EMBRYOLOGY
HOMEWORK-1
SUBMITTED BY;
NAME: SANIA RAKHE
R0LL NO. 82
SUBMITTED TO;
DR CHOW P MANPOONG SIR
[Link] method
Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy by preventing
ovulation, fertilization or implantation
A) BARRIERMETHODS;
BARRIER METHOD PREVENT THE MEETING OF SPERM AND OVUM
TYPES;
Male condom
Female condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Spermicidal agents
Mechanism of action:
Physically block sperm from entering the female reproductive tract. Spermicides kill or immobilize
sperm.
Advantages;
[Link] available
[Link] hormonal side effects
[Link] protect against STDs
Disadvantages:
[Link] failure rate if not used properly
[Link] reduce sexual satisfaction
B) Hormonal Methods
These methods use hormones to suppress ovulation and alter
cervical mucus.
Types;
[Link] oral contraceptive pills (estrogen + progesterone)
[Link]-only pills
[Link] contraceptives Implants
Mechanism of action:
[Link] ovulation
[Link] cervical mucus
[Link] endometrium to prevent implantation
Advantages:
Highly effective
Regularizes menstrual cycle
Reduces risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer
Disadvantages:
Weight gain, nausea
Risk of thromboembolism
Requires regular compliance
C)Male “Pill”
Male contraceptive pill is an experimental method.
Mechanism:
Suppresses spermatogenesis by altering testosterone and gonadotropin levels
Status:
Not yet available for routine clinical use
Still under research due to side effects and reversibility concerns
D) Intrauterine Device (IUD)
IUDs are devices placed inside the uterine cavity.
Types:
[Link] IUD (Cu-T)
[Link] IUD (levonorgestrel)
Mechanism of action:
[Link] causes local inflammatory reaction toxic to sperm
[Link] fertilization and implantation
Advantages:
[Link]-term contraception
[Link]
[Link] effective
Disadvantages:
[Link]
[Link] inflammatory disease (rare).
E) Contraceptive Pills (ECPs);
Used after unprotected intercourse.
Types:
[Link]
[Link] acetate
Mechanism of action:
[Link] or inhibits ovulation
[Link] fertilization
Time limit: Most effective within 72 hours
Note:
Not an abortifacient
Not for regular usE
F) Sterilization
Permanent method of contraception.
Types:
Male: Vasectomy
Female: Tubectomy
Advantages:
Highly effective
One-time procedure
Disadvantages:
Difficult to reverse
Psychological impact
2. infertility;
Infertility is the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected
intercourse.
A. Male Infertility
Causes;
[Link] sperm count (oligospermia)
[Link] sperm (azoospermia)
[Link] sperm motility
[Link] Imbalance
[Link]
b. Female Infertility
Causes:
Ovulatory disorders
Tubal blockage
Endometriosis
Uterine abnormalities
Hormonal imbalance
3. treatment of infertility
A. Clomiphene Citrate
A non-steroidal ovulation-inducing drug
Mechanismof action:
[Link] estrogen receptors in hypothalamus
[Link] GnRH → ↑ FSH & LH
[Link] ovulation
Uses;
[Link] infertility
[Link] ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Side effects:
Ovarian hyperstimulation
Multiple pregnancy
Hot flashes
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
ART includes techniques where fertilization is assisted artificially.
[Link] Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Steps;
[Link] stimulation
[Link] retrieval
[Link] in laboratory
[Link] transfer into uterus
Indications:
Tubal blockage
Endometriosis
Unexplained infertility
ii. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Single sperm is injected directly into the ovum.
Indications:
Severe male infertility
Failed IVF cycles
Advantage:
Requires very few sperms
4. surrogacy
Surrogacy is a method where a woman carries a pregnancy
for another couple.
Types:
[Link] surrogacy
[Link] surrogacy
Indications:
Absent uterus
Recurrent pregnancy loss
Medical contraindication to pregnancy
Ethical aspects:
Legal regulations required
Protection of surrogate mother’s rights
conclusion
Advances in contraception and assisted
reproduction have greatly improved family planning
and infertility management, playing a vital role in
reproductive health.
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