Data Visualization
Visualization tools
• Data visualization is the activity of accepting data and placing it in the visual
context such as a map or a graph.
• Data visualizations help for better understanding of patterns , trends and outliers
in groups of data.
• Since the purpose of data analysis is to gain insights, data is much more valuable
when visualized.
• Without the visual representation of the insights, it can be difficult for the
audience to grasp the insights
Line Chart
• Line chart illustrates changes over time. The x-axis is usually a period
of time, while the y-axis is the quantity.
Area Chart
• It is an adaptation of line chart where the under the line is filled to
emphasize its significance.
Bar chart
• It also illustrates changes w.r.t. time. But if there are more than one
variable, a bar chart can make it easier to compare the data for each
variable at each moment of time.
Histogram
• It measures frequency rather than trends in time. The x-axis is
typically the intervals and y-axis is the frequency
Scatter Plot
• These are used to find correlations. The points trend in a certain
manner to give an idea of correlation. If the points are observed to be
truly scattered, the variables can be concluded to be uncorrelated.
Bubble Plot
• Each point is illustrated as a bubble whose area has a meaning in
addition to its placement on the axis. The negative point of this chart
is the limited space within the axes to fit bubbles at times.
Bubble Plot
Pie Chart
• It is used for illustrating percentages. It shows elements as part of a
whole.
Heat Map
• It is a colour coded matrix. This type of visualization is helpful because
colours are quicker to interpret than numbers.
Cristiano Ronaldo
movement on the football
field in the Serie-A season
for Juventus club as a left
winger
Box(Box and Whisker) Plot
[Link]
Box Plot Contd..
• Arrange the given data in ascending order
• Find Median, first quartile( Q1), third quartile (Q3).
• Find IQR: Inter quartile range= Q3-Q1
• Find Minimum: Q1-(1.5xIQR)
• Find Maximum: Q3-(1.5xIQR)
• Identify Outlier. Outliers are those numbers which are less than minimum or
greater than maximum
Questions on Box Plot
Q. 1:Box plot shows the representation of weights of raisins. About
what percentage of raisins weighed more than 29gms?
Ans: 75%
Questions on Box Plot
Rank ordered data is -
5,7,10,15,19,21,21,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24,24,24,25
Median ?
Quartile 1 ?
Quartile 3 ?
Inter Quartile Range ?
Minimum ?
Maximum ?
Outliers ?
Questions on Box Plot
Rank ordered data is -
5,7,10,15,19,21,21,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24,24,24,25
Median 23
Quartile 1 19
Quartile 3 24
Inter Quartile Range 5
Minimum 11.5
Maximum 31.5
Outliers 5,7,10
Andrews Curve
• The basic problem of graphical displays of multivariate data is the dimensionality.
• Scatter plots work well up to three dimensions More than three dimensions have
to be coded into displayable 2D or 3D structures.
• The idea of coding and representing multivariate data by curves was suggested
by Andrews in 1972.
• Each multivariate observation is transformed into a curve as follows:
• It defines a finite Fourier series.
• fx(t)=x1/√2 + x2sin(t) + x3cos(t) + x4sin(2t) +x5 cos(2t)+..
• Let us consider swiss bank data set.
[Link]
Variables are – length of the note, width of left edge, width of right
edge, bottom margin width, top margin width, diagonal all in mm.
• The 96th observation is – [215.6,129.9, 129.9,9.0,9.5,141.7]
• Figure shows the Andrews' curves for observations 96-105 of the Swiss bank
note data set.
• The observations 96-100 represent genuine bank notes, and that the
observations 101-105 represent counterfeit bank notes.
Chernoff faces
• Used to display multivariate data in the shape of human face. The
individual parts, such as eyes, ears, nose, mouth, face length are used
to represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement
and orientation. The humans easily recognize faces and notice small
changes without difficulty.
Quality of Life – Chernoff faces composition
Quality of Life – Chernoff faces composition
Batting Records
Parameter Tendulkar Dhoni Sehwag Gambhir Yuvraj
Batting 44.83 50.57 35.05 39.68 36.55
Average
Strike 86.23 87.56 104.33 85.25 87.67
Rate
No. of 4.354 2.36 4.510 3.816 2.984
Fours /
match
No. of 0.421 0.654 0.541 0.115 0.510
Sixers /
match
Ratio of 0.976 0.848 0.976 0.972 0.914
innings to
total
matches
played
Metrics and features association
Metrics Features
Batting Average Height of Face
Strike Rate Curve of Smile
Number of fours per match Width of Eyes
Number of sixes per match Height of Eyes
Ratio of innings to total matches played Width of Face
Chernoff Faces
Conclusion
• As can be seen, the happiest face seems to be of Sehwag, no
surprise there since he has the highest strike rate, a variable
mapped to curve of the smile. Also, notice Dhoni has a very
long face, this is again due to the fact because the batting
average is mapped to the height of face and Dhoni has a very
good batting average.
• Another thing to notice is the width of eyes for both Dhoni and
Yuvraj, its very small, testament to the fact that both these
players, although very good stroke makers, made a lot of runs
by running between the wickets.