Unit 1 (1491-1607):

-​ The natives of the American continents were diverse people with diverse cultures based
on their geography
-​ Pueblo- farmers that spent time harvesting beans, squash, and maize
-​ The Pueblo revolt against the Spanish was in 1680 and the Indians took over a city
-​ They are known for living in clay houses
-​ Great Basin- hunters and nomadicsssss
-​ They grouped each other in small groups
-​ Shumash/ other Western tribes- made permanent settlements due to an abundance of
resources
-​ Chinook- Plank houses3
-​ Iroquois- farmers that lived in long houses and lived communally
-​ Mississippi River Valley people/Chaokia- Farmers who were sedentary
-​ European powers were changing a lot during the period
-​ Portugal was a big power and used maritime strategies such as using the sea
-​ Christopher Columbus provided a plan to Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain and went
west and ran landed onto North America which nobody knew of
-​ He landed in the Caribbean and found great wealth which led many people to want to go
(1492)
-​ The columbian exchange(16th century) was caused by columbus’s discovery as it led
people, animals, and food to go to the North America
-​ Much food from the Americas such as Maize came to Europe which was amazing
-​ Europeans introduced many things to the Americas such as slavery in 1619
-​ The most important thing exchanged was Disease (smallpox; murdered the Indians)
-​ Feudalism was popular in European power before the Columbian Exchance and was
where common people worked on nobles land
-​ With the new findings of wealth, capitalism became popular as well as joint-stock
company
-​ The Joint stock company was a limited liability organization in which a plurality of
investors pool their money to fund a venture
-​ The Spanish were the first to America and found gold, silver, and agriculture
-​ The Spanish introduced the encomienda system(1502) which was a system where the
Spanish enslaved native people and forced them to farm and mine in the Americas
-​ Natives died due to disease which led slaves to get transported to the Americas to work
-​ The Spanish transformed the social structure of the Americas
-​ They introduced the Casta system(1500s) where Spanish were at the top, bi-racial in
middle, and full blood slaves and then natives on bottom
-​ Sepulveda was a priest that argued what the Europeans were doing to the Natives was
okay because they were less than and inferior
-​ Bartholomew de las Casas argued against the inferior treatment of the natives

Unit 2 (1607-1754):
-​ Goals for this time:
-​ The Spanish wanted to spread Christianity to all of the Natives and enslave them using
the casta system
-​ The French wanted to trade with the Indians (the indians gave them beaver skins and
the French gave them metal cookware)
-​ The Dutch went to America and took New York and were there for economic reasons
they were also all protestant but did not want to convert the Indians
-​ The British were a mess in their country so they wanted to go to the Americas for the
opportunity
-​ James Town (1607) was the first permanent colony in the Americas after the colony in
New York failed
-​ In the first two years, disease killed half the settlers
-​ And by 1610 ⅞ settlers were dead
-​ In 1612, tobacco was found to be marketable
-​ Indentured servants were used to work and couldn't afford to travel to the new world so
basically worked their debt off
-​ When the white people needed land they attempted to expanding into the Natives and it
led to the Natives people to retaliate and the white people asked their governer for
troops and he said no
-​ This led to Bacons rebellion (1676) where they attacked the Indians and then burnt
Berkleys plantations
-​ This was all in the Chesapeake Region (Virignia+Maryland)
-​ North of the Chesapeake Region was the New England region and it was settled by
Pilgrims in the 1620’s who sought religious freedom
-​ In the 1620’s the british established colonies in the Island’s south of Flordia
-​ They farmed crops there such as sugar cane which led to a demand in slave people
-​ By 1660 in Barbados there were more Black people than white people
-​ In New York and New jersey there was a diverse population who thrived on an export
economy
-​ Pennsylvania was also a middle economy founded by quaker William Penn who instead
of stealing land from natives bought it
-​ With the British being across the sea the colonies self governed
-​ With contracts such as the mayflower Compact which allowed their government to be
self governed in a church-style
-​ There was also the House of Burgees which was a self governed and could pass taxes
-​ In the late 17th century and early 18th century more trade became popular
-​ A popular trade was the triangular trade which was when the Colonies sent to africa for
slaves and then africa sent to the bahamas for resources and then the bahams sent to
the colonies
-​ Mercantilism was a way the colonies boomed and was when there was more exports
than imports
-​ The British passed the Navigation Acts which required the colonies to trade with the
British so they could get a cut of the wealth
-​ The Middle Passage was used to transport slaves to the Americas
 -​ Slave codes were passed and said slaves were property and passed down to each
generation and were inresponse to the Stono Rebellion
-​ Some slaves rebelled
-​ The Stono Rebellion was in 1739 in South Carolina and was when slaves stole
weapons from a store and marched down the stono river and marched and killed white
folks
-​ Metacom/King Philips war in 1675-78 was when metacom realized the british would
continue expanding and fought against the British by burning and killing them but
eventually the British teamed up with the Mohawks and killed Metacom
-​ The Enlightenment movement took part due to a transbust print culture and started in
the 1680’s
-​ It gave way to many concept such as Natural Rights which is where people are born
with given rights
-​ Social Contract was when the people were in contract with the government and they
gave the power to the government and the government represented them
-​ The New Light Clergy went against the Enlightenment ideas
-​ The great awakening was a religious revival that started in the 1730’s
-​ Two leader were Johnathon Edwards and George Whitfield
-​ George whitfield started the revival and led to a large scale return of the Christian faith
-​ The colonies were experiencing Anglization which means they looked and acted more
like the British
-​ The impressment was when England took colonial soldiers and forced them to work as
English Sailors in
-​ As the British did more of this they were realizing their Natural Rights were being
violated

Unit 3 (1754-1800):
-​ French and Indian War started in 1754 after the French got upset as they got close to
eachothers territory
-​ The british called for a congress to meet and Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany
Plan of Union(1754) which allowed the colonies to have a central government but it was
rejected
-​ The British eventually won the war and in 1763 signed the Treaty of Paris where the
Lousiana Territory was given to Spain and they lost most land in North America
-​ Colonists who wanted land wanted to go West to the Ohio River Valley
-​ Pontaic in 1763 attacked the British after the war because they began to expand into
the land
-​ The British issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which drew a line between the West
land and the Colonies so trade could continue with the Indians and prohibited colonists
from going west
-​ The British were in debt and taxed the Colonies to pay for war debt
-​ Salutary neglect was when the British paid no attention to the colonies and let them self
govern which was 1690-1760 roughly
-​ The British became more stricter with the Navigation acts and the salutary neglect ended
-​ Parliment passed the Quartering act of 1765, which said British troops had to remain in
the colonies to enforce the laws as well as saying the colonies must house the troops
-​ The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 and put a tax on colonial goods and sugar
-​ The Stamp Act of 1765 put a tax on papered goods and this was the tipping point to
taxation without representation
-​ Virtual Representation was when parliament represented all British Citizens including
the colonies so it was in their favor
-​ The Daughters and sons of Liberty opposed these taxes
-​ The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was a meeting a petition to the British government to
repeal the stamp act because it was tyrannical
-​ They repealed some acts but passed the Declaratory Act which said they had the right
to pass any law they wanted to
-​ In 1767 Parliment passed the Townshend Acts which plassed a tax on this such as tea
-​ In 1770 The Boston Massacre happened after some colonist were intagonizing the
British and it led to colonists dying
-​ The Boston Tea Party also happened in 1773 and was when members from parties
such as the sons of liberty boarded the ship and dump 45 tons of tea into the water
-​ In response the British passed the coercive acts which closed down the boston harbor
-​ The colonists called these acts the intolerable acts
-​ Colonists began identifying as patriots
-​ The Continental congress of 1774 met and said they must resist but did not want
independence yet
-​ During this time the colonies believed in natural rights and said the government was
violating them
-​ They also believed in a social contract that the government was violating and therefore
was tyrannical
-​ Separation of Power three branches of government to check and balance the powers
-​ In 1776 thomas paine issues common sense which emphasized enlightenment ideas
and said that independence was only option
-​ In 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote The declaration of independence which is where
Colonies declared their independence from Britain
-​ Loyalist were people opposed to revolution
-​ The second Continental Congress was in 1765 and created the Continental Army
with George Washington as its leader
-​ In 1777 the Colonists won the Battle of Saratoga and influenced the French to join the
war
-​ After the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 the British surrendered
-​ The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and acted as a constitution or law
and gave all its power to the legislative(law) branch
-​ In 1787 congress passed the Northwest ordinance which provided a plan to how states
can apply for statehood as well as abolishing slavery in the northwest territory
-​ Shays Rebellion in 1786 demonstrated the flaws of the Articles of Confederation
-​ This was a group of farmers that were going to rebel against the poverty caused by the
war, specifically farmers
-​ They noticed they needed a leader and an army
-​ In 1787 the Constitution convention was held and it became apparent that a need
constitution needed to be written
-​ Federalist and Anti Federalists parties formed where federalists wanted a stronger
central government where anti federalist liked the states having power
-​ The Virginia plan of 1787 said that there should be representation based on population
where big states have big power
-​ The New Jersey Plan of 1787 said equal represent regardless of population which gave
the small states power
-​ The Great Compromise of 1787 came from this where the congressional branch would
be split into the house of representatives (based on population) and senate (2 per
state)
-​ The ⅗ compromise of 1787 was made where each slave was worth ⅗ of a person
-​ A new consittuon was written were government was split into three branches, it had
more robust central government
-​ The Federalist papers of 1787/1788were written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James
Madison and were to convince the ratification of the constitution
-​ Anti federalist argued against it because there was no bill of rights
-​ The Bill of Rights of 1789 was made where amendments were given to the people
giving them civil rights against the government
-​ In 1789 the Constitution was ratified
-​ The Supremacy Clause in the constituion implied Federal law was above state law
-​ The Republican Motherhood of the 18th century said that raising virtuous children
could voice their opinion in society basically
-​ Alexander Hamilton was the secretary of treasury
-​ He had a plan to assume state debt and create a national bank
-​ This was known as Hamiltons financial plan of 1790
-​ Hamilton said his plan was constitutional because of the elaustic clause which said that
it was for the countries benefit
-​ The Compromise of 1790 allowed Hamilton to assume state debt and create a national
bank for in return having the capital being moved to the South
-​ The Whiskey Rebellion of 1791 was when farmers revolted after tax collectors tried to
collect from them but was ended and showed the power of the constitution
-​ Democratic Republicans was a party that said that there is federal overerach and
members were James Madison and Thomas jefferson
-​ Washington did not run for a third term and in Washingtons Farewell Address he
cautioned against the formation of political parties and getting involved in foreign affairs
-​ Adams became president in 1796
-​ The French began seizing American ships and Adams sent people to France to
negotiate before they spoke and this was known as the XYZ Affair in 1797
-​ Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which made it easier to deport any
non-citiizen of the United States and made it illegal to criticize the government
-​ The Viriniga and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 said that any law passed by the
government that was utterly unconstitutional could be nullified by the states
 -​ In the election of 1800 Jefferson Won
-​ Congress passed the Indian Trade and intercourse act which regulated the
communication between Indians and settelers and made prevission for fair dealings in
1790
-​ The Pinckney Treaty of 1795 was the treaty that established the border line between
Spain and America at the 31-parallel
-​ The African Methodists Episcopal Church was the first black church in Pennsylvania

Unit 4 (1800-1848):
-​ During this time the United States expanded
-​ In 1800 Jefferson became president
-​ The US was having issues with the Barbary Pirates after jefferson stopped paying them
for protection
-​ Debates over the scope of federal power got more belief
-​ The Democratic Republicans began believing in strict constructionists and said they
had to follow what the constitution said exactly
-​ The Federalist were Loose Constructionists and believed there was more flexibility
with what the constitution says
-​ In 1803 Jefferson did the Lousiana Purchase and bought New Orleans for the United
States and sent Monroe to France for the land and then France said they could have all
of the Lousiana purchase for 15 million and monroe bought all of Lousiana
-​ The Corps of Discovery was funded by the government and was led by lewis and Clark
and it was a navigation and exploration group of the new land
-​ John Marshall was chief justice of the supreme court
-​ The Judicary Act was passed by a federalist dominant congress and it created new
spots for judges in the United States
-​ One of the spots were for Marbury but James Madison refused to deliver it
-​ Marbury v. Madison of 1803 was a case where Marbury said that he deserved his spot
against Madison and the court agreed.
-​ In this decision the court proclaimed themselves as the final interpreter of the
constitution and they declared the judiciary acts as unconstitutional and this was known
as the Judicary Review which increased the power of the supreme court
-​ In the Mcculloch v. Maryland the court ruled that federal law stumped state law
-​ In 1807 The Embargo Act was passed and it prevented trade with Britain in response to
the impressment of American Sailors
-​ The War of 1812 was caused by the French and British impressing American sailors
-​ During this war of 1812 the Democratic Republicans were for it and the federalist were
against it and at one point they met together at the Hartford Convention in 1814 and
proposed cecession from the Union
-​ The Victory of 1812 prompted nationalism and the end of the Federalist Party as they
became irrelevant
-​ This War also started the Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825) with a national unity under
the democractic republic party
-​ In 1811 Democractic Republicans did not renew the National Bank so America had been
without a National Bank
-​ Henry Clay created the American System following the war of 1812 and it said that
infrstrcutrue improvements (trains/canals) should be done and funded federally, the
implementation of protective tariffs, and the re-establishment of the United States
-​ Madision vetoed the first infrastructure improvements but the other two passed
-​ There was a Tallmadge Amendment in 1819 when Missouri was applying for statehood
that said slavery was prohibited in the new states but it was denied
-​ Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1820 or Missouri compromise which
brought in Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state which kept the balance as
well as establishing the 36/30 line as the one dividing slave and free states
-​ In 1819 Monroe had John Quincy Adams negioate the Adams-onis Treaty which
established the southern border for the UnitedSstates and sold Flordia to the United
States
-​ In 1823 Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine which established that the Western
hemisphere was the United States to conquer without any Europeans present
-​ The Market Rebolution was the linking of northern industries with Western and
Southern which was created by advances in agriculture,industry,communication, and
transportation
-​ The Cotton gin was created by Eli Whitney in 1793 and sped up the process of splitting
seeds from cotton
-​ The American system of Manufacturing was a line of machines that worked to form
and build machinery in the United States
-​ Steam engines allowed better and more efficient transportation
-​ The Erie Canal was a water way that stretched New York and led to a boom in the
economy
-​ By the 1820s and 1830s railroads replaced boats in transportation
-​ From 1820 to 1830, 2 million immigrants from Germany and Ireland came to America
and fueled American industry
-​ The mass immigration led to unhealthy and bad living conditions
-​ There was a growing Middle Class that began to grow during the early 19th century
-​ Women began participating in the Cult of Domesticity (started 1820s)
-​ which emphasized that women's role in society is to give birth to children and do
domestic duties
-​ Lower-class women did not participate in the cult of domesticity but instead had to work
in factories and mills to make enough money to survive
-​ Voting was unique to the rich before the 1800’s but during the early 1800’s Suffrage was
brought up more in conversation
-​ The Panic of 1819 was caused by irresponsible banking practices and decreased
deman for exports. It additionally led to working men demanding franchise
-​ The election of 1824 led to the Split of the Democrat party into the National
Republicans who had an expansive view of law and were loose constructionist while
Democrats had a restrictive view of federal power and were strict constructionists
-​ Andrew Jackson was a Democrat, and John Quincy Adams/ Henry Clay were National
Republicans
-​ Andrew Jackson and Adams were the main guys
-​ Jackson in the election of 1824 won the vote of the people but Adams won because
Henry Clay gave his votes to Adams and was given a seat in his cabinet and this was
known as the Corrupt Bargain of 1824
-​ In 1828 Jackson won presidency
-​ The two major parties during the election of 1828 were the Whigs, led by Henry Clay,
and the Democrats, led by Jackson
-​ The Tariff of 1828 was passed during Adams presidency and it raised import duties
which helped the North and helped their industry but hurt the South as they relied on
imports
-​ The South called the Tariff the Tariff of Abominations
-​ Jackson VP John C. Calhoun developed the Doctrine of Nullifcation which stated that
the state was able to determine the constitutionality of a law and nullify it if it was
unconstitutional
-​ Andrew Jackson passed the Force Bill in 1833 which allowed Jackson to use the
federal army to enforce the Tariff
-​ Jackson vetoed the National bank and concluded that a National bank favored the elite
and it should not exist
-​ Jackson was responsible for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate the Indians
-​ In Worcester v. Georgia of 1832 the court ruled the Cherokee Nation was sovereign
and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws on them
-​ The Treaty of New Echoata of 1835 was when the Cherokee land in Georgia was
exchanged for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River and were given money
-​ The Trail of Tears began in the 1830s and forced the Indians West out of their land
-​ Transcendentalism started in the 1830’s and was influenced by Romanticism in Europe
and said instead of thinking look inward and work on improving yourself and your society
-​ Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau believed that the American society
could be perfect
-​ Utopian Communities were influenced by equality and community and had polygamy
-​ The Hudson River School of Art painted Romanticism
-​ The Oneida Community was a community influenced by Romanticism
-​ The Second Great Awakening was when religious ideals were reemphasized in
19th-century America
-​ Charles Finney was a preacher of the Second Great Awakening, and he reached many
people
-​ This movement set the stage for the Temperance Movement, which was
reducing/eliminating drinking
-​ The American Temperance Society was founded in 1826 and worked to fix society and
their goal was complete abstinence from Alcohol
-​ In 1840, innovations such as Mormonism became more popular and they were judged
and forced to move to Utah
-​ In the 1820’s the abolitionist movement was tied to freed blacks and Quakers
 -​ In 1831, William Loyd Garrison published The Liberator which was an abolitionst
newspaper
-​ In 1833, the American Anti-Slavery was created
-​ In the 1848 the Seneca Falls Convention they signed a document on womens rights
-​ After 1830, plantations expanded west
-​ Nat Turner Rebellion killed fifty white people and led to an increase in fear among
Southerners, and led to more restrictions on slaves in 1831
-​ Most Southerners were Yeoman Farmers and did not own slaves but worked in the
south

Unit 5 (1848-1877):
-​ Manifest Destiny 1840’s was the belief that Americans had the god given right to
expand from the Pacific to the Altantic ocean
-​ Americans have been settling in Texas since the 1820’s
-​ By 1830 three times more Americans were in the Mexican territory than Mexicans
-​ In 1829 the Mexicans declared Americans to convert to Catholicism and that no slavery
be in the region
-​ The Mexican government shut down the border to American immigrantion
-​ In 1835 the Texans revolted against the mexican government
-​ Both the British and the Americans claimed rights to the Orgeon territory
-​ The election of 1844 led to James K Polk becoming president
-​ Was significant because he believed greatly in manifest destiny
-​ Once Polk got into office he took care of Orgeon and split it at the 49th parallel (Treaty
of Orgeon 1846)
-​ In 1846 the Mexican American War started over the Southern border of texas
-​ Pol sent Taylor and troops to the Rio Grande and the Mexicans killed some of them
which started the war
-​ The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and gave the United
States the Mexican Cession which was all of the Mexican Territory West which included
california,nevada,utah,and arizona
-​ The Wilmot Proviso was passed to the senate for approval but was shot down
-​ The provosio stated that slavery was to not expand into the Western Territories
-​ The Gold Rush of 1848 led to Westward expansion of Americans and China which led
to American booming in population
-​ Southerns argued slavery was a constitional right and the line established in the
compromise of 1820 should go to the pacific
-​ Free Soilers which were democrats,whigs, and abolitionist combined wanted to stop the
expansion of slavery west
-​ Popular soverignty was the idea that people have the right to vote and determine
wether or not a slave is free or slave
-​ The Compromise of 1850 said that the Mexican Cession would be divded into the utah
and Mexico territory and the people would vote by popular sovereignty, California would
come in as a free state, the slave trade would be outlawed in Washington DC, and finally
 congress would pass the Fugitive Slave Act which was the more strict verison of the
one from the 1790’s and would allow southern farmers to get their run away slaves
-​ The Ungergorund Railroad was becoming more and more popular and was where
abolitionists led slaves North in the mid 19th century
-​ The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) was a bestselling book through the
perspective of a slave
-​ The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 said that slavery would be decided by popular
soveriginty
-​ The kansas-Nebraska Act went against the Missouri Compromise and led to problems
-​ Bleeding Kansas was when the pro/anti slavery supporters began fighting over their
views and opinions on slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories
-​ The Republican Party was adopted and was formed by whigs and free soilers who
wanted to stop the expansion of slavery
-​ In 1857 Dred Scott v Sandford the court ruled that slaves are not citizens and have no
right to sue in federal court, slaves were property and that no person should be deprived
of their property, says slavery could exist anywhere in the United States
-​ In 1859 John Brown led a revolution at Harpers Fairy and his goal was seize weapons
and start an uprising
-​ The Election of 1860 led to Lincolns election without a single Southern vote
-​ His plan was to not eliminate slavery but to stop its expansion
-​ The South realized they had no voice in the country and ceceded
-​ They ceded into the Confederate States of America
-​ Shooting began at Fort Sumpter and the Civil War began in 1861
-​ The Souths advantages in the war were they were fighting a defensive war and had
better generals such as Lee and jackson
-​ The North advantages were population, a robust navy, an economic advantage, and a
well-established central government
-​ The Nnions stredgy was to use the navy and block off the Confederate, this was called
the Anaconda Plan
-​ The South believed King Cotton would force the British and French to help them but it
did not as they turned to other suppliers
-​ In 1863 after the Battle of Antitam Lincoln Issued the Emancipation Proclimation which
freed all the slaves in the rebelling states or confederate states
-​ After the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 it gave the Union the control of the Mississippi
-​ After the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 Licnoln made the Gettysburg Adress which
expressed that this war was a struggle for a “new birth of freedom”
-​ Ulysesses S. Grant was an important general for the union
-​ He sent General Sherman to invade Georgia and when Sherman did he burnt down and
destroyed all land as he marched hundred of miles to the Georgia coast
-​ In 1865 General Lee surrendered to Grant marking the end of the Civil War
-​ Reconstruction was the period after the war with the reunification of the North and the
South
-​ Linoln believed the South should be let in with little challenge proposing the 10% plan
which said only 10% of a states population needs to swear allegiance to the Union
-​ He also said they must ratify the 13th-Amendment
-​ The 13th-Amendment of 1865 was the amendment that abolished slavery throughout
the states
-​ After Lincolns assanation Lincolns Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as
president
-​ Johnson got in debates with Radical Republicans who were led by Thaddeus Stevens
and fought for rights for Blacks
-​ They were different from Rational Repbulicans because the Rational only sought
economic gain for Whites
-​ The Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South
-​ The Civil Rights Act of 1866 proclaimed that all Blacks were citizens of the united
States and it overturned the ruling in the Dredscott Case of 1857
-​ The 14th Amednment of 1866 stated all person born in the United are citizens and that
there is equal right to due process through the law for all of them
-​ The Reconstruction Acts divded the South into five zones that were controlled by the
military and increased the requirements for readmition and forced the South to radify the
14th Amednment and add clauses in their state consittuion providing universal male
suffrage
-​ Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 and said the President cannot
remove a member from his cabinet without congressional approval
-​ Johnson fired his secretary of war and Johnson was impeached
-​ The 15th Amendment of 1870 protected the voting rights of former slaves
-​ Southerners kept Blacks as close to slavery as possible by using Sharecropping which
is where workers worked for a landlord for in return being given a part of the harvests
wealth
-​ Many Sharecroppers were indebted to the landowners and were essentially still slaves
-​ White Supremacy caused there to be groups such as the KKK (1867) which scared
Black people into submission
-​ Southerns legislatures adopted Black Codes in 1860’s which were racial laws that
aimed to keep freed people as close to slavery as possible
-​ In 1873 the rights of African Americans were weakened by the supreme court through
the Salughterhouse Acts case which limited the civil rights to African Americans under
the 14th amendment
-​ In 1876 United States v. Cruikshank happened which states African Americans were
protected form state officials and agencies and not groups such as the KKK
-​ The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was proposed to provide full and equal treatment for all
races but it was deemed as unconstituional and it was never passed
-​ In 1877 there was an election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Tilden
-​ The majority of the vote went to Tilden but then it was contested
-​ It led to issue and then the Compromise of 1877
-​ The Compromise of 1877 allowed Hayes to become president for in return the removal
of all military from the federal troops from the South, a raliroad, a Southern cabinet
member, and the end of reconstruction
Saq Practice:
a.​ A historical difference between the two articles is that Foner argues that
reconstruction was a failure while Mcphoner argued that it was a success. In
Mcphoners argument he discusses how reconstruction was a success as it
provided opportunities that were not asseble to slaves prior to the civil war while
Foner argues that is was a failure and there was no change.
b.​ An outside piece of historical evidence that supports Foners argument is the
Crainkshaw Case in the 1870’s. The Crainkshaw Case failed said the US could
protect the freedpeople from racist organizations but not groups. This supports
Foners arguement because even after reconstruction the rights of free people
were limited and did not change so reconstruction was unsuccessful.
c.​ ]=An outside historical event that supports Mcphoers argument was the
Freedmans Bureau. The Freemands Bureuea was an agency established by
Lincoln after the end of the civil war and it provided help such as legal and
housing to Free people. This supportd Mchphoers arguement because instead of
just reunification the freemans bureau demonstrates the US was in a new era
where Blacks had more oppurutnity than before.

a.​ A historical cause of the british participation in the Seven years war was conflict
over the Ohio river in the 1750’s. During this time of Westward expansion in the
colonies the British and French met in the Ohio River valley and began having
beliefs that the other was imposing on their land which led to fighting over the
area. This supports their participation in the seven years war because by
defeating the French and the Indians they would acquire more land in the
Americas and have access to the ohio River Valley.
b.​ A historical event that resulted from British participation in the 7 year was was the
end of the British Salutary Nelgect over the colonies. Salutary neglect was a
period of time from the 1690s to the 1750s where the British were not strict and
let the colonies govern themselves but after the 7 year war they needed money
so this period ended and they began taxing the colonies to pay for their war debt.
This was an effect because as the British were in need of money they turned to
the colonies for income.
c.​ A british Imperial policy resulting from the Seven Year War was the stamp act of
1765. The Stamp act put a tax on paper products for the colonies as a way to
again pay for the war debt accumulated from not only the Seven Years War but
also King Philips/ Metacoms war in early 18th century and led to uprise and revolt
to the people of the col0nies as they believed that they had god given rights and
taxation without representation was tyranny against them. This policy changed
the rlationship between Britain an the Colonies because the Colonies established
resistance to the taxation with representation by forming parties such as the
stmap act congress which were defense for the colonies against the British
Unit 6 (1865-1898)
-​ Railroads WERE A HUGE PART OF UNIT 6
-​ Railroads connected the US and led to people buying and consuming goods
-​ THe government would provide land to railroad companies
-​ The Panic of 1893 a quarter of the railroads filed for bankruptcy
-​ The Bessemer Process was a process that led to a quick mass production of steel
-​ Andrewn Carnegie the creator of Vertical Integration, which was where a company
controlled every step of manufacturer production, was a big money man in the late 19th
century
-​ Carnegie's company controlled everything from the mining of the iron to the shipping of it
-​ John D. Rockefeller made business decisions that forced similar businesses to sell
their business to him
-​ Horizontal Integration was where one man bought out all of his competition
-​ Laissez-Faire was a let it be economic situation where the government was hands off by
the economy
-​ The belief was based around that money should be made around supply and demand
and not by influence of government
-​ For example, Rockefellers entire business was around competition and with horizontal
integration he bought and and destroyed competition
-​ Social Darwinism was applied to political and social realities and said only the fittest
should succeed into society
-​ Gospel of Wealth was created by Carnegie and he said that all wealthy people had a
god given right to invest their wealth back into their communities
-​ The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 to stop the monopolizing of the entire
market
-​ The Middle Class grew and it was known as white collar work
-​ The Laboring Class was made up of workers who were payed way too little
-​ Labor Unions began to form in opposition to poor working conditions
-​ The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was a union strike against the horrible working
conditions of the railroads
-​ President Haynes had to send troops to stop this riot
-​ The Pullman Strike cut wages and when union workers tried to negotiate for fair wages
they got fired
-​ Eugene V. Debs was the leader of the American Railroad Union directed his members
to not work on railroads with any pullman carts
-​ This led to rail traffic
-​ Unions constantly attempted to fix conditions and big corporations backed by the
government shot these down
-​ The Knights of Labor was a national union available to everyone
-​ The goals of the KOL was to destroy child labor and monopolies
-​ In 1886 the Haymarket Square Riot happened where the KOL were protesting for an 8
hour work day
-​ At the Haymarket Square Riot a bomb went of and the country began viewing the Labor
Unions as violent which led to the decline of Unions
-​ The American Federation of Labor was led by Samuel Gompers and was a labor
union
-​ Labor Unions opposed immigration first because big corporations who they opposed
would use immigrants who would do the bad work for any money
-​ Nativists also opposed immigrants
-​ An example of a nativist group was the American Protective Association which was
anti Catholic
-​ Social Darwinism also said that immigrants were bad
-​ After the Civil war in 1865 many more were going west
-​ By the end of the 19th century the entire Western frontier was settled
-​ The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prevented Chinese Immigrants from becoming
citizens
-​ The Homestead Act of 1862 facilitated movement West by offering people who settled
West free land
-​ By 1890 the frontier was declared settled
-​ Fredrick Jackson Turner argued that the closing of the frontier was bad as the frontier
was a new opportunity for Americans
-​ The Reservation System was a system where Indians were offered reservations by the
government to settle on so they moved out of the Oklahoma Territory
-​ The Sioux Wars was caused by impeachment of land and violation of their rights and
they won a victory in 1866
-​ The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended federal recognition of the sovereignty of
Native Indians which ended all treaties between the parties
-​ The Ghost Dance Movement was a movement where a dance supposedly push all
Whites out of the Indians land
-​ In the 1790’s native resistance ended and it was essentially their final defeat
-​ The Assimilationist Movement was a movement that attempted to destroy Native
America culture and assimilate them into society
-​ Congress tried to do this through the 1877 Dawes Act which broke up tribal organization
by dividing the Natives into plots where they could be assimilated
-​ Small farmers became pinched after farmers with big steamed power machinery began
putting them out of business as they couldn't keep up
-​ This led to farmers to organize themselves into movements
-​ The National Grange Movement was established in 1868 and it became a political
party that opposed trusts and railroad exploitation
-​ The Interstate Commerce Act of 1866 required railroads rates to be reasonable and
just
-​ The Interstate Commerce Commission enforced this
-​ Urbanization went hand and hand with industrialization
-​ Tenements were housing unit popularized
 -​ Suburbs were where the high end lived
-​ Political Machines were corrupt political bosses and their followers
-​ Tammany Hall was in New York Cities and helped the immigrants at the expense of
their votes in the election
-​ Settlement Houses were houses that provided social services to the poor to enrich the
community
-​ An example of a settlement house was the Hull House in 1889 and at the house they
taught immigrants english
-​ The National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed by Susan B.
Anthony and fought for suffrage for women
-​ The Social Gospel was religious and said that christian beliefs must be used to right all
wrongs in society
-​ Mark Twain was an author who created Huckleberry Tim which depicted the racism and
poor standards of American society
-​ The New South was a name given to the South where they would grow due to the
Laissez-Faire
-​ Plessy v. Ferguson said that segregation was fine as long as the separation was equal
-​ Jim Crow Laws were passed and where every public place was to be segregated
-​ Ida B. Wells opposed lynching through writing in the paper
-​ Henry Turner created the International Migration Society which facilitated the
movement of Blacks to Africa
-​ Booker T. Washington trained black men to become sufficient in education and to work
in society to become economically powerful
Politics:
-​ Republican had the votes of blacks, middle class business men, protestants
-​ Democrats had the votes of big city political machines, immigrants
-​ Civil Service became a big deal which helped against civil service
-​ The Pendleton Act of 1883 created tests where the people who scored higher on test
got the position instead of the people who had connections
-​ Money was a big fight
-​ Farmers and entrepreneurs wanted money to supply and have more paper money in
rotation
-​ They also advocated for silver
-​ Bankers and investors rejected this and wanted to keep it on the gold standard where
the economy would only have as much paper money as it had backed up by the US’s
gold in vault
-​ The Populist Party who first met in 1892 and advocated for the common people
-​ The Populist party proposed the omaha platform where many reforms were set forth
-​ They wanted the direct election of senators
-​ They wanted to enact the use of initiative and referendums
-​ They wanted unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and 8 hour work day

Unit 7 (1890-1945):
-​ Imperialism is expansion of a Nations Empire LATE (19TH CENTURY) ​
-​ Imperialism was a huge part of our identity with Westward expansion
-​ When the West frontier closed in the late 19th century the US turned towards other
places to conquer for new market and resources
-​ In 1867 America dipped there feet into the idea of imperialism through buying Alaska
-​ Alaska was called Seward's Folly because nothing was there
-​ Imperialist sought further expansion because they wanted more resources and
marketplace
-​ Imperialist also believed in social darwinism and that imperialism could allow America
to flex their power on the rest of the World
-​ Josiah Strong stated that anglo saxons were the most fit to survive
-​ Anti-Imperalist believed in self-determination (r u gonna cook)
-​ The Spanish America War was in 1898 over the issue of Cuba
-​ Cuba nationalist in 1895 tried to renew their struggle but were crushed back into
submission
-​ Yellow Journalist published that there were Spanish atrocities which led to American
involvement and it was like modern day click bait
-​ A battleship blew up and an American yellow journalist blamed it on the Spanish
-​ McKinley said that if Spanish did not cease fire from Cuba they would have war
-​ In 1898 the Spanish War began and then ended 10 weeks after
-​ In 1898 the Spanish and Americans staged a war, which then gave America control of
the Philippines
-​ After the US attempted to annex the Philippines the Filipinos revolted
-​ The US attempted to annex the Philippines due to the idea of the White mans burden
which was the belief that it was the white mans job to civilize other countries who were
“behind”
-​ Open Door Policy was introduced by John Haye in 1899 and asked that it was open
door trading in China that included the United States and there was not a yes or a no so
America took it as a yes
-​ Spheres of Influence were regions that were exclusive to certain countries
-​ In 1901 McKinley was assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt took over
-​ He used Big Stick diplomacy that said be nice but make sure they know we have a big
stick
-​ It got the US involved in the Panama Canal
-​ The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine essentially stated that the European
countries had no control over any of the Western Hemisphere and that if they needed to
receive money, like Britain needed their money from Venezuela, the US would be the
ones to send warships to collect the money for Britain, instead of allowing Britain to.
-​ The Progressive Era was a era where progressive beliefs were emphasized
-​ These concerns were rising power of big business, uncertainties in the economy,
violence between labor group and employers,political machines,jim crow laws, and rights
of women
-​ Progressive leaders were diverse and they all believed that government intervention
would be the only way to save the country
-​ Muckrakers were journalist who emphasized concerns
-​ Three muckrakers were Ida Tarbell who investigated the oil business’ corruption, Jacob
Riis who investigated tenement living, and Upton Sinclair who investigated the meat
industry and working conditions
-​ These reporters wanted to alert the public
-​ The Secret Ballot was a means that made voting private so bosses could not influence
voters
-​ The direct election of senators instead of corruption which led to the 17th Amendment
of 1913 which gave citizens the right to vote for senators
-​ Initiative was when citizens could force legislature to consider a bill
-​ A referendum said that citizens bypass legislature by voting on it themselves
-​ And recall allowed corrupt politicians to be removed from their position before their time
was up
-​ Fredrick Taylor proposed scientific management which proposed better working
-​ In response to segregation in the south…
-​ Booker T. Washington argued to wait for respect
-​ While W.E.B. Dubois criticized washington and said they need political recognition
-​ The Niagara Movement was founded by Dubois in the early 20th century and they met
for protest to secure rights for the black population
-​ The NAACP sought to get rid of all racial segregation and get black children education
-​ Teddy Roosevelt was a progressive president who believed the presidency was to set a
legislative agenda for congress
-​ TR led congress to pass a series of laws addressing consumer protection
-​ Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 which led to standards being
set so consumers were eating safe and healthy food
-​ They also passed the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 which set standards for sanitation
for meat packing
-​ TR used the Sherman Antitrust Act a lot which led to the dismantling of 40 large
corporations
-​ TR distinguished trusts from good and bad
-​ Good were no cheater (who just needed monitoring)
-​ Bad were cheaters (who needed to go bye bye)
-​ The Square Deal of early 20th century benefitted corporations and workers by protecting
the workers from the big business and giving them fair living and wages while it
protected big businesses from unions
-​ Woodrow Wilson took up the fight against the wall of privilege
-​ The Underwood Tariff of 1913 lowered the pierce of tariffs to relieve consumers
financially
-​ The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established a national banking system instead of
having the gold standard
-​ Trusts were broken up
-​ The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened and clarified the requirements of the
sherman antitrust act
-​ Feminist made up temperance groups such as the Anti-Saloon League which led to the
18th amendment which banned consumption/production of alcohol (prohibition)
-​ 19th Amendment was passed in 1919 and allowed women to vote
-​ WW1
-​ America was originally neutral in war but then changed its mind for several factors
-​ Such as the lusitania which was a ship sinking in 1915 which was a passenger ship that
was attacked in unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans
-​ The Zimmerman Telegram of 1917 asked Mexico to become and Ally and told them if
they did they would get Mexico its land back from the Mexican American War if they
allied which led to the US joining the war
-​ Wilson Declared War
-​ Preparation for the war led to new jobs for americans
-​ Including many black Americans who moved North which was known as the Great
Migration
-​ The Espionage Act of 1917 said that is anyone who tried to obstruct the draft or
rebellion against arrest would be arrested
-​ In Schenck v the United States (1919) literature was released against registering for
the war and the court ruled that speech could be limited
-​ The Sedition Act of 1918 prohibited anyone from making Derisive or disloyal comments
about the government
-​ In 1919 The Treaty of Versailles was signed
-​ Wilson was a big part of the signing and had 14 Points
-​ These points were post war rebuilding postwar norms
-​ One of these was the League of Nations where the nations could talk and compromise
-​ The Red Scare was a fear of communism from Russia after WW1
-​ This led to more restriction on immigration
-​ This was seen in the Palmer Raids in 1919 which was when Palmer arrested potential
radical and communist which led to the arrest and deportation of 6000 individuals
-​ In the 1920’s business boomed with productivity and most people benefitted
-​ The Assembly line was created in 1913 which led to better working conditions and
faster auto mobile creation
-​ Government policy also helped production
-​ Flappers were women rejected gender roles and did not follow social standards
-​ After the war many immigrants came to America
-​ Which led to more nativism
-​ The Immigration Quotas of 1921 and 1924 made it harder for immigrants to arrive and
settle on American shores
-​ 1920 writers were known as the lost generation
-​ Modernists accepted the new modern society
-​ Funamentalists rejected it and did not want to accept the society
-​ The Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925 demonstrated this because they did not want
evolution to be taught to children in school
-​ The Great Depression was in 1929 After Black Tuesday
-​ On Black Tuesday several stocks were sold which led to everyone losing their money
and the failures of banks
-​ Hoovervilles were garbages towns where people were forced to live
 -​ FDR was elected in 1932
-​ FDR introduced the New Deal and 3R’s
-​ relief for the unemployed, recovery for business, and reform of economic institutions
-​ The public works administration (1933) employed people for infrastructure work and
the tennessee valley authority (1933) hired people to run power plants and erosion
and flooding
-​ The Glass-Steagall Act (1933) limited ways banks could invest peoples money and the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1933) ensured peoples bank deposits
with federal money and the social security act collected a part of workers wages and
then have it be payed monthly to them when they are retired
-​ The Court Packing Bill (1937) is when FDR tried to propose a bill that said he could
replace judges over the age of 70 and a half which would lead to the six new liberal
judges being appointed
-​ The New Deal left reform
-​ WW2
-​ After WW1 the US remained isolated from foreign affairs
-​ Fascism rose during WW2
-​ The cash and carry policy in 1939 was when FDR suggested a loser neutrality act
which allowed any belligerent to purchase supplies as long as they pay with cash and
carry stuff on their own ships
-​ The Lend Lease Act of 1941 was passed by the US and allowed great Britain to borrow
war supplies as a lease that they would need to pay back
-​ On December 7 1941 Pearl Harbor was bombed which led to the US joining the war
-​ The US production rate was up by 1000% which pulled the US out of the depression
-​ Japanese Americans were associated with the japanese across the sea and they were
sent to camps, called Internment Camps
-​ This was challenged in Korematsu v. United States (1944) but was turned down
because the US called it a wartime necessity
-​ The Holocaust was when Nazi Concentration camps attempted to Kill all Jewish
Citizens
-​ D-Day (1944) was when America,British, and Canadians invaded Normandy beaches to
open a second front which allowed the Allies to take over France and attack Germany
and force them to retreat
-​ Germany Surrendered May 7, 1945
-​ The Island Hopping Campaign (1945) was a strategy used to get the islands around
japan to cut off their supplies and besiege them
-​ The US dropped the Atomic bombs (1945) which were dropped on Nagasaki and
Hiroshima which ended the war with Japan
-​ This allowed the US to be dominant in post war peace settlements
-​ The US after WW2 emerged as the strongest nation on earth

Unit 8 (1945-1980):
-​ Cold War (1947) (A long standing tension with no actual warfare)
-​ Post WWII there was growing tensions between the US and USSR
-​ Harry Truman in 1945 took power after the death of FDR
-​ The Cold War was a fight between believes Capitalist/Democratic vs. communist (
-​ Stalin Post WWII the United States and its allies agreed to make European countries
democratic, but Stalin kept them under Russian control as a buffer between Europe and
Russia
-​ The Potsdam Agreement in 1945 ended WWII and split Germany into four different
sections which was occupied by the United States, Soviets, the British, and the French
-​ The Eastern section of Germany became quickly dominated by soviets
-​ The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weep and extract resources from them
-​ Western powers wanted to make Germany strong so it would help all European
countries
-​ Winston Churchill in his Iron Curtain Speech in 1946 stated an iron curtain was laid
down across Europe, alluding to the communist/ western contrast in believes
-​ Containment was the main idea of containing something so it couldn't spread
-​ This was apart of the Truman Doctrine in 1947 which was Truman's plan to contain the
communism in Europe by offering support to any country getting encroached upon by
communism
-​ The First implication was the United States supporting Greece in the midst of a
communist uprise, and in response to soviet control of a water route in turkey
-​ The Marshall Plan in 1948 was introduced by George Marshall and it was an economic
aid plan and the plan was to help rebuild economies so they turned towards democracy
-​ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 was a military alliance
compiled of countries from North America and Europe
-​ The Warsaw Pact in 1955 was a military alliance for communist nation in Europe
-​ The Cold War promoted an Arms Race (mid to late 20th century) which was a race
between Russia and United States to get more powerful weapons
-​ In 1952 the Hydrogen Bomb was order by truman
-​ Mutual Assured Destruction was the term coined to how if nuclear weapons were fired
from the United States or Russia to the others country it would result in retaliation
-​ The Korean War (1950-1953) (example of indirect Cold War Fighting)
-​ Korea was divided in half post WWII
-​ The Soviets controlled the North
-​ The US controlled the South
-​ In 1949 both powers pulled from Korea and the North became communist while the
south became democratic
-​ In 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea
-​ This became a Proxy War, as the Russians and US supported the war because it was a
fight of communism vs. democracy
-​ The Korean War ended in a stale mate
-​ Detente (late 1900’s) was mutual coexistence during the Cold War
-​ The Red Scare (1947-1957) was fear from Americans post WWII that communist were
in American society
-​ The Un American activities Committee (1938) was group that searched for
communists influence in American society
-​ Republican Senator Joseph Mccarthy claimed he had a list of 200 communists working
in the government
-​ The Army-Mccarthy Hearings (1954) which were televised hearing putting Mccarthy in
the spotlight where he was unable to support his claims
-​ In 1944 the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944) which gave WWII
veterans opportunity to go to college, and 16 billion dollars towards loans for veterans
-​ Baby Boom was occurring where 50 million babies were born
-​ Levittown (1947) was mass produced low cost housing in New York which agave birth
to the suburbs
-​ There was a period of Internal migration where people moved to the Sun Belt which
were hot suburb states in the South and the West
-​ The Sunbelt states became big in the mid 20th century
-​ The television was created, which replaced the radio
-​ Advertising was at its golden age, which prompted a huge boost in consumer spending
-​ Dwight Esienhower took office in 1953
-​ Civil Rights Movement started
-​ 1896 Case Plessy v. Ferguson it stated blacks and whites were kept separated in
schooling, public transportation etc.
-​ Brown v Board of Eduction in 1954 overruled ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson and stated
separate schools meant inequality
-​ The Southern Manifesto in 1956 was when the South attempted to say that the
supreme court was corrupt and overused their power after the passing of Plessy
-​ The School Integration took a very long time
-​ In 1955 The Montgomery Bus Boycott was organized and it was a planned protest
against the segregation in public transportation in Alabama, Rosa Parks
-​ MlK rose in power during this time for peaceful protest for Equality
-​ The Sit-In-Movement (1960) began during this time which was where Black people sat
at counters and refused to leave until they were physically removed
-​ In 1963 the March on Washington happened where MLK made the I had a Dream
Speech which advocated for racial harmony and the end of segregation
-​ The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination on the base of race or religion illegal
-​ The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth
-​ Malcolm X was opposed to MLK and stated that violence was the way to equality
-​ The Black Panthers were formed in response to this
-​ Betty Fridan wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963) explored how house wifes were
beholding to her family at the expense of her own needs
-​ The Nation Organization for Women (1966) was organized in 1966 and it advocated
for women's rights using methods the Civil rights movement used
-​ The Equal Rights Amendment (1972) would have prohibited discrimination based on
sex, but it fell short of the necessary votes
-​ Phyllis Schlafly was opposed to feminism
-​ Ceasar Chavez led boycotts and rebellions against low wages and exploited labor of
latinos for agricultural workers and in 1975 they won the right to oppose this epxloited
labor
-​ The American Indian Movement was created to reclaim tribal traditions, achieve self
determination, and address the systemic poverty of many Natives
-​ The Occupation of Alcatraz Island was abandoned federal land and was given to the
Indians until the US pressured them into returning it which prompted American Indian
activism
-​ The Self-Determination Act of 1975 gave Indians power over their lands and education
-​ The Gay Liberation Movement
-​ The Counterculture began in the late 1900’s which was a counter culture movement
where people rebelled against societal norms with clothing,drugs, and free sex
-​ The largest counterculture event was at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969 where
400000 people attended the concert to support the advocators
-​ Under the order of Chief Justice Earl Warren the court passed many decisions that
expanded civil liberties
-​ Baker v. Carr (1962) basically redrew the lines of voting power due to how the rural
areas had more voting rights than the suburban areas after more people moved to
suburban areas after the internal migration
-​ Engel v. Vitale (1962) argued that laws required bible reading and teacher read prayers
in school violated rights
-​ Decolonization was a huge wave after WWII
-​ The Decolonized nations needed aid, which drew the attention of Communists and
Americans
-​ The Americans attempted to overthrow communist leaders such as Castro 1961
-​ In North Vietnam Ho Chi Min established a communist government while the South
established a democratic government
-​ Under Eisenhower, the US gave 1 billion Dollars of economic aid to Southern Vietnam to
stabilize its economy
-​ Esienhower believed that if South Vietnam fell to communism it would be a Domino
Effect and communism would have spread throughout South East Asia
-​ Eisenhower in his farewell address warned against the impact of the Cold War and the
growing Military-Industrial Complex
-​ JFK was elected next in 1960
-​ Lyndon B. Johnson took power in 1963, after JFK was assassinated
-​ Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964), was a major part of the US joining the Vietnam war, and
it was where the Northern Vietnamese fired on a US ship in the gulf
-​ The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) gave Johnson whatever measures were
necessary to protect American interests
-​ Which gave him power to fight for democracy in Vietnam
-​ Which was essentially a war
-​ Americans were opposed to war in response to the waste of lives and resources
-​ The Great Society (1960’s)was an expansions of FDR’s New Deal
-​ A key part of the Great Society was the War on Poverty
-​ Congress gave Johnson essentially a blank check and he used it to created the Office
of Economic Opportunity (1964) which implemented self help programs which allowed
individuals experiencing poverty to learn
 -​ Great society programs (1965): Medicare which provided health insurance to those over
the age of 65, Medicaid provided health insurance to those in poverty, and the
Immigration Act abolished immigration quotas
-​ Richard Nixon was elected in 1968
-​ Stagflation was a mixture of a recession of inflation and economic stagnation
-​ The Watergate Scandal (1972) was where after Nixons election in 1972 it was found
out that his men broke in to the Watergate Democratic National Headquarters
-​ Nixon denied any involvement in this, but evidence was found which led to his
resignation
-​ Nixon was a conservatist and put conservatist judges into the supreme court
-​ Roe v. Wade (1973) was a decision on abortion and wether or not it should be legal
-​ In 1970 Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) which was a
regulatory agency that put limits on environmental harm

Unit 9 (1980-Present):
-​ Liberal Democrats had dominated politics until shift in the 1970s
-​ The Conservative Resurgence began in the 1980s
-​ The Moral Majority was founded in 1979 and was a group that wanted to unseat liberal
members of congress
-​ The Right To Life Movement (late 1900’s) opposed abortion
-​ Affirmative Action was meant to maintain equality of opportunity in education and jobs
but it was seen by Americans as bad due to it being reverse racism
-​ Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980
-​ The senate in 1980 changed form democrat to Republican (big old conservative party
-​ Ronald Reagan reduced taxes, cut government spending, increased military forces, and
appointed conservative judges to courts
-​ Reagan implemented Reaganomics was another name for Supply-Side Economics
-​ Supply Side economics stated economic growth occurred when taxes were decreased
and when business regulations were removed and that means consumerism would
increase
-​ Keynesian Economics stated government spending would heal economic down turns
-​ Critics of Reaganomics saw this as a trickle down effect which meant that wealth went
from the rich and went down to the poor
-​ Reagan in 1981 passed the Economic Recovery Act which cut income taxes and
capital gains taxes dramatically
-​ This helped the rich
-​ Reagan did cut government spending out of welfare programs but increased government
spending on the military
-​ The end of Cold War:
-​ In 1979 Niceragua became a communist country so the US sent significant aid to the
Contras so they would dislodge the communist government
-​ The Iran-Contra Affair (1985) was when Reagan's staff planned to secretly sell to the
Iran Contras and then use that money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua
-​ The Strategic Defense Initiative (1983) sought to build laser based weapons systems
in space (this initiative was called Star Wars)
-​ The Russians raced to build missiles to combat missiles
-​ In 1985 after Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in 1985 and he was a reformer
-​ He reformed through Glasnost ( sought to put an end to political repression experienced
by Soviet citizens) and Perestroika (an introduction of limited free market principles to
revive the Soviet economy)
-​ This led to a diplomatic triumph between the US and Russia
-​ The Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was also signed in 1987 and made
provision to destroy all intermediate range nuclear weapons
-​ Reagan gave the Berlin Wall speech which asked Gorbachev to tear down the wall
-​ In 1988 George H.W. Bush was elected president
-​ After combatting Eastern European countries Gorbachev made the decision to decrease
support for these governments
-​ In 1989 Poland elected a non communist government, and after that, the rest of those
Eastern European countries followed
-​ In 1991 the Soviet Union fell
-​ Start 1 (1991) was a treaty between the US and Russia where both countries agreed to
decrease the number of nuclear warheads to ten thousand and later to three thousand
-​ Bill Clinton became president in 1992
-​ Cell Phones and Social Media changed society
-​ The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 created a fair process for immigrant
entry
-​ Nativist had a backlash against immigrants in the late 20th century
-​ In 2000 George W. Bush took office
-​ September 11th, 2001/ 9/11 was when Al-Qaeda used new technologies to coordinate
an attack on America
-​ During this attack commercial airlines were flown into important American buildings such
as the World Trade Center and the pentagon as an act of terroism
-​ Bush responded to this with the War on Terror (2001) which demanded that the taliban
government of Afghanistan turn over Al-Qaeda's leader Osama Bin Laden
-​ Barack Obama took office in 2009
-​ in 2001 and 2003 two Patriot Acts were passed which increased government
permissions to allow the government to spy on its citizens
-​ The Department of Homeland Security (2002) was the largest government
reorganization after the depart of defense in WWII
-​ Fossil Fuels were used by US and they were harmful to environment
-​ Climate Change became a big topic and was where Americans need to wake up and
see that fossil fuels were increasing the temperature of the planet
FRQ Structure:

Social Structures
Politics and Power​
America in the World​
Culture (American & Regional)​
Environment & Geography​
Migration & Movement​
Exchange, Work, & Technology​
National & American Identity
FRQ Structure:
PRACTICE:
Thought the beliefs of abolition and emancipation of slaves became popularized during this
period, America was primarily shaped by slavery through the debates it brought as the United
States acquired more land to expand upon.

Practice:

2. Evaluate the relative importance of the causes of conflict among Europeans and Native
Americans from 1500 to 1763.
3. Evaluate the relative importance of the causes of the growth of a national culture in the
United States from 1800 to 1848.
4. Evaluate the relative importance of the effects of movements for social change from 1945 to
1980.

4. Prior to the 20th century, the United States was experiencing its first glimpse at civil rights
and political movements. With the Unions victory in the Civil War, it allowed them to enter a
period of reconstruction where they were able to accomplish many Civil Rights goals such as
the emancipation of slaves, and the protection of their voting rights. This however came with
setback through laws and court cases such as Plessy v. Fugerson (1896) which established that
African Americans were allowed to be segregated from whites as long as it was separate but
equal. However this was overturned later in the binding case of Brown v. Board of education in
1954. Though the civil rights movement faced setback in the 1960s, it also fostered equality and
equity for Black Americans, and inspired many other movements.

Setback: Little Rock 9 (After brown of board v education, 9 african american students attended
a high school in arkansas and were dis crimnated against. They faced set backs from not only
the white community, but from the government for their presence there. This event eventually
led to the government having to send in troops by eisenhower to enforce the laws and allow the
students to attend.

Success: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965

Inspired: Gay Rights movement and women's rights movement.

Prior to 1754, the colonies were in a period of growth and development for a culture. Though
they were an ocean away from the colonies, they were experiencing anglicization due to
common beliefs, traditions, and lifestyles with the British. Likewise, they went through the same
movements as the British such as the enlightenment period. These period emphasized natural
rights and a social contract with the government. These ideals influenced the colonies to
independence and forming their own independent government. Though settler expansion was
opposed by some, a majority of the settlementments encouraged a development of a distinct
American culture.

Opposition: Royal proclamation of 1763

Encourage a distinct Identity: Slave Trade,

PRACTICE:

Prior to the 15th century, the co

Though some native american european relationships were positive, most were negative and
caused by the exploitation and encroachment of the Europeans.

Positive: French and the Fur Trade

Negative: Pontiac Rebellion, Pueblo Revolt, Metacom's War

Firstly some native american relationships were positive and mutualistic. For example, when the
French settled in America they established settlements in the North which prided on positive
relationships with the Native Americans. This was because the French would trade with the
Native Americans for their fur in exchange for materials such as iron tools. These iron tools
transformed the native americans society by makin g their lives easier. This relationship was
mutualistic and demonstrated that there was a possibility to have positive relationships with the
Indians and coexist but this did not happen often.

PRACTICE:

Prior to the 1800s, the colonies were in a war with Britain fighting for their independence. This
was known as the American revolution and was in the end of the 18th century. The Colonies
were at a disadvantage in this war and their victory was improbable. but they were successfully
able to achieve their independence. After the American Revolution, the United States went
through a period of economic flourishment and patriotic which led to the creation of the check
and balances system, the constitution, and a distinct America culture brought into the 19th
century. Though the
PRACTICE: