Technology notes
Frame structures
A frame structure is made up of different parts that are joined together, The basic
parts of a ………..
I. Truesses
A truss is a flat framework
I. King post trusses
It is one of the roof truss, this has 1 vertical post. Overloading may cause the
framework to fail and become crushed or broken.
II. Queen post trusses
A queen post roof truss has two vertical posts between the rafters and the tie
beams.
III. Tie beam
A tie beam is a horizontal beam that forms the base of a triangular truss for a
pitched roof connecting the two side walls.
IV. Loads
- Static Load
These loads do not move
- Dynamic Load
These loads are constantly moving. This force is an outside force(moving
thing).
V. Forces
There are five kinds of forces
Tension: This pulls members apart
Bending: Cause structures to bend.
Torsion: Twisting
Sheering: pushes at 90⬞ angle to causing a structure to
split or break.
Compression: The breaks things
Structural members
Structural members in bridges
For centuries people have used bridges to cross from natural barriers in the
environment.
I. Clapper bridge
Were used thousands of years ago. People placed large stone slab on top of a
stepping stones or boulders
II. Beam bridge
Beams or girders of reinforced concrete are used to make beam bridges. These
structures are fairly cheap and can bridge a short distance where the
structure does not need to be high.
III. Suspension
A suspension bridge can span a large distance. Hugh cables support the bridge.
The pillars on either end of the bridge hold the cables. The cables are
draped,(for safety reasons such as the bridge snapping so if it does they
have enough time to evacuate padreance)not pulled thigh. This means the
bridge is hung from chains, rod or [Link] bridge pulls on its two
supporting pillars, which must have very strong and firm foundations, they
are cheap,easy to build and use material [Link] are called piers
- Trust grinder
They were created in 1570, it is not solid. Longer-beam bridges are built
using box grinders. These are thin rectangular tubes of steel or concrete.
IV. Arch bridges
These bridges were designed by the Romans and were used by them until
the Industrial Revolution. This kind of bridge is built simply with shaped
blocks of stone and without complicated joints. There are 3 types of arch
bridges over-arch, under-arch, through arch
V. Cantilever
A cantilever bridge has a beam which is held down at one end but it is not
supported at the other end. The cantilever are like strong shelf-brackets
Communication Skills
Different types of line have different meanings in graphic communication. A
designer uses many types of line to communicate ideas.
Scale
When designing a building or large structure, we cannot draw the actual size
because we would need a very, very large piece of paper. This would be far too
bulky to use, so we draw objects to scale. Think of an atlas; all the maps are
drawn to scale.
An object in a scale drawing is either bigger or smaller
1:2
Working drawings
Diagram
● Front view: See from the
front
● End/side: see from side
● Pan: look directly down on
object
Working drawings include detailed
drawings and assembly drawings.
Dimensions are also shown so that
the article can be built or made. All
dimensions are given in millimeters.
All objects have three dimensions (width
or breadth, length and height). We can draw an object either in 3D or 2D.
Drawings must be drawn to scale, using a 2H pencil or fine black pen for the final
outline
Isometric grids
● Isometric drawings look distorted or out of shape. This is because they
are not drawn in perspective.
● We look at an object from one corner and draw this as a vertical line
● we draw from that corner that is nearest to us
● this corner we draw lines to the right and left at an angle of 30
● also called isometric axes.
One-point perspective drawings
First draw a box into which the object will fit. This is called crating the object. It
hel s ou to draw the length, height and width correctly. whole things
The cube below has been drawn using one-point perspective. All lines
which are at right angles to the front of the cube recede (or move back)
and share the same vanishing point.
1. First, draw the horizon line. This represents the eye level.
2. Mark two vanishing points.
3. Draw the corner of the cube closest to you.
4. Draw lines to both vanishing points.
5. Draw the two parallel sides of the cube.
6. Connect the corners to the vanishing points and complete the outline of the cube.
Using color, texture and shadow
Graded colour technique
Uses the same colour for the object
Shades the surfaces based on light intensity:
● Light strokes where the light hits
● Medium strokes for mid-tones
● Dark strokes in shadowed areas
The primary colours are red, yellow and blue.
Mixing these colors we can create different hues and more colors
Diagram of primary colors
Mechanical advantage
● Is something that changes input movement and force into desired output
movement and force.
● Mechanisms make it easier to do work.
Movements
o Rotary movement – goes around and around(rotates) e.g. Wheels
o Oscilling movement – swings backwards and forwards e.g. swing
o Linear movements – moves in a straight line e.g. drawers
o Reciprocating – moves backwards and forwards in a straight line. e.g
Needle of sewing machine
o Wedges: a triangular shaped tool. Used to separate objects or hold them
in place
o Wheel and axle: Wheels allow heavy objects to be moved easily they can
Axle is the center shaft for rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles the axle
may remained fixed, rotating with them.
GEARS
,
A gear is a wheel with toothed edges. This gear is called a spur gear. It looks like the spur worn
on riding boots.
Gears can change at least one of the following:
● The direction of rotation
● The axis of rotation of the driven axle
● The speed of the rotation
● The turning power
Summary
Simple machines
● Wheel and axle
The wheel turns on an axle carrying the load over a distance.
● Lever
A straight bar with a turning point.
● Wedge
A tapered shape which applies or resists a force.
● Pulley
A wheel with a groove that can move a load or change the direction of the force.
● Inclined plane
A smooth slope used to move a load to a higher place.
● Screw thread
An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
● Crank
An arm or lever attached at one end to a shaft that can rotate.
● Cam
A mechanism which can change one type of movement into another.
● Gear
A wheel with toothed edges.
Positive Impact of Technology
Recycling
Structural Design Considerations
A structure should be designed for accessibility, ensuring people can enter and exit safely
before external forces, such as
● water pressure,
● pose a risk.
Structures that flex rather than remain completely rigid are described as non-rigid. Glass is
commonly used for bracing and joining structural elements, while the use of unsuitable
materials can also lead to structural failure.
Concrete and Reinforcement
Concrete consists of cement, water, sand, and gravel. The cement and water trigger a
chemical reaction, while gravel and sand add strength to the mixture. Reinforced concrete
incorporates steel rods, bars, or mesh to absorb tensile, shearing, and compressive stresses,
utilizing the tensile strength of steel alongside concrete’s compressive strength.
Plywood
Also called veneer, plywood is a strong, thin wooden board made of multiple layers glued and pressed
together.
Beams
Beams should be designed to span wide gaps while supporting loads effectively to prevent collapse.
Recycling Extended
● One of the main reasons why people don't recycle is because it is not always convenient. The
government has not introduced policies and structures that make recycling easy.
● Topics such as these are included in syllabuses to encourage developing to recycle. Keeping our
community clean and developing a culture of recycling should start with you.
Structures and Processes
● There are many different kinds of structures, each designed to serve a specific purpose. The
parts of a structure are called members. Each type of member has a different job to do in
supporting the structure.
● When a structure is unable to perform the function that it is manufactured to perform, we
say that the structure has experienced structural failure.
● There are many reasons for structural failure. One is that too great a force has been applied
to the structure.