CHAPTER TWO:

MOTION
Reference frame: The fixed object with respect to
which we find out the position, rest and motion of
another object is called reference frame
Rest: A body is said to be static or at rest with respect to its
surroundings when it does not change its position with time.
Motion: A body is said to be in motion with respect to
its surroundings when it changes its position with time.
 Types of Motion
Linear motion:
The motion of a body along a straight line is called linear motion

Circular motion

In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the

circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path.
 Translational motion:

The motion of a body along a straight line in such a way that each of
the particles of the body travels the same distance at the same time in
the same direction is called rectilinear motion.

Rotational Motion:
The rotation around a fixed axis of a body involves circular
motion of its parts
Periodic Motion:
The motion of a moving particle in such a way that it passes
through a definite point along the path in the same direction in a
definite time interval is called periodic motion
Vibratory Motion:

The motion that a body, while executing periodic motion moves in a

definite direction for one half of its time period and exactly for the other
half in the opposite direction is called vibratory motion.
• Simple harmonic Motion: the simple harmonic motion is
harmonic motion which moves on straight path. In the simple
harmonic motion, the displacement of the object is always in
the opposite direction of the restoring force.
• Spring motion is the simple harmonic motion. The equation
is F= – kx
Quantity
Scalar quantity: Physical quantities which can be
expressed by only magnitude and no direction are scalar
quantities; e.g. length, mass, speed, work, energy, time,
temperature, etc.
Vector quantities: Physical quantities having both magnitude
and direction are vector quantities; e.g. displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force, electric intensity, etc.
Distance: Total length of the path travelled by a moving body at a particular time
is called

Displacement: The change of position or distance in a definite direction is

called displacement.
The minimum distance between the initial and final position of the path of the
motion of the object.
Speed: distance travelled in unit time by an object is called speed.

Velocity: velocity is The rate of change of position in a definite direction with

respect to time. The units of velocity is ms1 . Velocity is the vector quantity.

Uniform Velocity: uniform velocity is velocity which is not changing

with time either in magnitude or in direction.

Non-uniform velocity: If the body does not travel equal displacement in

equal interval of time then the velocity is called non uniform velocity.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with time is called
acceleration. The unit of acceleration is ms2 . Acceleration is
the vector quantity. If the magnitude or direction of velocity is
changed, then there is acceleration.
Acceleration= change of velocity/ time
𝑣;𝑢
a=
𝑡

Retardation or Deceleration: the decrease of velocity in per second is called

deceleration.
Uniform Acceleration: if the acceleration remains always constant,
the acceleration is called uniform acceleration

Non-uniform Acceleration: when the acceleration of a body

changes with time, the acceleration is called non-uniform
acceleration..
 Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

displacement 0 2 4 6 8 10

Q1. The velocity of a car with time is given in the table

below :
a. from the stem draw the displacement vs time graph.
b. explain velocity in different of path from graph
c. draw time vs velocity graph
• Q2. a. find the distance from 0s to 30s from the graph
• b. explain the velocity of graph
• c. draw the time vs acceleration graph
Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Velocity 0 20 40 60 60 60 80 100

Q3.
a. With the help of the given data draw a graph.
b. Analyze the nature of velocity from given data by
mathematical arguments.
c. draw time vs acceleration graph
d. Find the total distance and find the distance at 20th
second
Ques. 04 ›

Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Velocity 5 10 20 30 30 20 15 10

a. Find the velocity after 8s

b. Find the distance 20s
c. Find the distance at 25th second
d. Draw the distance vs time graph
• Ques-5. A car is running with a uniform velocity. Its velocity
falls from 20ms1 to 4ms1 in 4 seconds. What form of acceleration
of the car gain?  a = 4ms2

• Ques-6. A moving body takes 7 seconds to gain a velocity of

31ms1 from 3 ms1. Find out the acceleration of the body.  a =
4ms2
• Ques7: a moving body takes 10 second to gain a velocity of 30ms-1
from 5ms-1. Find the distance of a body. Ans: 175m
• Ques 8: an object moving with uniform velocity 5ms-1. After 5s how
far distance will cover by the object. Ans:25m
• Ques 9: a driver applied a brake of car. It covered distance 9m with
acceleration of 2 ms-2. After cover this distance, the car velocity is 10ms-
1, then what is velocity of car during the brake .ans:11.67 ms-1
• Ques 10: a train moving from rest crossed a post at distance of 125m.
The train acceleration is 10 ms-2. What is velocity of train during the
crossed the post. Ans:50ms-1
• Ques-11. A train was running at a velocity of 72 Kmh1. It
was stopped in a minute by using emergency brake for the
reason of avoiding an unexpected situation. What was the
distance travelled by the train by this time?  s = 600m
Ques-12. It took 50s to stop a car running with a velocity of
36Kmh1 by pressing the brake. What acceleration did the car
gain? What distance did the car travel by this time?
• , a = 0.2ms2.  s = 250m
• Ques-13. A train was running with a uniform acceleration of
4ms2. It travelled a distance of 240 m in 10 seconds. What
was the final velocity of the train? 44ms-1
• Ques-14. A plane advances a distance of 1Km with a
uniform velocity of 10ms-1 in the runway before take-off. what
time will the plane take to leave the runway? Ans: 100s
•
• Ques-15. A car running having acceleration 1.5 ms-2 with a
velocity of 20ms1. Find out the final velocity of the car in 6s.
ans: 29ms1.
• Ques-16. The distance between the house of Mr. Ruhan and
office is 3 km. Starting from rest the car moves with uniform
acceleration and it crosses 1st kilometer in 4 minutes. Then the car
moves with uniform velocity. Find out the total time taken by Mr.
Ruhan to reaches his office? 8 min
• Ques-17: A car is moving with velocity 72km/h. Suddenly driver
of the car observed a child just ahead at a distance [Link] driver
immediately applies break and the car stops only 1m ahead of the
children. After applying break, find out the acceleration of the car.
ans −20 ms−2
• Ques-18: A car started moving from rest for 6 sec at 2ms-2
uniform acceleration and then started moving at uniform
velocity for 1min. Determine total distance travelled by the car
in 1min and 6s. ans: 756m

• Que19. A car is running from rest with 2ms-2 uniform

acceleration at first 6s, after 10s running with uniform velocity
and last 4 second, running with uniform deceleration 1ms-2.
What is velocity of a car after 20s? ans:8 ms-1
• Q20. a body starts moving from rest and traverse 40m distance in
the first 4 second. How much time it will take to traverse the next
40m? ans : 1.66 s
• Q21. An object traverse 30m in first two second and 150m in next
four second. If the acceleration remains unchanged then how much
distance it will traverse in next one second. ans : 56.25 m.
Q22: a train starts running with 10ms-2 acceleration from rest. At
the same time a car starts running parallel with the train at 100ms-1
uniform velocity. When the train will cross the car.  t = 20s |
• Q23:When a rat was 15 m ahead of a cat. The cat started
running to catch the rat with a uniform acceleration of 2 ms-
2. The rat was running with a uniform velocity of 14 ms-1.

Will the cat be able to catch the rat? Represent logical

analysis in favor of your answer.t=15s
• Q24: a bus starts running with 2ms−2 uniform acceleration
from rest. At the same time, a man is running with 10 ms−1
uniform velocity behind of bus. Show that it is not possible
for a man to catch the bus behind of 26m.
• Ans:it is not possible to catch the bus
• Q25: a bus starts running with 3ms−2 uniform acceleration from
rest. At the same time, a man is running with 20 ms−1 uniform
velocity behind of bus. is it possible for a man to catch the bus
behind of 30 m
 Dhaka Board 2025
Q26. A car started to move with an uniform acceleration of 2.5 ms-
2 from rest. At the same time, another car started to move with

uniform velocity of 63 kmh- 1 from 50 m behind the 1st car.

• c. After how much time of starting, the velocity of the two cars
will be equal? Determine.
• d. explain mathematically whether the two cars can meet more
than once during their movement or not.
 Sylhet Board 2025
27. Sima traveled from her home for 20 sec with an acceleration of
4 ms-1. After that she traveled at a
constant speed for 2 minutes and reached her uncle's house. She
waited for her sister Rima for 5 minutes and she went to a fair. 6
minutes after Sima leaves home Rima started her journey from
home with an acceleration of 2 ms-2 towards her uncle's house.
c. What distance did Sima cover at the uniform velocity?
d. Was it possible for Sima and Rima to go to the fair together
from their uncle's house?
 Rajshahi Board 2021
Q28. The distance of a school from Fahim's house is 1.8 km. While
going to school he goes from rest with uniform acceleration of 0.5
ms-1 in the first 20 sec, then with uniform velocity in the next 2.5
min and becomes static at the last 40 sec with uniform
deacceleration by bicycle.
• c. What distance is crossed by Fahim in the first 1 min?ans:500m
• d. Will Fahim reach the school within that times amentioned in
the stem? Give your opinion with mathematical analysis. Ans:
1.8km
 Sylhet Board 2024 •
Q29. A car moving with 54kmh-1 velocity stopped in 4s, When
the driver pressed the break. Again another car running with
18kmh-1 velocity stopped in 8s as the driver pressed the break
slowly.
• c. Determine the length of the first car if it passes . Ans :6m
• d. 444m long bridge at uniform speed in 30s. Which car will
pass more distance after pressing the break? Analyze
mathematically. Ans 1st car 30m and 2nd car 20m
 Rajshahi Board 2024
[Link] the figure, OD and ABC indicate the velocity of a car and
a motorcycle respectively. There is a light post at the point P
• c. At what velocity will the car cross the lightpost?
Ans: 37.5 ms-1
• d. Mathematically analyze whether the distance passed by the
car and motorcycle at 30s will be 4 equal or not
 Nth term distance
1
Sth= u+ 𝑎(2𝑡 − 1)
2

• Q31 : an object moving in uniform acceleration

travelled 65 m in 5th second and 105m in 10th second.
Determine the acceleration and initial velocity. Find the
distance it will travel in 20th second. Ans:185m
Laws of falling bodies:
Galileo discovered three laws regarding to falling bodies. These are called
laws of falling bodies.

First Law: All bodies falling from rest and from the same height without
any resistance traverse equal distance in equal time.
Second Law: The velocity (v), acquired by freely falling body from rest
in a given time (t) is directly proportional to time that is, v∝t.

Third Law: The distance (h) traverse by a freely falling body from rest in
a given time (t) is directed proportional to the square of the time, that is,
Equation of vertical motion
Ques-32: A person vertically throws a ball at 48 ms-1 speed. How long
will the ball stay in the air and how far will it rise?
Q33. A ball is thrown upward hits the telephone wire at 0.70ms-1. If the
height of the wire from the place of thrown is 5.1m, then what was the
initial speed of the ball? Ans: 10.02ms-1
Q34.a body is throw straight upward with 98ms-1. Show that the
velocities of the body in 3s and 17s are equal but oppositely directed?
Ans: 68.6 ms-1 and – 68.6 ms-1

Q35. A stone of mass 5kg released from the roof of a building of

height 64m. how much time it will take to reach the ground?
Ans:3.61s
Q36. A stone is released from a ballon moving upward when it is 100m
above from the earth and the stone touches the ground after [Link] is
the velocity of the ballon when the stone was released from it? ans
:4.5ms-1

Q37: A ball thrown vertically upward from the earth with a velocity 30
ms-1 and at the same time another ball is released from a height 30 m.
When and where will the balls meet each other? g = 10 ms-2 . ans:1s,
25.1m from the ground
Q38. Abrar throw a ball vertically upward with velocity 20ms-1. At the
same time, Mahdi staying 54m far from Abrar start running with 30ms-1
with uniform velocity to catch the ball. Will Mahdi catch the ball
Q39. Abrar throw a ball vertically upward with velocity 73.5ms-1. At the
same time, Mahdi staying 86m far from Abrar start running with 18kmh-1
and uniform acceleration of 0.2ms-2 . after 5s he runs with constant velocity
for 3s and then he runs with uniform deceleration of 0.1ms-2 . Will Mahdi
catch the ball
 Gravitation:
The attractive force that works between two objects in the universe is
called gravitation.

Gravity:
The attractive force that works between the earth and any other material is called
force of gravity.
 Law of gravitation
Every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers

G is the gravitational constant. G=6.673× 𝟏𝟎;𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝒌𝒈𝟐

Unit of G
Unit of F is N
Distance r is m
Mass is kg
Acceleration due to Gravity:
The rate at which the velocity of a free falling body change due to the force of gravity is
called the acceleration due to gravity. acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s2.
 Derivation of g
Let us assume that
From the formula of gravitation, the gravitation M = the mass of the earth ,
force, m = the mass of an object near
the earth,
d = the distance between the
object and the centre of the earth

Again we get from the relation between force and acceleration, the force of gravity = mass x
acceleration due to gravity. That is

In this equation m is absent on the right side. This means

that the acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the
mass of the body subjected to gravity.
 Derivation of g
𝐺𝑀 6.673×10−11 ∗6×1024
g= 2 =
𝑅 (6.4×106 )2

Derivation of G
𝑔𝑅2
G=
𝑀 Mass of earth M=6 × 1024

9.8×(6.4×106 )2 Radius of earth R=6.4 × 106

G=
6×1024

G=6.673× 10;11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔;2

 The variation of g
Shape of Earth
𝐺𝑀
g= 2
𝑅

the earth is not a perfect sphere, R is not really constant. So the value of
g is not equal everywhere at the surface of the earth.
in the equator, the radius of earth is greater than other region, so g is
smaller. It is 9.78 meter/sec2.

In the polar region , the radius of earth is smaller, so g is [Link]

value of g in the polar region is 9.832 meter/sec2.
For the convenience of calculation the value of g is taken as 9.8
meter/sect..
 For the increase of height from the earth's surface:
As we go to higher heights, the value of the acceleration due to gravity decreases. the value of g
is less at the top of a mountain.
A

𝑅2
g’=g
(𝑅:ℎ)2

Example: find the acceleration due to gravity in the height of 100km from the earth
surface
Example: find the acceleration due to gravity in the height of 100km from the earth
surface
 At a point inside the earth:

As we go deeper inside the earth the value of the acceleration due to gravity
goes on decreasing. At the centre of the earth the value of the acceleration
due to gravity is zero.

For the diurnal rotation of the earth:

Because of the diurnal rotation of the earth the acceleration due to

gravity gradually increases from the equatorial region to polar region,
as a result the weight of an object also increases as we move from the
equatorial region to polar region.
• Mass: The amount of material present in an
object is its mass
• Weight is defined as the product of a body’s
mass and the gravitational acceleration in
which the mass is located.
• weight = mass × gravity
• W=mg
Ex:1 Let your mass is 50kg. What is your weight

Solution:
Mass m=50kg
W=mg
W=50*9.8 N
 Solve the question
The distance between the two objects with mass 50
kg and 60kg is 5 km.
• a. what is the attraction force of two object
• b. If the mass of two objects are double and the
distance is half then what will be change the
gravitational force? Explain mathematically
• c. derive the value of g by using formula
• d. derive the value of G by using formula
• e. What is the weight of 50 kg object in the earth