II/IV-B.
Tech(EVEN Sem), Academic Year: 2025-2026
[Link](CSE, CSIT &ME), 2024 Batch II/IV, EVEN Semester
Subject Code: 24MT2019 / TITLE: Probability and Statistics
SESSIONWISE PROBLEMS (CO-3)
SESSION-14:
(Random variables, types and their probability functions)
1. From a lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives, a sample of 4 items is drawn at random. Let the
random variable, X denote the number of defective items in the sample. Obtain the probability
distribution of X.
2. The Probability distribution of a discrete random variable, X is :
X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
a) Find ‘k’ b) Find P(X<4), P(X≥5)
3. The daily consumption of electric power (in millions of KW-Hours) is a random variable having the
1 x /3
xe ;x 0
probability density function (p.d.f.) f ( x) 9 . If the total production is 12 million
0 ; x 0
KW-hours, obtain the probability that there is power cut (shortage) on any given day.
4. The diameter of a particle of contamination (in micro meters is modelled with the probability
2
density function, f ( x) ; x 1 . Determine the following:
x3
a) P(X < 2) b) P(X > 5) c) P(4 < X < 8) d) P(X < 4 or X > 8)
e) x such that P(X < x) = 0.95.
5. Let the continuous random variable X denote the diameter of a hole drilled in a sheet metal
component. The target diameter is 12.5 millimetres. Most random disturbances to the process result
in larger diameters. Historical data show that the distribution of X can be modeled by a probability
20 ( x 12,5)
density function, f ( x) 20 e ; x 12.5 . If a part with a diameter greater than 12.60 mm
is scrapped, what proportion of parts is scrapped? What proportion of parts is between 12.5 and
12.6 millimetres?
1
SESSION-15: (Probability mass function, density function and cumulative probability function)
1. The time until a chemical reaction is complete (in milliseconds) is approximated by
0 ; x0
the cumulative distribution function, F ( x) 0.01 x
1 e ;0 x
Determine the probability density function of X. What proportion of reactions is complete
within 200 milliseconds?
K x 2 ;0 x 3
2. Obtain the constant ‘K’ such that f ( x) is a probability density
0 ; Otherwise
function. i) Find the distribution function F(x), ii) P(1 x 2) .
3. The trouble shooting capability of an IC-Chip in a circuit is a continuous random variable,
2
; 1 x
X whose probability density functions is given by f ( x) x 3 . Find F(x).
0 ; Otherwise
e x ; x 0
4. Is the function defined as follows a density function, f ( x) . If so, find the
0 ; x 0
Cumulative probability, F(2).
SESSION-16: (Mean, Variance and Standard deviation of a random variable)
1. A player wins if he gets 5 on a single throw of a die, he loses if he gets 2 or 4. If he wins, he
gets Rs.50, if he loses he gets Rs.10, otherwise he as to pay Rs.15. Obtain the value of the
game to the player. Justify is the game favorable to the player?
2. The diameter of an electric cable is assumed to be continuous random variable with the
K (1 x 2 );0 x 1
probability density function f ( x) . Find i) K ii) Obtain the Mean,
0 ; Otherwise
Variance and standard deviation.
3. The probability distribution of a random variable, X is given below:
X=x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(X=x) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1
Obtain a) E(x) b) Var(x) c) E(2x – 3) d) Var( 2x – 3)
4. The number of e-mail messages received per hour has the following distribution:
Determine the mean and standard deviation of the number of messages received per
hour.
2
SESSION-17:
(Bernoulli, Binomial distributions and their applications to real life problems.)
1. The incidence of an occupational disease in an industry is such that the workers have a
20% chance of suffering from it. What is the probability that out of 6 workers chosen at
random, four or more will suffer from the disease? Apply appropriate distribution.
2. The probability that the life of a bulb is 100 days is 0.05. Obtain the probability that out
of 6 bulbs a) At least one b) Greater than four c) None, will be having a life of 100
days.
3. The mean of a Binomial Distribution is 3 and the variance is 9/4. Obtain a) the value of ‘n’
b) P(X ≥ 7) and c) P(1 ≤ X≤ 6).
4. Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a particular organic pollutant. Assume that
the samples are independent with regard to the presence of the pollutant.
a) Find the probability that in the next 18 samples, exactly 2 contain the pollutant.
b) Determine the probability that at least four samples contain the pollutant.
c) Determine the probability that 3 ≤ X < 7.
SESSION-18: (Poisson distribution to solve real world problems)
1. Number of monthly breakdowns of a computer is a random variable having Poisson
distribution with mean equal to 1.8. Obtain the probability that the computer will function
for a month a) without a breakdown b) with only one breakdown and c) with at least
one.
2. In the inspection of tin plate produced by a continuous electrolytic process, 0.2 imperfection
is spotted per minute, on average. Obtain the probabilities of spotting a) One imperfection
in 3 minutes. b) At least two imperfections in 5 minutes.
c) At most one imperfection in 15 minutes.
3. Wireless sets are manufactured with 25 soldered joints each. On the average 1 joint in 500
is defective. How many sets can be expected to be free from defective joints in a consignment
of 10,000 sets? Apply Poisson distribution.
4. For the case of the thin copper wire, suppose that the number of flaws follows a Poisson
distribution with a mean of 2.3 flaws per millimeter. a) Determine the probability of exactly two
flaws in 1 millimeter of wire. b) Determine the probability of 10 flaws in 5 millimeters of wire.
c) Determine the probability of at least one flaw in 2 millimeters of wire.
3
SESSION-19: (Normal distribution to solve real life problems)
1. Use Normal Distribution Table to determine the following probabilities for the standard
normal random variable Z: (a) P (Z < 1.32) (b) P (Z < 3.0) (c) P (Z > 1.45)
(d) P (Z > − 2.15) (e) P (− 2.34 < Z < 1.76).
2. Given a standard normal distribution, computing the value of k such as
(a) P(Z > k) = 0.3015 and (b) P(k < Z < −0.18) = 0.4197.
3. Given a standard normal distribution, compute the area under the curve that lies
(a) to the right of z = 1.84 and (b) between z = −1.97 and z = 0.86.
4. Given that X has a normal distribution with μ = 300 and σ = 50, determine the probability
that X assumes a value greater than 362.
SESSION-20: (Normal distribution to solve real life problems)
1. The time until recharge for a battery in a laptop computer under common conditions is
normally distributed with a mean of 260 minutes and a standard deviation of 50 minutes.
(a) What is the probability that a battery lasts more than four hours? (b) What are the
quartiles (the 25% and 75% values) of battery life? (c) What value of life in minutes is
exceeded with 95% probability?
2. The line width for semiconductor manufacturing is assumed to be normally distributed with
a mean of 0.5 micrometer and a standard deviation of 0.05 micrometer. (a) What is the
probability that a line width is greater than 0.62 micrometer? (b) What is the probability
that a line width is between 0.47 and 0.63 micrometer? (c) The line width of 90% of
samples is below what value?
3. The fill volume of an automated filling machine used for filling cans of carbonated
beverage is normally distributed with a mean of 12.4 fluid ounces and a standard deviation
of 0.1 fluid ounce. (a) What is the probability that a fill volume is less than 12 fluid
ounces? (b) If all cans less than 12.1 or more than 12.6 ounces are scrapped, what
proportion of cans is scrapped? (c) Determine specifications that are symmetric about
the mean that include 99% of all cans.
4. A sales tax officer has reported that the average sales of the 500 business that he has to
deal with during a year is Rs.36,000 with a standard deviation of Rs.10,000. Assuming
that the sales in these business are normally distributed, find i) the number of business as
the sales of which are Rs.40,000. ii) the percentage of business the sales of which are
likely to range between Rs.30,000 and Rs.40,000.