Chapter ONE

Mixture of Ideal Gas

Tafari Afessa (MSc. in Thermal Engineering)

COMPOSITION OF A GAS MIXTURE:
MASS AND MOLE FRACTIONS
To determine the properties of a mixture, we need to know the composition of
the mixture as well as the properties of the individual components. There are
two ways to describe the composition of a mixture:
Molar analysis: specifying
the number of moles of
each component
Gravimetric analysis:
specifying the mass of each
component
The mass of a mixture is equal to the
sum of the masses of its components.

Mass
fraction

Mole
The number of moles of a nonreacting mixture fraction
is equal to the sum of the number of moles of
its components.
Apparent (or average) molar mass The sum of the mass and
mole fractions of a mixture
is equal to 1.

Gas constant

The molar mass of a mixture

Mass and mole fractions of a

mixture are related by The sum of the mole
fractions of a mixture is
equal to 1.
 Example
The masses of the constituents of a gas mixture are 5 Kg O2 , 8 Kg N2 and 10 Kg
CO2 . Determine the mass fractions, the mole fractions, the average molar mass,
and gas constant ?
 Example
• A gas mixture has the following composition on a molar basis: 60 percent O2 and
40 percent CO2. Determine the gravimetric analysis of the mixture, molar mass and
gas constant?
 P-v-T BEHAVIOR OF GAS MIXTURES: IDEAL AND
REAL GASES
The prediction of the P-v-T behavior of gas mixtures is usually
based on two models:
Dalton’s law of additive pressures for a mixture of two ideal Dalton’s law of additive
gases. pressures: The pressure
of a gas mixture is equal
to the sum of the
pressures each gas would
exert if it existed alone at
the mixture temperature
and volume.
Amagat’s law of additive volumes for a mixture of two ideal
gases. Amagat’s law of additive
volumes: The volume of a
gas mixture is equal to the
sum of the volumes each
gas would occupy if it
existed alone at the
mixture temperature and
pressure.
 Pi component pressure Vi component volume
Pi /Pm pressure fraction Vi /Vm volume fraction

For ideal gases, Dalton’s and Amagad’s

laws are identical and give identical results.

The volume a component would occupy if it existed alone

at the mixture T and P is called the component volume (for
ideal gases, it is equal to the partial volume yiVm).
 Ideal-Gas Mixtures

This equation is only valid for ideal-gas mixtures as it is derived by assuming

ideal-gas behavior for the gas mixture and each of its components.
The quantity yiPm is called the partial pressure (identical to the component
pressure for ideal gases), and the quantity yiVm is called the partial volume
(identical to the component volume for ideal gases).
Note that for an ideal-gas mixture, the mole fraction, the pressure fraction,
and the volume fraction of a component are identical.
The composition of an ideal-gas mixture (such as the exhaust gases leaving
a combustion chamber) is frequently determined by a volumetric analysis
(Orsat Analysis)
 Real-Gas Mixtures
Kay’s rule
Compressibility factor

Zi is determined either at Tm and Vm

Dalton’s law) or at Tm and Pm (Amagat’s
law) for each individual gas. Using
Dalton’s law gives more accurate
results.
Another way of predicting the
P-v-T behavior of a real-gas
mixture is to treat it as a
pseudopure substance with
critical properties.
Zm is determined by using these
pseudocritical properties.
The result by Kay’s rule is
accurate to within about 10%
One way of predicting the P-v-T over a wide range of
behavior of a real-gas mixture is to temperatures and pressures.
use compressibility factor.
 Example
• A gas mixture at 300 K and 200 kPa consists of 1 kg of CO2 and 3 kg of CH4. Determine
the partial pressure of each gas and the apparent molar mass of the gas mixture.

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 Example
The volumetric fractions of the constituents of a gas mixture at a specified
pressure and temperature are 65% N2, 20% O2 and 15% CO2. The mass fraction and
partial pressure of each gas are to be determined.

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 Example
Find the volume of the mixture using three methods.
Assume as ideal gas

(b) To use Kay's rule, we need to determine the pseudo-critical temperature and pseudo-critical pressure of the
mixture using the critical point properties of O2 and N2 from Table A-1. But we first need to determine the Z and
the mole numbers of each component at the mixture temperature and pressure (Fig. A-15),

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PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES:
IDEAL AND REAL GASES
Extensive properties of a gas mixture

The extensive
properties of a
mixture are
determined by
simply adding the
properties of the
components.

Changes in properties of a gas mixture

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 Extensive properties of a gas mixture

Properties per unit mass involve

mass fractions (mf ) and i The intensive
properties per unit mole involve properties of a
mole fractions (y ). mixture are
i
The relations are exact for ideal- determined by
gas mixtures, and approximate for weighted averaging.
real-gas mixtures.
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 Ideal-Gas Mixtures
Gibbs–Dalton law: Under the ideal-gas
approximation, the properties of a gas are not
influenced by the presence of other gases, and each
gas component in the mixture behaves as if it exists
alone at the mixture temperature Tm and mixture
volume Vm.

Also, the h, u, cv , and cp of an ideal gas

depend on temperature only and are
independent of the pressure or the
volume of the ideal-gas mixture.

Partial pressures (not

the mixture pressure)
are used in the
evaluation of entropy
changes of ideal-gas
mixtures.

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 Example
• A mixture of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and helium (He) gases with mass fractions of 0.0625, 0.625,
and 0.3125, respectively, enter an adiabatic turbine at 1000 kPa and 600 K steadily and expand to 100 kPa
pressure and the exit temperature was 265 K. For gas components assuming constant specific heats at room
temperature, determine (a) the work output per unit mass of mixture and (b) the exergy destruction and the
second-law efficiency of the turbine. Take the environment temperature to be T0 = 25°C.

Solution The mass fractions of the components of a gas mixture that expands in an
adiabatic turbine are given. The work output, the exergy destruction, and the
second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions All gases will be modeled as ideal gases with constant specific heats.
Analysis (a) The mass fractions of mixture components are given to be
mf O2 = 0.0625, mf CO2 = 0.625, and mf He = 0.3125. The specific heats of these
gases at room temperature are (Table A–2a):

Then, the constant-pressure and constant-volume specific heats of the mixture become

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 Example
• Air is a mixture of N2, O2, and small amounts of other gases, and it can be approximated as 79
percent N2 and 21 percent O2 on a mole basis. During a steady- flow process, air is cooled from 220
to 160 K at a constant pressure of 10 MPa (Fig. 13–17). Determine the heat transfer during this
process per kmol of air, using (a) the ideal-gas approximation, (b) Kay’s rule, and (c) Amagat’s law.
SOLUTION Air at a low temperature and high pressure is
cooled at constant pressure. The heat transfer is to be
determined using three different approaches.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is
no change with time at any point and thus ΔmCV = 0 and
ΔECV = 0. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.

• We take the cooling section as the system. This is a control volume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process. We note that heat is transferred out of the system.

• The critical properties are Tcr = 126.2 K and Pcr = 3.39 MPa for N2 and Tcr = 154.8 K and Pcr =
5.08 MPa for O2.
• Both gases remain above their critical temperatures and also above their critical
pressures. Therefore, air will probably deviate from ideal-gas behavior, and thus it should
be treated as a real-gas mixture.

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where Zh is called the enthalpy departure factor The two equations are enthalpy
departure from ideal gas
equation in Kj/kmol and in Kj/kg

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THANK YOU..

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