 15,000 units with 1,500 MW of facility capacity)

• By the end of the 20th century, wind power generator capacity of 1.5MW was
common.
Wind energy – Pros & Cons
Wind energy - Principle
: kinetic energy of the wind (air), which is the movement of the atmosphere,
to generate electricity by rotating a generator

• Developed by Professor P. Lacroix of Denmark at the end of the 19th

century
• Power generation possible at 3 m/s or more
• Betz's theory: theoretical limit (60%) of wind energy conversion to
rotational motion of the windmill
• Power coefficient: The ratio of wind energy to the rotational motion of the
windmill (0.6 is the limit)
• Wind energy: 10 trillion kW
(10,000 trillion kWh per year)
Wind energy - Principle
Wing cross section

speed difference on the wing surface

* Bernoulli’s principle
Wind energy - Types
A) Vertical type - The rotation axis of the rotor is perpendicular to the wind
direction
B) Horizontal type - windmill and wind direction are horizontal

Vertical type Horizontal type

Wind energy - Types
• The main axis is perpendicular to the
ground
• No large-scale system has been put to
practical use
• Not affected by wind direction
• Low efficiency

Vertical type
Wind energy - Types
• The main axis is horizontal to the
ground
• Use of high winds
• Affected by wind direction
• Used for medium to large size and
above

Horizontal type
Wind energy – Scale of wind turbine

Change in windmill blade diameter

wind power system size trend by year(DEWI)

Wind farm

: Power generation complex that generates power from several to hundreds of

windmills

* Installation of facilities from land to sea (from small to large) is increasing

Wind energy – world trend
World
• Rapid increase in size (land 2-2.5MW, sea 3-5MW)
• Investigation and analysis of wind resources
• Complex design/economic analysis technology
Wind energy – world trend
Europe
90% of the world's production, currently covering local electricity
Denmark - 50% target of total power generation by 2030
Germany ~ 2030 target of 10% of total power generation

United States of America

Currently responsible for 5-10% of total power generation
Standardization in the 1990s and technical support for developing countries

Korea
Technology development in accordance with the Alternative Energy Development
Promotion Act since 1988
Small-scale localization test
Investigation of wind resources throughout the year (lack of wind)
Wind energy – world trend
Wind energy – world trend
Wind energy – world trend
Wind energy – domestic
Geothermal energy – Intro & history
Heat within the earth. Heat is continuously produced inside the earth. People
use geothermal heat for bathing, to heat buildings, and to generate electricity.

*The beginning of geothermal use: hot springs in ancient Roman

*Utilization of geothermal energy in a modern times
: 1904 Lardello, Italy, electricity generation using geothermal steam.

Heinrich Zoelley of Switzerland applied for the first patent in 1912

- Heat pump system
Geothermal energy – Source
Geothermal energy – Characteristics
• Clean energy source
• Mainly distributed underground
• Little change in energy resource status throughout the year
• Present everywhere in the country, no difference in
distribution
• Influence of solar radiation up to 15m
• Unaffected by the ground surface up to 200m (13-15 ℃
year-round) • Terrain damage
• Geothermal gradient: 3 ℃/100m • Air pollution
• Used for air conditioning, power generation, agricultural
• Water pollution
complexes, fish farms, and road freezing prevention
• Low energy cost • Noise
• No suitable site in Korea but…(enhanced geothermal system)
(Mainly used in volcanic areas)
• Semi-permanent equipment life (in the case of heating and
cooling)
Geothermal energy – Korea

°
°
Geothermal energy – Usage
Geothermal energy – Usage (Direct)
• Hot springs, used as spas
• Heating water at fish farms
• Provide heat for buildings
• Raising plants in green houses, drying crops
• Providing heat to industrial processes
Geothermal energy – Usage (Direct)
Geothermal energy – Heat pump
Heat pump: a device that extracts heat from one place and transfers it to another.
Ex) refrigerators and air conditioners

Heat pumps transfer heat by circulating a substance called a refrigerant through a

cycle of evaporation and condensation. A compressor pumps the refrigerant
between two heat exchanger coils. In one coil, the refrigerant is evaporated at
low pressure and absorbs heat from its surroundings. The refrigerant is then
compressed en. route to the other coil, where it condenses at high pressure. At
this point, it releases the heat it absorbed earlier in the cycle.
The heat pump cycle is fully reversible, and heat pumps can provide year-round
climate control for your home – heating in winter and cooling and dehumidifying
in summer. Since the ground and air outside always contain some heat, a heat
pump can supply heat to a house even on cold winter days. In fact, air at –18°C
contains about 85 percent of the heat it contained at 21°C
Geothermal energy – Heat pump
 Geothermal energy – Indirect usage
Converting geothermal energy into electricity

Steam (from a geothermal reservoir) Heat from geothermal hot ->

-> turbines another liquid-> steam -> turbine

High-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth -

> steam -> turbine
Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.
Enhanced geothermal system
• An Enhanced geothermal System (EGS) is a man-made reservoir, created
where there is hot rock but insufficient or little natural permeability or
fluid saturation. In an EGS, fluid is injected into the subsurface under
carefully controlled conditions, which cause pre-existing fractures to re-
open creating permeability.
Geothermal energy – World (EU)
Geothermal energy – World
Geothermal energy – Domestic

Research mostly for home use (since 1990 - interest in research, after 2000 -
installation started)
Estimated to be 350 units including 210 installed by a foreign company (US
Trane) at the Yongsan US base
Approximate technology level of Korean companies
1) Domestic replacement of some heat pump units
2) Domestic replacement of PE pipe for underground heat exchange
3) Substitute for domestic heat fluid for underground heat exchange
Korea’s first geothermal energy development (Seonggok-ri, Heunghae-eup,
Buk-gu, Pohang)
In 2003, drilling for the purpose of 2km underground (75 ℃), 1.5Km-51℃
development success
Geothermal energy – Domestic
•Geothermal energy 48.4 billion TOE at a
depth of 1 to 5 km (2%).

•But…

Geothermal flow distribution map

Biomass

: mass of living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms,

or, from a biochemical perspective, cellulose, lignin, sugars, fats, and
proteins

• Basics of fossil fuels

• Conversion to energy source in a shorter time compared to fossil fuels
• Fuel duing industrial revolution
• Waste other than plants is also possible
• Research on various plants for biomass is in progress

èConversion into raw materials, fuel, and electricity by bio-chemica

l conversion
Bioenergy

: Conversion of biomass via biochemical/physical transformation process

to gas, liquid, or solid fuel, or electricity/thermal energy

* Carbon neutral :
Biomass -> … -> … -> Biomass

* Biomass process chart:

Sun (photosynth
esis)
plants
CO 2 + H2O CH2O + O2

Energy use
Biomass process
Biomass - characteristics
• Renewable
• Abundant
• Carbon neutral
• Clean energy (ecosystem)
• Storable as fuel or chemical raw material
• Oxygenated fuel

• Competition with food

• Seasonal influence
• Regional localization
• Low energy density
• Low productivity per unit area
• Destruction of environment
• High moisture / low caloric value
• Low transportation efficiency
Biomass – raw material
Biomass – raw material (lignocellulosic)
Biomass – raw material (organic waste)
Biomass – conversion
Biomass – biofuels
Biomass – biodiesels
Vegetable oil (triglyceride) with heat and catalyst
Biomass – to Liquid (BTL)
Biomass – bio-ethanol
*Bio-ethanol : Fermentation of starch/sugar

C6H12O6 è 2C2H5OH+2CO2
Biomass – Fuel
Oxygenated Fuel

1. Fuel that contains oxygen -> complete combustion

: Methanol (CH 3 OH)
: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH)
: Biodiesel (RCOOCH 3; (R= C11-17)

2. Good portability (equivalent to gasoline).

3. Existing engine technology can be utilized (liquid at RT).
3. Methanol can also be produced from natural gas and coal.
4. Ethanol can be manufactured from sugarcane, corn, and biodiesel from
soybean oil.
Biomass – Ethanol/Methanol
Pros
: C1, C2 monocomponent oxygen-containing fuel.
: The octane number is relatively high and the cetane number is low.
: The latent heat of vaporization is large.
: Combustibility (combustion rate) is relatively good.

Cons
: Poor low-T starability
: Small calorific value per unit weight
: Short cruising distance
: Methanol causes corrosion and deterioration of metals and rubbers.
:Ethanol causes weaker corrosion and deterioration than methanol.
Biomass – Biodiesel
• Non-toxicity
• Biodegradability
• Performance similar to conventional diesel fuel.
• No sulfur emission
• 85% reduction of CO2
• 95% reduction of smoke
• Use alone (Germany) or mixed with existing diesel (20%, Korea, USA, etc.)
• Higher flash point (about 178 ˚C) than diesel - safe for storage and use.
• Excellent lubrication to extend engine performance and lifespan
• Can be used without modification of diesel engine
• Cetane number more than 55%
• Price and fuel efficiency are similar to diesel.
• Requires common quality control standards, hardens at low temperatures
- quality control is required.
Biomass – Biofuel
Biofuel consumption