6.

What types of invaders does the

immune system protect the body
SECTION 1: OVERVIEW AND against?
ANATOMY
●​ A. Essential vitamins and minerals.
1. Which of the following best defines the ●​ B. Pathogens like bacteria, viruses,
human immune system? and fungi.
●​ C. Healthy red and white blood cells.
●​ A. A single organ located in the chest ●​ D. Hormones produced by the
that filters blood. endocrine system.
●​ B. A complex network of cells,
tissues, and organs working together. 7. Where are Peyer’s patches specifically
●​ C. A system primarily responsible for located?
the transport of oxygen.
●​ A. In the cerebral cortex of the brain.
●​ D. The group of muscles that protect
●​ B. In the lining of the small intestine.
the skeletal structure.
●​ C. Behind the thyroid gland.
2. Which organ is NOT considered a ●​ D. On the surface of the dermis.
primary part of the immune system?
8. The process of clearing dead cells to
●​ A. Spleen help the body heal is known as:
●​ B. Thymus
●​ A. Identification
●​ C. Pancreas
●​ B. Neutralization
●​ D. Bone Marrow
●​ C. Removal and Recovery
3. What is the primary function of the ●​ D. Antigen Presentation
immune system?
9. The immune system is often referred to
●​ A. To regulate body temperature as the body's:
through perspiration.
●​ A. Natural cooling system.
●​ B. To recognize, attack, and
●​ B. Natural defense system.
remember pathogens.
●​ C. Primary energy source.
●​ C. To break down complex
●​ D. Structural support framework.
carbohydrates into glucose.
●​ D. To facilitate the exchange of 10. Which of these are considered
gases in the lungs. common pathogens?
4. The "Identification" step in the immune ●​ A. Antibodies and Antigens
response involves: ●​ B. Fungi and Parasites
●​ C. Enzymes and Co-enzymes
●​ A. Healing damaged tissues after an
●​ D. Hormones and Neurotransmitters
infection.
●​ B. Recognizing foreign and harmful
substances/pathogens.
SECTION 2: INNATE IMMUNITY
●​ C. Producing new red blood cells in (NON-SPECIFIC)
the bone marrow.
●​ D. Digesting proteins in the small 11. When is innate immunity established
intestine. in a human being?

5. Which step follows "Attack and ●​ A. After the first successful recovery
Destruction" in the immune process? from an illness.
●​ B. From the moment of birth.
●​ A. Identification ●​ C. Only during the onset of puberty.
●​ B. Prior Exposure ●​ D. After receiving the first round of
●​ C. Removal and Recovery vaccinations.
●​ D. Fever Induction
12. Innate immunity is best described as: 18. Which innate cells directly attack
virus-infected or cancerous cells?
●​ A. Highly specific to each individual
virus. ●​ A. B cells
●​ B. Non-specific (it responds the ●​ B. Natural Killer (NK) cells
same way to all invaders). ●​ C. Erythrocytes
●​ C. A slow-acting system that takes ●​ D. Platelets
weeks to activate.
●​ D. A system that relies entirely on 19. What is the primary goal of the
prior exposure. inflammatory response?

13. Which of the following is a physical ●​ A. To help the infection spread to

barrier of the innate immune system? other organs.
●​ B. To isolate and destroy invaders at
●​ A. Stomach acid the site of entry.
●​ B. Intact Skin ●​ C. To lower the body's internal
●​ C. Antibodies temperature.
●​ D. Memory T cells ●​ D. To produce more oxygen for the
muscles.
14. How fast does the innate immune
response typically react to an invader? 20. Fever assists the immune system by:

●​ A. Within minutes to hours. ●​ A. Speeding up the reproduction rate

●​ B. Between two to three weeks. of pathogens.
●​ C. Exactly 48 hours after exposure. ●​ B. Raising body temperature to slow
●​ D. It only reacts after the adaptive or stop pathogen growth.
system fails. ●​ C. Halting the production of white
blood cells.
15. How do mucous membranes protect ●​ D. Replacing the need for physical
the body? barriers like skin.

●​ A. By pumping oxygenated blood to

SECTION 3: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
the infection site.
●​ B. By trapping microbes in tracts like (SPECIFIC)
the respiratory system.
21. Adaptive immunity develops:
●​ C. By producing bone marrow for cell
regeneration. ●​ A. At the same time as the skeletal
●​ D. By neutralizing specific viruses system in the womb.
with custom proteins. ●​ B. Only after exposure to a specific
pathogen.
16. Which enzyme in tears and saliva is
●​ C. Automatically every ten years.
capable of destroying bacterial cell
●​ D. Only when a person is in a resting
walls?
state.
●​ A. Pepsin
22. Unlike innate immunity, the adaptive
●​ B. Lysozyme
immune response is:
●​ C. Amylase
●​ D. Lipase ●​ A. General and non-specific.
●​ B. Highly specific to particular
17. Stomach acid is classified as which
antigens.
type of barrier?
●​ C. Present at birth in all mammals.
●​ A. Physical barrier ●​ D. Limited only to the skin's surface.
●​ B. Chemical barrier
23. Which specific cells are responsible
●​ C. Cellular defense
for the production of antibodies?
●​ D. Adaptive response
 ●​ A. T cells 28. Which cell type provides long-term
●​ B. B cells (B lymphocytes) immunity against a specific disease?
●​ C. Neutrophils
●​ D. Macrophages ●​ A. Helper B cells
●​ B. Memory B cells
●​ C. Phagocytic B cells
●​ D. Killer B cells

29. How long does the initial (first-time)

adaptive immune response usually take?

●​ A. A few seconds.
●​ B. One to two hours.
●​ C. Several days to a week.
●​ D. Exactly one month.

30. Which of the following is a primary

component of adaptive immunity?

●​ A. Fever
24. The ability to respond faster to a
●​ B. T cells
repeat invader is known as:
●​ C. Stomach acid
●​ A. Identification ●​ D. Skin
●​ B. Phagocytosis
●​ C. Immunological memory SECTION 4: ANTIMICROBIAL
●​ D. Inflammation PROTEINS

25. Which cells act as "generals" to 31. What is the main function of
coordinate the immune response? Interferons (IFNs)?

●​ A. Helper T cells ●​ A. To digest bacteria in the colon.

●​ B. Cytotoxic T cells ●​ B. To warn neighboring cells to
●​ C. Red blood cells increase antiviral defenses.
●​ D. Memory B cells ●​ C. To transport iron through the
bloodstream.
26. Cytotoxic T cells are specifically ●​ D. To create physical barriers like
designed to: keratin.

●​ A. Produce mucus for the respiratory 32. Which proteins are known for
tract. "punching holes" in bacterial
●​ B. Directly kill infected or cancerous membranes?
host cells.
●​ C. Strengthen the acid in the ●​ A. Defensins
stomach. ●​ B. Complement proteins
●​ D. Mark bacteria for later ●​ C. Hemoglobin
identification. ●​ D. Myoglobin

27. What are antibodies? 33. Opsonization is the process of:

●​ A. Harmful pathogens that cause ●​ A. Increasing the body's

disease. temperature.
●​ B. Y-shaped proteins that recognize ●​ B. Marking a pathogen so phagocytic
and neutralize pathogens. cells can find it easily.
●​ C. The outermost layer of the skin. ●​ C. Creating new skin cells after a
●​ D. Enzymes used for the digestion of burn.
lipids.
 ●​ D. Deactivating the immune system ●​ A. Regulate hormonal balance.
after healing. ●​ B. Disrupt the cell membranes of
bacteria and fungi.
34. Where are Defensins primarily found? ●​ C. Carry carbon dioxide to the lungs.
●​ D. Increase the sensitivity of nerve
●​ A. In the central nervous system. endings.
●​ B. In the bone marrow of the femur.
●​ C. On the skin and mucous
SECTION 5: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
membranes.
●​ D. In the cardiac muscle tissue. (LEUKOCYTES)

35. Antimicrobial proteins belong to 41. What is the medical term for all white
which branch of immunity? blood cells?

●​ A. Strictly Adaptive Immunity. ●​ A. Pathogens

●​ B. Innate Immunity (but they assist ●​ B. Leukocytes
Adaptive responses). ●​ C. Erythrocytes
●​ C. Neither Innate nor Adaptive. ●​ D. Thrombocytes
●​ D. Only the First Line of Defense.
42. Phagocytosis is best defined as:
36. Interferons are specifically produced
●​ A. The production of specialized
by cells that are:
antibodies.
●​ A. Healthy and uninfected. ●​ B. The process of engulfing and
●​ B. Already infected by a virus. digesting pathogens.
●​ C. Located in the skeletal system. ●​ C. The signaling of viral infection to
●​ D. Producing digestive enzymes.

37. The term "Lysis" refers to:

●​ A. The rapid growth of a bacterial

colony.
●​ B. The bursting/destruction of a cell
membrane.
●​ C. The formation of a blood clot.
●​ D. The movement of cells toward a
chemical signal.

38. Which protein is responsible for

activating Natural Killer (NK) cells? the brain.
●​ D. The cooling of the body's core
●​ A. Lysozyme temperature.
●​ B. Interferons
●​ C. Gastric acid 43. Which are the most abundant white
●​ D. Collagen blood cells in the human body?

39. Where are complement proteins ●​ A. Macrophages

typically found? ●​ B. Neutrophils
●​ C. B cells
●​ A. Inside the nucleus of cells. ●​ D. Dendritic cells
●​ B. Circulating in the blood plasma.
●​ C. Only in the hair follicles. 44. Large phagocytic cells that "clean up"
●​ D. In the gallbladder. debris in tissues are called:

40. The primary function of defensins is ●​ A. Macrophages

to: ●​ B. T cells
●​ C. Platelets
 ●​ D. Red blood cells 50. Leukocytes circulate through which
two main systems?
45. Which cell acts as a "bridge" between
innate and adaptive immunity? ●​ A. Nervous and Integumentary
systems.
●​ A. Neutrophil ●​ B. Blood and Lymphatic/Tissue
●​ B. Dendritic cell systems.
●​ C. Keratinocyte ●​ C. Digestive and Respiratory
●​ D. Red blood cell systems.
●​ D. Skeletal and Muscular systems.
46. Neutrophils are characterized as
being:

●​ A. The last cells to arrive at an

infection.
●​ B. The first responders to arrive at
infection sites.
●​ C. Cells that live for several years.
●​ D. The main producers of y-shaped
antibodies.

47. What is the role of an

Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)?

●​ A. To destroy the skin barrier.

●​ B. To "show" antigens to T cells to
start a specific response.
●​ C. To produce hydrochloric acid in
the stomach.
●​ D. To transport oxygen to the site of
an injury.

48. Which of the following is true about

Neutrophils?

●​ A. They are long-lived and survive

for months.
●​ B. They are short-lived and often die
after fighting an infection.
●​ C. They are only found in the spleen
and nowhere else.
●​ D. They are the primary cells that
produce interferons.

49. Macrophages release signaling

molecules primarily to:

●​ A. Kill healthy bystander cells.

●​ B. Recruit and activate other immune
cells.
●​ C. Build a physical wall around the
lungs.
●​ D. Suppress the immune response
prematurely.
SECTION 1: RECOGNITION AND ●​ C. The acidity of the stomach
ANATOMY ●​ D. The production of tears

1. A patient undergoes a scan that shows 5. During a follow-up exam, a doctor tells
an enlarged spleen and swollen lymph a patient that their body is in the
nodes in the neck. Which system is the "Removal and Recovery" phase. What is
doctor primarily investigating? the body doing?

●​ A. The Circulatory System ●​ A. Actively fighting a new virus

●​ B. The Immune System ●​ B. Identifying a foreign invader for
●​ C. The Endocrine System the first time
●​ D. The Nervous System ●​ C. Clearing dead cells and repairing
damaged tissue
2. A surgeon is performing an abdominal ●​ D. Shutting down the immune system
permanently

SECTION 2: INNATE IMMUNITY

(FIRST & SECOND LINES)

6. You accidentally touch a rusty nail, and

it punctures your skin. Which line of
defense has been breached?

●​ A. The Second Line of Defense

●​ B. The First Line of Defense
surgery and notices small clusters of
(Physical Barrier)
lymphoid tissue in the lining of the small
●​ C. The Adaptive Immune Response
intestine. What are these structures?
●​ D. The Memory Response
●​ A. Tonsils
7. A scientist is studying a newborn baby.
●​ B. Peyer’s Patches
She notes that the baby already has a
●​ C. The Thymus
functional, non-specific immune
●​ D. The Appendix
response. This is an example of:
3. If a person’s body can identify a
●​ A. Adaptive Immunity
pathogen but fails to "Attack and
●​ B. Innate Immunity
Destroy" it, what is the most likely
●​ C. Acquired Immunity
outcome?
●​ D. Artificial Immunity
●​ A. Immediate healing
8. A swimmer gets water in their eyes,
●​ B. The person becomes a "Helper of
but they don't get an infection because of
God"
an enzyme in their tears. What is this
●​ C. The infection will persist and
enzyme?
potentially spread
●​ D. The immune system skips to the
●​ A. Pepsin
"Recovery" phase
●​ B. Amylase
●​ C. Lysozyme
4. A child is born with a genetic defect
●​ D. Lipase
where their bone marrow cannot produce
white blood cells. Which immune process
9. A person eats food contaminated with
is most directly affected?
bacteria, but the bacteria are destroyed
before they reach the intestines. Which
●​ A. Physical barrier formation
barrier was responsible?
●​ B. The production of all immune cells
(Leukocytes)
 ●​ A. Mucous membranes ●​ A. It ignores it
●​ B. Skin ●​ B. It treats it the same way it treats
●​ C. Stomach acid (Chemical barrier) all other pathogens
●​ D. Antibodies ●​ C. It creates a custom antibody for it
●​ D. It waits for the T cells to give
10. You develop a fever of 101°F. Your instructions
mother wants to break the fever
immediately, but your biology teacher
says it might be helpful. Why?
SECTION 3: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
●​ A. It helps bacteria grow faster
(THE SPECIALISTS)
●​ B. It slows down the growth of
pathogens 16. A patient is exposed to Chickenpox
●​ C. It stops the blood from circulating for the first time. It takes 7 days for their
●​ D. It prevents the skin from sweating body to produce enough antibodies to
fight it. This "slow" response is typical
11. An athlete scrapes their knee. The
of:
area becomes red, hot, and swollen. This
is a sign of: ●​ A. Innate Immunity
●​ B. Adaptive Immunity
●​ A. A failed immune system
●​ C. The Inflammatory Response
●​ B. The Inflammatory Response
●​ D. Fever
●​ C. A viral infection in the bone
marrow 17. The same patient is exposed to
●​ D. Adaptive immunity taking over Chickenpox again two years later but
doesn't get sick. This is due to:
12. In a lab, a researcher observes a cell
"eating" a bacterium by wrapping its ●​ A. Stronger skin
membrane around it. This process is: ●​ B. Immunological memory (Memory
B/T cells)
●​ A. Opsonization
●​ C. The bacteria being weaker
●​ B. Phagocytosis
●​ D. Stomach acid getting stronger
●​ C. Lysis
●​ D. Fever 18. A lab test shows a patient has a high
level of "Helper T cells." What is likely
13. A patient has a "Natural Killer (NK)
happening?
cell" deficiency. What are they most at
risk for? ●​ A. Their body is coordinating a major
immune response
●​ A. Only bacterial infections
●​ B. Their body is resting
●​ B. Viral infections and cancerous cell
●​ C. They are losing their immunity
growth
●​ D. Their skin is thickening
●​ C. Allergic reactions to pollen
●​ D. Dehydration 19. Which cell would be responsible for
directly "assassinating" a host cell that
14. A virus enters the respiratory tract
has been taken over by a virus?
but gets stuck in a sticky substance and
is coughed out. This is the work of: ●​ A. B Cell
●​ B. Cytotoxic T Cell
●​ A. Stomach acid
●​ C. Red Blood Cell
●​ B. Mucous membranes
●​ D. Neutrophil
●​ C. T cells
●​ D. The Spleen 20. A person receives a snake antivenom
containing pre-made proteins that
15. If a pathogen is "non-specific," how
neutralize the venom. These proteins are:
does the innate system treat it?
 ●​ A. Antigens SECTION 4: PROTEINS AND
●​ B. Antibodies DEFENSES
●​ C. Defensins
●​ D. Interferons 26. A cell is currently being attacked by a
virus. It releases a chemical to warn the
21. If B cells were removed from the cells next to it. This chemical is:
body, which of the following could the
body no longer do? ●​ A. A Defensin
●​ B. An Interferon
●​ A. Develop a fever ●​ C. Stomach acid
●​ B. Produce antibodies ●​ D. A B cell
●​ C. Engulf bacteria
●​ D. Produce stomach acid 27. A bacterium is "marked" with a
protein that makes it look "tasty" to a
22. A doctor explains that the "Adaptive" macrophage, making it easier to engulf.
system is "highly specific." What does This marking process is:
this mean?
●​ A. Lysis
●​ A. It attacks anything that isn't a ●​ B. Opsonization
human cell ●​ C. Inflammation
●​ B. It creates unique defenses for ●​ D. Vaccination
specific pathogens (like Flu vs. Cold)
●​ C. It works only in the lungs 28. A protein "punches a hole" in a
●​ D. It is always active from birth bacterial membrane, causing the bacteria
to burst. This is the work of:
23. Why is adaptive immunity often called
the "specialized defense"? ●​ A. Complement Proteins
●​ B. Memory T cells
●​ A. Because it uses the skin ●​ C. Hemoglobin
●​ B. Because it uses general ●​ D. Mucus
inflammation
●​ C. Because it targets specific 29. You find a small peptide on your skin
invaders with precision that disrupts the cell membranes of
●​ D. Because it only works for bacteria fungi. This is most likely:

24. A patient is recovering from an ●​ A. An antibody

infection. Which cells are now staying ●​ B. A Defensin
behind to "remember" the invader? ●​ C. An Interferon
●​ D. A Macrophage
●​ A. Macrophages
●​ B. Memory B and T cells 30. If a person had a deficiency in
●​ C. Neutrophils "Complement Proteins," their body would
●​ D. Red blood cells struggle to:

25. Helper T cells are often called the ●​ A. Raise its temperature
"Generals" of the immune system ●​ B. Lysis (burst) bacterial cells
because: ●​ C. Grow skin
●​ D. Produce saliva
●​ A. They eat the most bacteria
●​ B. They coordinate and activate
other immune cells
●​ C. They are the largest cells SECTION 5: LEUKOCYTES (WHITE
●​ D. They live the longest
BLOOD CELLS)
31. A blood test shows a massive spike ●​ A. Innate Immunity
in "Neutrophils" only 2 hours after an ●​ B. Adaptive Immunity
injury. This is expected because: ●​ C. First line of defense
●​ D. Chemical barrier
●​ A. They are the last to arrive
●​ B. They are the "first responders" to 37. Which of these would be a
an infection site "non-specific" response to a splinter?
●​ C. They are the cells that produce
antibodies ●​ A. Antibody production
●​ D. They are long-lived cells ●​ B. Inflammation and swelling
●​ C. Memory T cell activation
32. After a battle with bacteria, many ●​ D. B cell cloning
white blood cells die, forming what we
know as "pus." Which cells are most 38. A patient has a virus. Why would a
likely to be in that pus? doctor check their "lymph nodes"?

●​ A. Macrophages ●​ A. To see if they are producing more

●​ B. Neutrophils saliva
●​ C. B cells ●​ B. Because lymph nodes are where
●​ D. T cells immune cells gather and fight
●​ C. To check their heart rate
33. A cell captures a piece of a virus and ●​ D. To see if their skin is dry
"presents" it to a T cell in a lymph node
to start a specialized attack. This cell is a: 39. A "Lysozyme" in a person's saliva is
a:
●​ A. Red Blood Cell
●​ B. Dendritic Cell (The Bridge) ●​ A. Physical barrier
●​ C. Platelet ●​ B. Chemical barrier
●​ D. Skin cell ●​ C. Cellular defense
●​ D. Specific antibody
34. A "Macrophage" is found in the tissue
near a wound. Its name literally means 40. If a virus mimics a human cell
"Big Eater." What is its job? perfectly, the immune system might fail
at which step?
●​ A. To produce blood clots
●​ B. To engulf and digest pathogens ●​ A. Identification
and debris ●​ B. Attack
●​ C. To carry oxygen ●​ C. Removal
●​ D. To produce skin pigment ●​ D. Recovery

35. If you compared the immune system 41. Which of the following is NOT a
to an army, the "Dendritic Cell" would be: leukocyte?

●​ A. The wall around the fort ●​ A. Macrophage

●​ B. The scout that brings intelligence ●​ B. Neutrophil
to the generals ●​ C. Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)
●​ C. The long-range missile ●​ D. B cell
●​ D. The medic that heals the skin
42. A patient with a high fever is likely
fighting an infection. The fever is part of:

●​ A. The adaptive response

SECTION 6: MIXED SCENARIOS
●​ B. The innate response
36. A person is immune to a specific ●​ C. The physical barrier
disease because they had it as a child. ●​ D. The third line of defense
This is:
43. A lab technician notices "Lysis" ●​ D. A physical barrier
occurring in a sample of bacteria. This
means:

●​ A. The bacteria are multiplying

●​ B. The bacterial membranes are
being destroyed/burst
●​ C. The bacteria are turning into
viruses
●​ D. The bacteria are hiding

44. Which cell is the "Bridge" between

innate and adaptive systems?

●​ A. B cell
●​ B. Dendritic cell
●​ C. Red blood cell
●​ D. Helper T cell

45. If the skin is "The Wall," then the

"Antibodies" are:

●​ A. The bricks
●​ B. The specialized heat-seeking
missiles
●​ C. The moat
●​ D. The sun

46. Which cell lives the shortest amount

of time?

●​ A. Macrophage
●​ B. Neutrophil
●​ C. Memory B cell
●​ D. T cell

47. A "pathogen" is best described as:

●​ A. A helpful bacteria
●​ B. A disease-causing agent
●​ C. A type of white blood cell
●​ D. A protein in the blood

48. Why is the thymus important for a

teenager's immune system?

●​ A. It produces stomach acid

●​ B. It is where T cells mature
●​ C. It filters the air they breathe
●​ D. It produces red blood cells

49. An "Antigen" is:

●​ A. A type of medicine
●​ B. A "foreign label" on a pathogen
that the immune system recognizes
●​ C. A part of the bone marrow