Number System & Basic
Arithmetic Operations
The Decimal Number System
The decimal number system, also known as the base-10
system, is the most common numeral system used.
It is based on ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. These
symbols are called digits.
For example, in the decimal number 456:
The digit 6 is in the "ones" place, representing 6 units (10^0).
The digit 5 is in the "tens" place, representing 5 tens (10^1).
The digit 4 is in the "hundreds" place, representing 4
hundreds (10^2).
By combining these digits according to their place values, we
get the value of the entire number: 400 + 50 + 6 = 456.
Decimal to Binary
To convert a decimal number to binary, repeatedly divide the
decimal number by 2 and note down the remainders.
25 ÷ 2 = 12 remainder 1
12 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 0
6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1
Decimal to Octal
To convert a decimal number to octal, repeatedly divide the
decimal number by 8 and note down the remainders. The
octal representation will be the sequence of remainders
read from bottom to top.
Example: Convert decimal 42 to octal:
42 ÷ 8 = 5 remainder 2
5 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 5
Whole Numbers
Whole numbers are a set of numbers that includes all the
non-negative integers, starting from zero and extending
infinitely in the positive direction.
Whole numbers are represented by the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
They do not include fractions or decimals.
Integers
Integers are a set of numbers that includes all the whole
numbers (positive, negative, and zero) as well as their
negative counterparts.
Integers are represented by the set {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
They include both positive and negative whole numbers, as
well as zero.
Rational Numbers
Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as the
quotient or fraction of two integers, where the denominator is
not zero.
Rational numbers include integers, as any integer can be
expressed as a fraction with a denominator of 1.
Rational numbers may be terminating (finite) decimals or
repeating (infinite) decimals.
They are represented as fractions or as decimals that either
terminate or repeat.
Examples of rational numbers include 1/2, -3, 0, 0.75, -2.5,
1.333..., etc.
Basic Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Whole Numbers: Example: 3 + 5 = 8
Integers: Example: (-3) + 5 = 2
Rational Numbers: Example: 1/2 + 3/4 = 5/4 (or 1.25 as a
decimal)
Subtraction
Whole Numbers: Example: 8 - 3 = 5
Integers: Example: 5 - (-3) = 8
Rational Numbers: Example: 3/4 - 1/2 = 1/4 (or 0.25 as a
decimal)
Multiplication
Whole Numbers: Example: 4 * 7 = 28
Integers: Example: (-2) * 3 = -6
Rational Numbers: Example: 1/2 * 3/4 = 3/8 (or 0.375 as a
decimal)
Division
Whole Numbers: Example: 15 ÷ 3 = 5
Integers: Example: 10 ÷ (-2) = -5
Rational Numbers: Example: 3/4 ÷ 1/2 = (3/4) * (2/1) = 3/2
(or 1.5 as a decimal)
Fractions
A fraction represents a part of a whole or a ratio of two
quantities.
It consists of two numbers separated by a horizontal or
diagonal line, called the fraction bar or division bar. The
number above the line is called the numerator, and the
number below the line is called the denominator.
Fractions can be proper (where the numerator is less than the
denominator), improper (where the numerator is greater than
or equal to the denominator), or mixed numbers (a whole
number combined with a proper fraction).
Example: 3/4 represents three parts out of four equal parts.
Decimals
Decimals are a way to represent parts of a whole number or
fractions using a decimal point.
They consist of digits (0-9) and a decimal point, which
separates the whole number part from the fractional part.
The digits to the left of the decimal point represent the whole
number part, and the digits to the right of the decimal point
represent the fractional part.
Decimals can be finite (terminating) or infinite (repeating).
Example: 0.75 represents seventy-five hundredths, which is
equivalent to 3/4.
Convert between fractions & decimals
Converting Fractions to Decimals:
To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator
by the denominator.
Example: Convert 3/4 to a decimal:
3/4=3÷4=0.7543=3÷4=0.75
Cont.
Converting Decimals to Fractions:
To convert a decimal to a fraction, write the decimal as
a fraction with the same value and simplify if necessary.
Example: Convert 0.5 to a fraction: 0.5 can be written as
5/10. Since both 5 and 10 can be divided by 5, the
simplified fraction is 1/2
Arithmetic operations with fractions &
decimals
Addition
2
×
3
3 4
3 1
+ Division
4 2
Subtraction
5
÷
2
6 3
5 1
−
6 3
Multiplication
Percentages
Percentages are a way of expressing a proportion or a
ratio as a fraction of 100. The term "percent" means "per
hundred," and percentages are commonly denoted by
the symbol "%".
Scenarios
In a class of 30 students, 20% are studying mathematics.
How many students are studying mathematics?
You have a meal at a restaurant that costs $60, and you
want to leave a 15% tip. How much should you tip?
Exponents & Powers
Exponents:
An exponent is a small number written above and to the right of
a base number. It indicates how many times the base number is
multiplied by itself.
In the expression 23, the base is 2, and the exponent is 3. It
means that 2 is multiplied by itself 3 times, resulting in 2×2×2.
Powers:
A power is the result of raising a base number to an exponent. It
represents the value obtained by repeated multiplication of the
base.
In the expression 23, the power is 8, because 23=2×2×2=8.
Examples
23×24
56÷53
(32)4
2−3=1/23 = 1/ 8
Apply the Order of Operations
5+3×2 10−2×3+4
(8−2)2÷2 8÷2(2+2)
(8−2)2
4×(6−3)2+5
Prime Numbers
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that
has exactly two distinct positive divisors: 1 and itself.
The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
and so on.
Composite Numbers
A composite number is a natural number greater than 1
that has more than two distinct positive divisors.
The first few composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14,
15, and so on.
Any question?
Thank You