e Mobility

ICE Vehicles
Petrol and diesel vehicles are similar. They both use internal combustion engines.
A petrol car typically uses a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, rather than the
compression-ignited systems used in diesel vehicles. In a spark-ignited system, the fuel
is injected into the combustion chamber and combined with air. The air/fuel mixture is
ignited by a spark from the spark plug. Although petrol is the most common
transportation fuel, there are alternative fuel options that use similar components and
engine systems.

Key Components of a Petrol Car:

• Battery: The battery provides electricity to start the engine and power vehicle
electronics/accessories.
• Electronic control module (ECM): The ECM controls the fuel mixture, ignition
timing, and emissions system; monitors the operation of the vehicle; safeguards
the engine from abuse; and detects and troubleshoots problems.
• Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine
out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out
emissions within the exhaust system.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle
to fill the tank.
• Fuel injection system: This system introduces fuel into the engine's combustion
chambers for ignition.
• Fuel line: A metal tube or flexible hose (or a combination of these) transfers fuel
from the tank to the engine's fuel injection system.
• Fuel pump: A pump that transfers fuel from the tank to the engine's fuel injection
system via the fuel line.
• Fuel tank (petrol): This tank stores petrol on board the vehicle until it's needed
by the engine.
• Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is
injected into either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is
combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark
plug.
 • Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine
and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

Hybrid Vehicles:
Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and an
electric motor, which uses energy stored in batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be
plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative
braking and by the internal combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric
motor can potentially allow for a smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary
loads and reduce engine idling when stopped. Together, these features result in better
fuel economy without sacrificing performance.

Key Components of a Hybrid Electric Car

• Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery
provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also
powers vehicle accessories.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric generator: Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking,
transferring that energy back to the traction battery pack. Some vehicles use
motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both
the drive and regeneration functions.
• Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine
out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out
emissions within the exhaust system.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle
to fill the tank.
• Fuel tank (petrol): This tank stores petrol on board the vehicle until it's needed
by the engine.
 • Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is
injected into either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is
combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark
plug.
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
• Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine
and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles:

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor
and another fuel, such as petrol, to power an internal combustion engine (ICE). PHEV
batteries can be charged using a wall outlet or charging equipment, by the ICE, or through
regenerative braking. The vehicle typically runs on electric power until the battery is
nearly depleted, and then the car automatically switches over to use the ICE.

Electric Vehicles:
All-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery electric vehicles, have an
electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction
battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet
or charging equipment, also called electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). Because it
runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the
typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.

Key Components of an All-Electric Car

• Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery
provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.
• Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power
supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
 • DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both
the drive and regeneration functions.
• Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port
and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It also communicates
with the charging equipment and monitors battery characteristics such as voltage,
current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
• Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the
electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:

Like all-electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use electricity to power
an electric motor. In contrast to other electric vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using
a fuel cell powered by hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a battery.
During the vehicle design process, the vehicle manufacturer defines the power of the
vehicle by the size of the electric motor(s) that receives electric power from the
appropriately sized fuel cell and battery combination.
Although automakers could design an FCEV with plug-in capabilities to charge the
battery, most FCEVs today use the battery for recapturing braking energy, providing
extra power during short acceleration events, and to smooth out the power delivered
from the fuel cell with the option to idle or turn off the fuel cell during low power needs.
 The amount of energy stored onboard is determined by the size of the hydrogen
fuel tank. This is different from an all-electric vehicle, where the amount of power and
energy available are both closely related to the battery's size.

Key Components of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Car

• Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery
provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also
powers vehicle accessories.
• Battery pack: This high-voltage battery stores energy generated from
regenerative braking and provides supplemental power to the electric traction
motor.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric traction motor (FCEV): Using power from the fuel cell and the traction
battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor
generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Fuel cell stack: An assembly of individual membrane electrodes that use
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle
to fill the tank.
• Fuel tank (hydrogen): Stores hydrogen gas onboard the vehicle until it's needed
by the fuel cell.
• Power electronics controller (FCEV): This unit manages the flow of electrical
energy delivered by the fuel cell and the traction battery, controlling the speed of
the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling) - (FCEV): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the fuel cell, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
• Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the
electric traction motor to drive the wheels.