ay

UNIX
2

3 commands :
cal: shows calendars
4
calendar
5 cal -j : julian
6 cal -y : ful1 calendar
julian calendar
7 cal -jy : full
cal -1 : current month (default)
cal -3: previous , current next month
9
10 cal -m : monday as first day
11 cal - s : sunday as first day
12 cal -y ( cal -y 2027 or cal 2027 orcal082027)
13
14
19 date : print or formats systm date/time
16
17 date " . . . "
18
19 $a : abbrivated day
I
20 $A : full day
21 $d :date
Sb :abbrivated month
$B : full month
24 $y : 2 digit year
25 $Y : 4 digit year
26 $H : 24 hour format
$I: 12 hour format
28 SM : minute
$S :seconds
30 $x : " dd/mm/yy" format
31 SX : "$I:M:%S" AM/ PM IST
32
33
34 date -d"mm/dd/yyyy" + ""
35 date -d"yyyy-mm-dd"4""

3
37 clear - clear screen
38
39
40 who : display all users in server
41 who -H :header
42 who -g :username with count
43 who -a :all users
44 who -b :boot info
Normal text file length: 3,554 lines: 134 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1

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 day [Link] x day [Link] [Link] [Link]
43 Who -a : a l l users
44 who -b :boot info
45 who -m :user associated with input
46 who am i :details of currently
47 whoami :username
logged in user
48
49
50 uname :prints kernel,system
51 hardware info
uname-s:kernel name
52 uname -a: all
53 uname -n: node/hostname
54 uname-v : version
55 uname -r: release
56 unamne p processor
57 uname -0: os type
58
59 bc: basic calculator
60
61 scable by default is 0
62 scale=2 -> set it as 2 digits after decimal
63 point
64 sqrt (2)
65
66
67
68
69 echo "heloworld": print
70 echo heloworld : also print
71 echo "10/2 " : print 10/2 as it a string
72 echo "10/2" | bc : print 5 as we use pipeline in it with bc (basic
73 calculator)
74 echo -e: disable escape char \tAn
75 echo -E : disable escape char \tNn
76 echo -n : supress default \n
77
78 printf : print without default \n
79
80 $d decimal
81 $s string
82 $f float
83
84 printf "\nhelo world\n"
85 printf "$s f\nts %f\n" "sal" 111. 00 "newsal" 120.0
86 Drintf "$s\nts" "ename" "salary"
Normal text file length: 3,554 lines: 134 Ln: 1 Cok 1 Pos: 1

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day [Link] day [Link] [Link] new.1txt

85 printf " s $f\n%s 8f\n" "sal" 111.00 "newsal" 120.0
86 printf "$s\nts" "ename""salary"
87 printf "$-10s $-10f\n$-10s $-10f\n" "sal" 111.00 "newsal" 120.0
88
89
90 FILE AND DIRECTORY cOMMANDS-->>
91
92 pwd : print working directory
93 ls : display names
94 ls -1: long listing
95 ls -a :hidden files
96 ls -R: recursive
97 ls -t : sort by time
98 ls -s sort by size
99 ls -1 one l i s t at a time
100
101 ls abosolute path : ls /home/dhruv. na/big
102
103 mkdir make new directories
104 mkdir test :create a directory test
105 mkdir -p: parent directory
106
107 mkdir -p test/test1 : make test1 in test
108
109
relative path -> as we are in current directory so we can just give path after this
110 absolute path -> we give complete path
111
112 mdir :remove empty directories
113 rmdir test : remove test if its empty
114 rmdir -p: remove parent dirs if empty
115
116 rmdir -p test/testl : remove testl from test
117
118
119 rm : remove file/directories
120 rm -l: confirm for delete
121 rm -f : force delete
122 -r : recursive delete
123
124 touch :create empty file
125 touch -a :access time
126 touch -t :set manual time (yyyymmddhhmm)
127 touch -d :cutsom date ("yyyy-mm-dd")
128

Normal text file length: 3,554 lines: 134 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LF

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day [Link] day [Link] [Link] [Link]

1
2 cat >filename : enter content in file
3
(override)
cat >>filename : append data in file
4 cat filename: display file contents
5 tac filename : display file content in
6 cat -n :no of 1ines
reverse order
7 cat -b number non-empty lines
cat -S :emove extra blank spaces

10 cat filel>file2 : data of fileg goes in

11 cat filel>>file2 : data of file 1 added file2 overriden (change data)
in file 2 without override (append
12 data)
13
14 cat b>a : value of b goes in a
15 cat a>b>c: data of a goes in b and from b
to c b will be empty (override c as a -data)
16 cat a>>b>>c data of a goes in band from b to c{append
17 data of a in c)
18 cat b<a : print data of b (no of data in a)
19
20 cat anyfileabsolutepatth : cat
chage
/home/ [Link]/big/[Link]
21
22
23 cd : change directory: naviagte between directories
24
25 cd labsolute/path
26 cd .. -> one directory backward
27 cd ../dir -> give backward and go to dir in that
28
29 cp: copies files or directories
30 cp filel file2 : copy file 1 data in file 2
31
32
copying of file from pwd from destination directory:
33
cd filel absolute path(/home/[Link]/ss) :copy filel in ss
34
35 copying of file from one directory to another
36 cp absolute file path absolute path_ofDir (cp /home/[Link]/ss/ data. txt (file path) /home/
37 [Link]/data (directory path where we want to copy) )
38
39 cp -r->dirl dir 2
40 cp -s: create symbolic link (both arguements should be having only absolute path )
41
42 nv:rename or move files
43
44 rename -> my [option] old file new file
Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LF)

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-X
day [Link] day [Link] X [Link]
43 [Link]
44 rename -> mv option) old file new
45 file
46 move-mv [option] fìle name (or file name
47 mv /home/[Link]/data/a (file with directory) destination directory
48 path) /home/ dh
[Link]/dhruv (destination)
49
S0
51 v 0 n f i r m overwrite
52
53 V ->don't overwrite
54
55 for varìables
S6 nunl=10
57 nun2-10
S8
59 echo Snuml+$num2 | bc or use quotes
60
62 command substittution I
63 dìsplay=$ (ls) // any command (not math)
64
echo Sdisplay
66
for mathematical
69
69 display =$((10+20))
70
echo $( (numl+num2 ) )

we can also use backtick

74 display=ls
echoexpr $numl+$num2 bc

man: qives user manual for the Command

82 File descriptors (FD) :

0-> STDIN (input)
84 1-> STDOUT (input)
85 2-> STDERR (input)

Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (

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day [Link] day [Link] x [Link]
85 2-> STDERR (ìnput) [Link]
86
87 Input redìrections :
88
symbol: <
89 cmd <
90 [Link]>inout taken from file instead of
91 keyboard
92 Output redirection->
93 symbols :
94
95
>Overwrite
S>append
96
97 Error redirection:
98 2>: redirect error
99 2>> : append error
100 &>: redirect stdout+stderr
101
102 combined example:
103 sort [Link] > [Link]
104 2>[Link]
105 - STDIN (0) <- input. txt
106 - STDIN (1)<- [Link]
107 STDIN (2) <- [Link]
108
109
110 pipelining->
111 cmdl | cmd2 | cmd3
112 ex:
113 ls -l | wC -1
114 cat file | grep "hello"
115 sort [Link] | unig
116
117 to do unig data must be sorted
118
119
120 text processing ->
121
122 head : show first line of a file
123
124 head -5 filename: print first 5 records of file
125 cat filename | head -5
126
127
128 head -c: showfirst bytes of file

Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (C

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day [Link] day [Link] [Link] [Link]

127
128 head -c : show first bytes of file
129 head -c 20 file : show 20 bytes
130 head -c 1k file : show 1 kilobytes
131 head -c 2M file : show 2 megabytes
132
133
134 tail : show last lines of file
135 tail file : show last 10 lines
136 tail -n 10 file : last 10 lines
137
138 tail - c : show last n bytes
139 tail -c 20 file : last 20 bytes
140
141 tail-n+2 [Link] : i t Wil1 remove first line and print
142
143
144 Cut extracting columns
145
146 Cut -c 1-5 file : chars from 1 to 5 (if we want to cut lines)
147
148 cut -d ":" -fl, 2 file (field 1 and 3) ( if we want to cut acc to fields acc to delimiter bw them )
149
150 extrat first field :
151 cut -d -f1 log data
152
153 extract lst field and then first 6 char from result:
154 cut -d " " -f1 log data | cut -cl1-6
155
156 extract 1 , 3 and 4 fields :
157 Cut -d "" -fl,3,4 log data
158
159 extract 1 , 3 and 4 fields
160 Cut -d -fl-4 log data
161
162 paste: merge line side by side
163
164 'paste fl f2 : print fl and f2
165
166 paste -d "," f1 f2: print with a comma seprating
167
168 paste -s : merge lines of a single file on after another
|l69 Ex:
| 170 paste [Link]:

Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LA) UTF-8

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day [Link] day 2,txt 3 [Link] [Link]

166 paste -d "," f1 f2: print wìth a comma seprating
167
168 paste -s : merge lines of a sìngle file on after anothe
169 Ex:
170 paste [Link]:
171 empname
172
173
174
175
176
177 paste -s names-txt:
178 empname b C d
179 (maximun string sìze is for every )
180
181 Co
182 compares two sorted files line by line
183
184 columns : I
185 1 -> supress column 1 (lines only in file 1)
186 2-> supress column 2 (lines only in file 2)
187 3-> supress column 3 (common lines)
188
189 comn filel file2
190 Ex
191 cat [Link] :
192 apple
193 banana
194 cat
195 dog
196
197 cat [Link]
198 banana
199 cat
200 elephant
201 frog
202
203
204 comm [Link] [Link] :
205 apple
206 banana
207 cat
208 cat
|209 dog

Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LF) UTF-8

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day [Link] day [Link] x [Link] new,[Link]

202
203
204 comm [Link] [Link] :
205 apple
206 banana
207 Cat
208 Cat
209 dog
210 elephant
211 frog
212
213 Commn -1 file. txt [Link]
214 banana
215 cat
216 elephant
217 frog
218
219 comm -2 [Link] file2. txt:
220 apple I
221 banana
222 cat
223 dog
224
225 comm-3 [Link] [Link]:
226 apple
227 cat
228 cat
229 dog
230 elephant
231 frog
232
233 -check-orde: check if input are sorted. if not sorted ->error
234
235 -nocheck-order: ignore order , but comparison may be incorrect
236
237
238 diff : show diff bw two files line by line
239
240 diff filel file2
241
242 options:
243 -i ->ignore case
244 -C->context diff ( shows lines before /after changes)
245 -a-> brief input ("files differ")
Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LF) UTF-8

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day [Link] day [Link] 3 [Link] newN,[Link]

241
242 options:
243 ->ignore case
244 -c context diff ( shows lines before lafter changes)
245 -q-brief input ("files differ")
246
247
248 sort sorts lìnes
249
250 sOrt file :sort acc to ascii value
251 sort -n fìle sort acc to number
252
253 sOrt- file : sort in reverse order
254
255 sort -u file: show only unique value in sorted
256
257 sort -c check if it is sorted or not
258
259 options :
260 -t (delimiter) :
261 sort -t ":" -k 2 file (here ":" is delimiter)
262
263 -k( key/column) :
264 sort -k 3 file ( sort by column 3)
265 sort -t "," -k2 (sort by column 2 based on comma delimiter)
266
267 exclude header and print in sorted way acc to 5th col in reverse order
268
269 tail -n+2 [Link] | sort-t "#" -k5 -r
270
271 exclude header , extract only customer id and then only numeric part , then sort it and print only unique values
272
273 tail -n+2 [Link] | cut -d "#" -f3 | cut -c2-4 | sort -nu
274
275
276 unig: remove conecutive duplicate lines (file must be sorted)
277
278 unig file :
279 sort file | unig
280
281 option:
282 -u -> print only unique values
283 -d -> print only lines which ar duplicate
|284 -c -> print no of occurences
Normal text file length: 6,344 lines: 287 Ln: 1 Col: 1 Pos: 1 Windows (CR LF) U

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