Chapter 13 – Health, Safety and Security at Workplace

All incidents like illnesses, accidents, or disputes in the workplace come at

a cost to the company and to the injured persons’ families. Every
organisation and company worker is responsible for creating a safe
environment, which helps to improve the productivity of the company.

Health

The health of an employee is most important in the workplace, and every

organisation must provide a healthy and safe working environment for
their employees. A safe environment provides employees physical, mental
and social well-being.

Organization should maintain following healthy rules in

workplace –

 Cleanliness at the workplace

 A proper air conditioning system

 A proper filtered water facility must be available for the employees

 A fresh food cafeteria and good quality food for the employees

 Clean washroom facility should be given to employee

Safety

The work environment of the organization must be safe and it must be

free from hazards and risk.

Organization should maintain following Safety rules in workplace

–

 A proper safety guidelines be prepared by the organization

 Regular drills should be conducted

 Smoke alarms must be placed

 Safety equipment maintenance must be taken care regularly

 Fire escape plans must be installed

Security

Every employee should feel that they are secure in the company campus.
Security helps to ensure the safety of the people in the workplace.
Organization should maintain following Security checkup in
workplace –

 Employee safety

 Computer system safety

 Electrical safety

 Transport safety

 Equipment safety

Policies and Procedures for Health, Safety and Security

The Department of Information Technology (DoIT) has provided some

policy regarding employees’ healthy and safe work environment in the
workplace.

Definition

An employer’s written declaration of the company’s commitment to

protecting the public and employees health, safety and security is known
as a health, safety and security policy. It represents a management-
endorsed pledge to protect the security, safety, and well-being of its staff.

The reasons for Workplace Health, Safety, and Security programs

and policies

There are several reasons to specific safety policy in workplace –

 It indicates that the company is committed to the health and safety

of its employees.

 It indicate that company is not only making the profits but it take
care of the employee also

 It shows the performance of the business

 Company following national policy on Occupational Health and

Safety (OH&S)

 Injuries and illness of the employee is prevented

Workplace Safety Hazards

The most common definition of hazard is a danger or risk. Workplace

Hazards are the things that could potentially hurt or damage someone or
something in a workplace.

There are different types of hazards present in the workplace –

  Physical Hazards – It is the dangers associated with the physical
workspace, including the walls, ceilings, floors, and facilities.
Physical risks may also arise from using machinery and devices that
run on electricity.

 Falling Off Heights, Slipping and Tripping – Everything needs to

be placed correctly to prevent slips and falls. To prevent accidents,
dropped food, drink or other materials like paints need to be cleaned
up right away. Ensure that sufficient lighting is provided and that
any broken stairs, light fixtures, or equipment is fixed immediately.

 Electrical Hazards – In the workplace there are many life

threatening, severe and injuries that could result due to Electrical
Hazards. Every company has to provide basic knowledge to the
employees, how to use electrical equipment in the workplace.

Some of the common causes of electrical accidents are –

1. Ungrounded or faulty equipment

2. Unsafe use of electrical equipment

3. Worn-out wiring

4. Overloading of electrical outlets

Every employee must know how to use electrical equipment and how to
make the workplace safe. Some of the common instruction which
company and employee have to follow in workplace are –

1. Food and water should not be near electrical equipment.

2. Electrical technician should carry out routine inspections

3. Technician have to check overrated or overloaded outlets

4. Never use damage equipment

5. Electrical safety devices

Fire Hazards

To maintain fire safety, every organization needs to adhere to the

housekeeping regulations. Those who violate these regulations may cause
accidents which damage the vital workplace equipment, building, stock
and other items.

Some of the fire safety precautions in workplace are –

1. Emergency mitigation system in workplace

2. Employees should be aware above emergency exits

 3. Fire escape routes should be pasted

4. Fire extinguishers and alarms should be placed in the workplace.

Health Hazards

Health refers to the physical well-being of the workers, Hazards are

present in most workplaces that could impact any body parts of
employees. For example, machine noise can damage the sense of hearing
of the worker, bright lights and toxic fumes and vapor could damage the
eyes and nose.

Potential sources of risks within a company –

Bright light sources behind the display screen can cause contrast issues,
which can make it challenging to see your work effectively. Use the
following potential fixes to stay away from this.

1. Use drapes on windows to reduce bright light.

2. Use indirect of shielded light

3. Turn the workstation so that the computer screen and the bright
lighting coming from the open windows are at a right angle.

4. Reduce the sharp contrast between the computer screen’s dark and
light areas.

Hazards using Computers

The computer is an important tool in many organizations, long periods of

using a computer in the workplace can develop an injury. Poor sitting
posture or sitting in one position for a long duration can result in pain and
strain. If the computer screens you are using for a long time can harm
your eyes. Regular stretches, short breaks every 30 minutes, every 20
minutes look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds, or basic yoga
positions can help to reduce these types of risks.

Handling Office Equipment

Improper handling of office equipment can result in injuries. Employee

should be trained to handle equipment properly. Every organization should
provide a manual to every employee, how to handle equipment.

Handling Objects

 Moving or lifting large objects without following the right protocols

could be dangerous.

 Always lift or move objects with the right posture and according to
proper technique.
Stress at Work

There are a number of stress-inducing situations that can arise in

organizations. Extensive work hours and unpleasant disputes or
disagreements with coworkers may be stressful. Always search for
solutions to resolve disputes among coworkers. Take up some relaxing
activities to reduce tension after difficult workdays.

Hazard Control

Appropriate precautions must be implemented for hazards that have been

identified and considered priorities.

1. Take all feasible measures to eliminate the hazard

2. If removing the risk is not possible or cannot be completed, isolate it

as much as possible.

3. If a hazard cannot be eliminated or isolated, then at least its

potential to cause harm should be reduced.

Safety Guidelines Checklist

1. Store all cleaning chemicals in separate cupboards.

2. Throw garbage daily

3. Do not wear any loose cloth or jewelry when working with machine

4. Do’t disturbed the people who are working near a fire or near
machine.

5. Wear protective items such as safety glasses, gloves, masks and

hair nets.

6. Shut down all machines before leaving the workplace

7. Do not play with electrical switches

8. Do not operate machines, if you are not trained

9. Before using electrical equipment, repair the broken wires or plugs.

10. Do not use equipment if you feel unsafe.

11. Do not smoke in a “No Smoking” zone.

Chapter 14: Workplace Quality Measures

A pollution free air and water is an most important requirement of any

organization. Most of the IT companies use centralized air conditioning
systems to keep the temperature pleasant in the workplace. Water
pollution is also one of the problems faced by many organizations. The
polluted water may cause the disease. So organizations have to take care
of air pollution and water pollution.

Air and Water Quality Monitoring process

Air and water pollution can be analyzed by using three forms of methods –
Physical, chemical and biological.

Guidelines for Clean Air and Clean Water

A proper guidelines must be followed by organizations to keep the air and

water clean. Some of the guidelines are –

 Organizations have to avoid dust production, generation of solid

particles and gasses in the air.

 Organizations must use a limited number of vehicles to avoid air

pollution.

 Organizations have to take care of air pollution, the generation of

ozone gas must be kept at a low level by the organization.

 Organizations have to take care of sewage or the wastewater and

make sure that this water is not mixed with the surrounding water.

 Extensive use of fertilizers and pesticide must be avoided as it can

make the ground water polluted.

Importance of Cleanliness at Workplace

Clean workplace avoid hazardous. Clean workplace makes your job easier
and more pleasant. Every person have to follow following cleanliness
guideline at workplace –

 Employees are responsible for the cleanliness of their work area.

 Spills and breakage are to be cleaned up immediately.

 Spaces around the machine should be kept clean and clear.

 Floor should be kept clean to prevent slipping and collision.

 Lighting fixtures are to be checked regularly for a clean vision.

Office Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science concerned with designing and arranging things,

ergonomics helps to reduce accidents, injury and helps to improve the
performance and productivity of an organization.

The following office ergonomics emphasize the identification of

early warning signs.
Computer Health and Safety Tips

In every organization the use of computers is increasing, there are several

health and safety issues related to vision, musculoskeletal issues, body
aches and pains may occur due to improper use of computers. These
problems can be resolved by adopting some simple corrective action.

Musculoskeletal Problems

This problem includes different areas of your body such as neck, back,
chests, arms, shoulders and feet because of wrong posture,
uncomfortable chair or not following basic rules while working on the
computer.

To avoid this problem follow the following guideline –

 Position of the monitor should be at your eye level.

 Keep your monitor at least arm length distance or 20 to 30 inches

away from you.

 Keep your back against the backrest of the chair.

 Adjust height of armrests so that your elbows are at a 100-110

degrees open angle.

 Place the keyboard at a slight negative tilt if you are sitting

upright.

 While typing keep your hands slightly lower than elbows.

 Minimize any twisting of your wrists from side to side or up and

down.

 Use a keyboard palm rest as needed only when you are not typing.

 Always take small breaks while working on the computer.

Occupational Overuse Syndrome

Occupational overuse syndrome is a type of injury in fingers, shoulder,

neck, wrists, hands or elbows it is also known as repetitive strain injury or
RSI. In this syndrome the pain, swelling and weakness in the affected
joints.

The most common reason of affecting Occupational Overuse

Syndrome –

1. Stress in the working place

2. Wrong posture when sitting

3. Forceful body movement

 4. Psycho social factors

Strain in Legs and Feet

If you are working on a computer for a long period then it may cause
strain in your leg. Always feet should be supported on the floor or by
footrest and try to stretch your legs after 30 minutes.

Eye Strain

Computer bright light, poor light or flickering images can cause eye strain.
It is important to look after your eye health and try to wear anti glare
glasses when you are working on the computer.

To reduce the possibility of vision problem –

 Adjust the brightness of computer screen

 Keep a proper vision distance from computer screen

 Blink your eyes in an every interval

 Wear anti glare glasses whenever you are working in computer

 Give your eyes periodic breaks from the screen

 Keep your monitor between 18 to 24 inches away from your face.

Headaches

Headache may occur due to muscle tension in neck, muscle pain in neck,
Strain on the eyes or vision problem. Try to maintain a straight neck while
working on the computer..

Obesity

Spending a long time on the computer may lead to a lack of physical

activity and exercise. Before returning to work, you need to take a break.

Stress Disorders

Technology can impact our behaviors and emotions, excess use of

computers may create poor health and increase pressure in your
workplace. Try to do yoga, medications or natural remedies to reduce the
stress.

Injuries from Laptop Use

The laptop is designed for short term use, nowadays people are using
laptops over desktops more frequently but the laptop designs are very
compact. In a laptop the screen and keyboard close together which makes
ergonomic use difficult which makes discomfort for work, using an
ergonomic desktop is advisable.
Sleeping Problems

Artificial lights of computer screens can trick your brain and due to this
your sleeping patterns, to avoid this don’t use a computer before going to
bed.

Health and Safety Requirements for Computer Workplace

The minimum health and safety requirements for computer are as follow –

 Display Screen (Monitor) – Use LED monitor of legible size with

adequate character and proper line spacing.

 Keyboard – There should be proper space in front of the keyboard

to support your hands and arms. The symbols, characters and
numbers should be clear and easy to read.

 Work Surface – The work desk should be large, non reflective and
allow flexible placement of the screen and keyboard.

 Work Chair – The work chair must be stable and allow the user to
move easily and find a comfortable position.

 Space Requirements – The user should have enough desk space

for the equipment they use.

 Lighting – There should be proper light and appropriate contrast

between the computer screen and background.

 Reflections and Glare – Workplace should avoid direct glare and

distracting reflections from light.

 Noise and Heat – Avoid noise related equipment or the equipment

producing heat which could cause discomfort to users.

Cautions while Working on the Computer

To work safely on a computer –

1. Unplug all power cables before changing or maintaining the

computer, it will prevent hardware damage.

2. User a battery backup to protect against power failure.

3. Remove rings, watches and necklaces to avoid static damage.

4. The static electricity is generated when you are working on a

computer, so use a surge protector when you plug your system in.

Watch Out for Cords and Wires

1. Loose cords and wire can cause hazards and even electrical
hazards.
 2. Mark cords or wires crossing pathways using hazard tape.

3. Avoid water when working with electricity.

4. Never touch or repair electrical equipment with wet hands.

Chapter 15: Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Any minor mistake or unexpected event within an organization has the

potential to turn into an emergency if it is not handled properly.

Accidents and Emergencies

An unplanned, uncontrollable, or unexpected event that causes property

damage or human injury is called an accident.

For example –

1. Person falling down and getting injured

An emergency is a dangerous or urgent situation that requires quick

response.

For example –

1. Customer having a heart attack

2. Sudden outbreak of fire in organization

Every organization follows policies and procedures for managing,

reporting, and handling emergencies as well as accidents.

Notice and Correctly Identify Accidents and Emergencies

The most valuable source of guidance in this area will be the

organization’s policies and guidelines. These kinds of incidents should be
easy to recognize in your company, and you should know how to handle
every kind of emergency and disaster.

Get help Promptly and in the Most Suitable Way

Make sure that you will provide the kind of help and support that are given
in the organization policies. Even if you have the best of plans, you should
still follow the rules and regulations given from the organization. If the
situation requires then professionals may be authorized to make
decisions.

 Do not follow your feelings or emotions if someone is hurt. Follow

the steps described in the injury management policy of your
company.

 Provide help and support within the authorized limit. Only offer the
injured person medical assistance if you are qualified to do so.
  Take advice from senior employees who are qualified to deal with
certain circumstances.

Types of Accidents

The following are a few incidents that frequently happen in organizations –

1. Trip and Fall at workplace – Consumers or staff members may

trip on items left in aisles, unsecured cables, or higher thresholds,
causing them to fall.

2. Slip and FalI – Slips are mainly due to wet floors, spilling of liquids
or throwing of other slip-causing material on floors.

3. Injuries caused due to Escalators or Elevators – Injuries can be

caused by falling on escalators and getting hurt.

4. Accidents Caused by Falling Goods – People may get injuries

when goods fall from shelves or wall hangings onto them.

5. Accidents due to Moving Objects – Moving objects, such as

trolleys, can also injure people in the organization.

Handling Accidents

Identify all possible dangers in your company and take steps to eliminate
them in order to try to prevent accidents. In the event that an accident
results in a colleague’s injury, take the following action.

1. Attend to the Injured Person Immediately

2. Inform your Supervisor

3. Assist your Supervisor

Types of Emergencies

You should know how to handle emergencies and what are basic
procedures. Here are some general emergency procedures –

1. First Aid – Must have every essential first aid item necessary to
handle common issues.

2. Electrical Safety – Electrical safety, such as keeping food and

drink items away from electrical equipment, routine inspections, fire
extinguisher, fire alarm system etc.

3. Evacuation – Employees must be aware of who has the

coordination or decision-making authority in an emergency. The
coordinator needs to be responsible for all of the evacuation
procedures.
General Evacuation Procedures

Every organization has its own evacuation procedures and policies every
one has to be aware of these policies. Here are some general evacuation
policies –

1. Immediately move towards the nearest emergency exit.

2. Guide others to the emergency exits.

3. Help the disabled person make their way to the emergency exit.

4. You may carry your hand held belongings as you move towards the
emergency exit.

5. Avoid escalators or elevators and avoid overcrowding.

6. Immediately go to the emergency assembly area.

Fire Hazards in the Workplace

Unsafe storage of combustible dust or flammable materials is another

prevalent cause of workplace fires. Since both are hazardous, they need to
be handled and stored carefully.

1. Each worker needs to be aware of the locations of the fire

extinguishers.

2. Fire extinguishers and First Aid stations should be marked with

signs.

3. Do not use flammable material near electrical panels, switches or

near any electrical equipment.

4. All equipment is properly grounded where needed.

5. Fire extinguishers must be inspected regularly.

6. No flammable material is to be placed near the exit door.

Identification of Material and Ignition Sources

Materials are arranged in accordance with these fire classes, which are
based on risk –

 Class A Material: materials such as wood, cloth, and paper, which

won’t ignite on their own but will continue to burn once exposed to a
heat source.

 Class B Material: all liquid, grease, and gas materials that burn
when exposed to ignition sources.
  Class C Material: electrical materials and equipment. These
materials provide a significant risk of arc flash and start fires very
quickly.

 Class D Material: any materials that are volatile and able to

quickly ignite, such as magnesium, potassium, and sodium.

Fire Extinguisher

A fire extinguisher is a tool for protection that shuts off flames. It is a

pressure vessel that is cylindrical in shape and holds an agent that can be
released to put out a fire.

First Aid for Electrical Emergencies

Electrical accidents can happen anywhere, at any time. One of the main
concerns is the quick response and care of victims. A victim of an
electrical accident is frequently unable to move or release the electrical
conductor as a result of muscle cramps.

Electrical Rescue Techniques

Approaching the accident

 Never rush into an accident situation.

 Call 108 as soon as possible.

 Approach the accident place cautiously

Examining the scene

 Examine the victim visually and check whether they have come into
contact with any electrical wire.

 Do not touch the victim or conductive surface.

 Switch off the electrical circuits if possible.

Hazards and solutions

 Be alert from heated surfaces and fire

 Take precaution if you are not able to switch off the power supply.

 Make sure the hands and feet are dry.

 Wear gloves and shoes and stand of dry surface

 User non conductive material to remove a victim from the

conductor.

High voltage rescue

  Special training is required for how to rescue from high voltage.

 Protective equipment like gloves and shoes must be worn

First Aid

 Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) can be necessary for the

victim.

 Provide first aid for injuries and treat shock if the victim is conscious
and breathing.

 Make sure the victim receives medical attention as quickly as you

can.

 The attending physician needs complete data in order to diagnose

and treat the victim correctly.
Session 1 : Method of Communication

What is Communication

The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre,

meaning ‘to share’. Communication is a method where we can exchange
the information between two or more people.

Definition: Communication is the process of conveying information,

knowledge, feelings, or ideas through speaking, writing, or using body
language.

What are the different parts of communication

Communication has three important parts –

1. Transmitting: When someone sends a message or information to

others.

2. Listening: The receiver listens to or understands the message.

3. Feedback: The receiver gives a message to the sender in the form

of feedback to complete the communication cycle.

What are the different elements of communication

The various elements of a communication cycle are:-

1. Sender: The person beginning the communication.

2. Message: The information that the sender wants to share, like

ideas, information, questions, etc.

3. Channel: Channel means how the message is sent to others, like

using spoken word, gestures, emails, phone calls, etc.

4. Receiver: The person who receives the message.

5. Feedback: The receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the

message.
Method of
Description
Communication

Face-to-face communication is the easiest and quickest

Face-to-face method for sharing information. It helps the message to
be understood clearly and quickly.

E-mail E-mail can be sent to one or multiple users quickly.

It is helpful when the same message has to be convey

Notices/Posters
to a large group of people.

Business meetings use different methods of

Business
communication, like sharing information using text,
Meetings
charts or graphs or decision-making.

Some other communication methods are used, like

Other Methods social networks, messages, phone calls, newsletters,
blogs, etc.
Session 2: Verbal Communication

What is Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is an exchange of information using spoken or

written words to convey thoughts, ideas and emotions. Speaking is one of
the most effective and commonly used ways of communicating.

Different types of Verbal Communication

There are several types of verbal communication –

Type of Verbal
Description
Communication

It is a one-on-one conversation between two

Interpersonal
individuals. It can be formal (a business discussion) or
Communication
informal (talking with friends).

This form of communication involves writing words. It

Written
can be letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social
Communication
media chats, etc.

This type of communication takes place when there

are more than two people involved.
Small Group Example –
Communication 1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings

When one person speaks to a large group of people

or audience.
Public
Example –
Communication
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries

Advantages of Verbal Communication

1. Ease: Simple and straightforward way of communication.

2. Adaptability: Allows for adjustments based on the listener’s

response.

3. Immediacy: Enables quick exchange of information.

4. Clarity: Facilitates clear understanding through spoken words.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

1. Dependency on Words: Relies on the accuracy of spoken words,

leading to potential misunderstandings.

2. Lack of Permanent Record: Information is not always

documented, making it challenging to reference.

3. Limited Non-Verbal Cues: Absence of visual and body language

cues can lead to misinterpretations.

4. Potential for Confusion: Without precise wording, meanings may

be unclear or confusing.

Mastering Verbal Communication:

1. Clarity: Use clear and simple words; avoid using confusing words.

2. Active Listening: Pay attention to what others are saying.

3. Effective Tone: Speak in a friendly and respectful way.

4. Conciseness: Say only what is needed.

Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

What is non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is a process of conveying messages without

using spoken or written words. Non-verbal communication uses facial
expressions, body language and gestures for conveying the message.

In everyday communication:

 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms,

etc.

 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.

 Only 7% communication is done using words.

Example of the Non-Verbal Communication

Non-Verbal
Examples
Communication

1. Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye.

Gestures
2. Pointing a finger at someone.

1. Smiling when happy.

Expressions
2. Making a sad face when sad.

1. Postures by which attitudes and feelings are

Body Language
communicated. Standing straight, showing interest.

What are the Different types of non-verbal communication

Type How to use effectively?

a. Smile when you meet someone.

b. Keep your face relaxed.
Facial Expressions
c. Match your expressions with your words.
d. Nod while listening.

a. Keep your shoulders straight and body relaxed.

b. Sit straight while resting your hands and feet in
Posture
relaxed position.
c. While standing, keep your hands by your sides.

a. Keep your hands open.

Gestures or Body
b. Avoid pointing your finger at people.
Language
c. Tilt your head a bit to show that you are attentive

a. Shake hands firmly while meeting someone.

Touch b. Avoid other touch gestures during formal
communication.

a. Maintain proper space depending on the

Space
relationship, which could be formal.

a. Look directly at the person who is speaking.

Eye Contact b. Avoid staring; keep a relaxed look.
c. Maintain eye contact with intermittent breaks.

a. Use a suitable tone and volume

Paralanguage
b. Maintain a moderate speed while talking

What is Visual Communication

Visual communication conveys the messages through images, pictures,
videos and symbols. It is an effective way of communication.

Session 4: Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback

What is Feedback

When a sender shares information, the receiver responds with feedback,

which can be positive or negative. Feedback is an important part of the
communication cycle.

Effective feedback is always-

1. Specific

2. Helpful

3. Kind

Different types of Feedback in Communication Cycle

Type of Feedback Examples

Types of
Examples
Feedback

a. I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job!

Positive
b. I really appreciate you taking that call. Can you please
Feedback
also share the details?

a. You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel guests when

Negative you talk to them.
Feedback b. You take really long to reply to e-mails! Are you always
so busy?

a. It is also feedback in itself which indicates

No Feedback
disagreement of ideas.

What do you mean by good feedback

Good feedback is one that –

 Specific

 Timely

 Polite

 Offering continuing support

What is the importance of Feedback: It validates effective

listening, Motivation, Learning Boost, Performance Improvement
Session 5: Barriers to Effective Communication

What is 7Cs of Effective Communication

Essential Principles for Effective Communication:

 Clear: Make your message easy to understand.

 Concise: Use a simple and short message; avoid unnecessary

details.

 Concrete: Use specific words and real facts.

 Correct: Check your spelling and grammar to avoid confusion.

 Coherent: Ensure your words logically connect and relate to the

main topic.

 Complete: Include all necessary information for a complete

message.

 Courteous: Be polite, respectful, and truthful in your

communication.

What are the different barriers to Effective Communication

1. Physical Barriers: When distance, noise or surroundings create

challenges, it is known as a physical barrier. For example, a weak
phone signal can create physical barriers.

2. Linguistic Barriers: A language barrier occurs when people use

different languages. It is the most common communication barrier.

3. Interpersonal Barriers: Sometimes, people misunderstand each

other’s messages because of tone, emotions or personal biases.

4. Organisational Barriers: When the organisational hierarchy, rules

and regulations, procedures, policies and norms are not followed by
the employee.

5. Cultural Barriers: Cultural barriers are when people of different

cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs, resulting in
inconveniences and difficulties.

What are the ways to overcome Barriers of Effective

Communication

 Use simple language

 Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography

 Try to communicate in person as much as possible

  Use visuals

 Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language

Be respectful of other’s opinions

Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails,

letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat, blogs, etc. all these forms of written
communication, we use sentences to express ourselves.

What is Sentence

Sentence is a group of words that communicates a complete thought. A

sentence always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends with a
question mark, full stop or exclamation mark. For example, Pooja goes to
school.

What is Phrase

The group of words, which does not make complete sense, is known as a
phrase. For example, Pooja goes.

What are the different capitalization rules in communication cycle

We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. However, there are
certain other points in a Sentence where we should use capital letters.
‘TINS’ is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly.

What do you mean by punctuation rules

Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question mark,

exclamation mark and apostrophe are used in communication to separate
parts of a sentence for better clarity of message.

What are the basic parts of speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning

as well as grammatically within the sentence.

 Noun – Names a person, place, thing, or idea. (e.g., dog, city)

 Pronoun – Replaces a noun to avoid repetition. (e.g., he, she, it)

 Verb – Expresses action or state of being. (e.g., run, exist)

 Adjective – Describes or modifies a noun. (e.g., happy, tall)

 Adverb – Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. (e.g.,

quickly, very)
What are the different supporting parts of speech

 Article – A type of adjective that defines a noun as specific or

unspecific. (e.g., a, an, the)

 Conjunction – Connects words, phrases, or clauses. (e.g., and, or,

but)

 Preposition – Indicates the relationship between a noun and

another word. (e.g., in, on, under)

 Interjection – Expresses strong emotions but is not grammatically

related to the rest of the sentence. (e.g., wow, oh)

Session 7: Writing Skills—Sentences

What is sentence

A sentence is a group of words that conveys a complete thought. It

consists of a subject (the main actor or topic) and a predicate (the action
or what the subject does). A sentence can be simple, compound, or
complex, and it is the basic unit of communication in written and spoken
language.

What are the different parts of a sentence

There are basically three different parts of sentence –

 Subject – The person or thing performing the action.

 Verb – Describes the action carried out by the subject.

 Object – The person or thing that receives the action.

What are the different types of objects

In a sentence, there can be two types of objects — Direct and Indirect.

Direct Object:

1. Receives the action directly from the verb.

2. Answers the question “what” or “whom.”

3. Example: She ate an apple.

Indirect Object:

1. Indirectly affected by the action, often preceded by a preposition.

2. Answers the question “to whom” or “for whom.”

3. Example: He gave a gift to her.

What are the different types of sentences

1. Statement or Declarative Sentence

2. Question or Interrogative Sentence

3. Emotion/Reaction or Exclamatory Sentence

4. Order or Imperative Sentence

What do you mean by Active and Passive Sentences

Active Sentence:

1. The subject performs the action.

2. Example: The cat (subject) chased the mouse (object).

Passive Sentence:

1. The subject receives the action.

2. The object becomes the focus.

3. Example: The mouse (object) was chased by the cat.

What do you mean by paragraph

A paragraph is a collection of sentences centered around a single idea. It

starts with a topic sentence, followed by supporting details, and often
ends with a concluding sentence. This structure enhances organization
and readability in written communication.
Self Management Skills Class 10 Notes

What is Self-Management?

Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to control

one’s emotions, thoughts and behavior effectively in different situations.
This also includes motivating oneself and setting goals.

Basics of Self-management

To do better at work and life you must be able to manage and improve
yourself in various skills including discipline and timeliness, goal setting,
problem solving, teamwork, professionalism, etc. Once you develop your
personality and abilities you will be able to succeed in personal as well as
professional life.

Some of the skills you must master to succeed in life

1. Self-awareness – Ask for honest feedback. Think about your daily

interactions and how you handled situations well or could have
handled them differently.

2. Responsibility – Taking responsibility for your tasks is very

important. Taking ownership is the step towards self-development.

3. Time Management – Priorities the things you have to do. Remove

waste and redundancy from work. Make a timetable and follow it
diligently.

4. Adaptability – Stay current with best practices and read up on new

information always. Prepare yourself for new changes, so that you
can transition seamlessly.

Session 1: Stress Management

What is Stress?

Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social

reaction to any perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats
are called stressors. Stressors are the reason for stress.

For example,

1. You are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.

2. You are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.

3. You are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t
dress well or cannot speak confidently.

4. You are stressed due to lack of sleep.

What is Stress Management?

Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with

daily pressures. The ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work,
relationships, relaxation and fun.

Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management

A: Adversity or the stressful event

B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

What are the different stress management Techniques

Here are a few simple stress management techniques.

1. Time Management: Proper time management is one of the most

effective stress-relieving techniques.

2. Exercise and Fresh Air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for

students. Stress is generally lower in people who maintain a healthy
routine. Doing yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises help
in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body.

3. Healthy Diet: Having a healthy diet or balanced diet will also help
you reduce stress.

4. Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more

stress. Instead, learn to look at the good things and stay positive.

5. Organising academic life; no delaying: By keeping class notes

organised, finishing in assignments on time, and keeping track of all
deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent.

6. Adequate Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7

hours so that your brain and body gets recharged to function better
the next day.

7. Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place,

such as your grandparents’ house or a new place during your
summer vacations can help you break from the normal routine and
come back afresh.
Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the
ability to work independently, which means.

 Becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and self-correcting.

 Knowing what you need to do.

 Taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.

 Recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.

 Having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own

emotions, as well as the emotions of others. This usually includes three
key skills –

1. Emotional Awareness: The ability to identify and name one’s own

emotions.

2. Harnessing Emotions: The ability to harness and apply emotions

to tasks like thinking and problem solving.

3. Managing Emotions: The ability to regulate one’s own emotions

when necessary and help others to do the same.

Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below

–

1. Understand your emotions: Observe your behavior and note the

things you need to work on. You can then work on the things you
need to improve.

2. Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your

thinking.

3. Practice: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.

Session 2: Self-awareness— Strength and Weakness Analysis

Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses

Finding Strengths (or abilities)

1. Think of anything that you are always successful at.

2. Think about what others like in you.

3. Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses

1. Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find
difficult to do.

2. Look at the feedback others usually give you.

3. Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling

low about it. Take it as an area of improvement.

Difference between Interests and Abilities (Strengths)

When your interests do not match your abilities, you can either improve
your abilities or follow some other path. For example, you may like music,
but you may not be good at singing. In that case, do not try to become a
singer!

Session 3: Self-motivation

What is self-motivation?

Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things.
Self-motivation is what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and
improve our quality of life. In other words, it is our ability to do the things
that need to be done without someone or something influencing us.

Different types of self-motivation?

There are two type of motivation –

1. Internal Motivation (Love): We do things because they make us

happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when you perform on
your annual day function and you learn something new, such as
dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.

2. External Motivation (Reward): We do things because they give

us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example, Suresh
participated in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him to
go for practice every morning.

What are the qualities of self-motivated people?

There are some typical behaviors seen in self-motivated people

which are as given below.

Building Self-motivation

1. Find out your strengths

2. Set and focus on your goals

 3. Develop a plan to achieve your goals

4. Stay loyal to your goals

Session 4: Self-regulation— Goal Setting

What do you mean by goals and goals setting

 Goals: They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for
example, saving pocket money to buy a favorite mobile phone by a
particular date.

 Goal setting: It is all about finding and listing your goals and then
planning on how to achieve them.

How to set SMART Goals

SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and

Time bound.

 Specific Goal

 Measurable

 Achievable

 Realistic

 Time bound

Session 5: Self-regulation— Time Management

Time Management and Its Importance

Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the
hours of your day well and do all that you want to do.

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to

 Complete tasks on time.

 Make a daily timetable.

 Make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.

 Submit homework and assignments on time.

 Not waste time during the day.

Four Steps for Effective Time Management

1. Organize: Arrange our daily tasks systematically.

2. Prioritize: Create a to-do list and rank tasks by importance.

3. Control: Manage activities and time effectively.

 4. Track: Identify and record how time is spent.

Tips for Practicing the Four Steps for Effective Time Management

 Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity

 Organise your room and school desk

 Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you can sit and

complete important tasks

 Use waiting time productively

 Prepare a ‘To-do’ list

 Prioritise

 Replace useless activities with productive activities

Basic ICT Skills Class 10 Notes

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

What is ICT?

ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT refers to all
the methods, tools, concepts related to storing, recording and sending
digital information.

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts — the hardware and the
software. The physical parts that we can see, and touch are called
hardware. Another important part is known as software which we can see
but we cannot touch it.

What is Operating System?

The most important software in any computer is the Operating System

(OS). When we start computer the first software display on the desktop is
operating system. Some of the most commonly used operating systems
for laptops and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.

How to start and shutdown the computer?

To start a computer, click on Power button on the CPU. This will start the
operating system of your computer and display main screen of the
monitor.

a. Basic Functions performed when a computer starts

When you start a computer, automatically computer will run a basic

program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). The BIOS first does a
self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load
the Operating System.

b. Login and Logout

Login and Logout is used to protect your computer from unauthorised

person. To make sure your computer is locked, you have login-IDs and
passwords.

c. Shutting Down a computer

When you click Shut down button, the Operating System will safely close
all the applications and turn off the computer.

Using the Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands

into the computer.
Some of the important keys of Keyboard are –

 Function Keys – Keys from F1 to F12 is known as function

key which perform specific functions.

 Control keys – Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT,

CAPS LOCK and TAB, are special control keys that perform special
functions.

 Enter key – The key can be either ENTER or RETURN, you use the
ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the beginning of a
new line.

 Punctuation keys – Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation

marks, such as colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single
quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).

 Navigation keys – Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE
UP, and PAGE DOWN are navigation keys. These are used to move
up and down, right and left in a document. The HOME and END keys
move the cursor to the left/right end of a line of text, respectively.

 Command keys – Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and

BACKSPACE are command keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON,
it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the cursor. The
DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text.

 Windows key – Pressing this key opens the Start menu.

Using a Mouse

The mouse is small device that you can use to move, select and open
items on your computer screen.

 Roll Over or Hover

 Point and Click

 Drag and Drop

 Double-click

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Creating and managing files and folders

a. Files – In computer, information are stored in files, every file having a

file name and extension. The file name and file name extension are
separated by a period or a ‘dot’. for example, if you store information in
Notepad and file name is school then notepad extension will be .txt and it
will look like “[Link]”.

b. Folder – A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance of Computers

When we take good care of computer on a regular basis, we can use them
for a longer time. This will help us save money as we do not need to buy
new devices too often.

Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices

Here are some simple ways that you can follow to take care of your
computer.

Keeping a Device Clean

 You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush and remove crumbs and
dust particles.

 You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger
marks.

 Be careful with food and drinks and avoid eating and keeping
glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer

 Handle devices carefully and avoid dropping or banging it against a

hard surface.

 Keep the computer, mobile device cool and avoid leaving a device in
the sun.

 Do not overcharge your battery

 Always plug in devices carefully

 Do not run too many programs at a time

Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

We need a plan or a schedule for maintenance of the computer –

(a) Daily Maintenance

 Clean up your e-mail inbox

 Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders

(b) Weekly Maintenance

 Clean your keyboard

  Clean your monitor

 Dust CPU and printer

 Backup your data to an external drive

(c) Monthly Maintenance

 Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive

 Organise photos into folders or albums

 Clean up ‘Download’ folder

 Uninstall unused programs and apps

 Run disk-cleaner software

 Run full system virus scan

Backup Your Data

Backup means to save the data present on your computer on another

device, such as CD/DVD
drives or hard disk. This data can recover using backup when the
computer stops working.

Scanning and Cleaning Viruses

Computer virus can affect the computer system performance and data; to
protect the computer we can install anti-virus software.

Increasing Computer Performance

When we are using computer for a long time then lot of unnecessary files
and data stored in computer automatically, this unnecessary file is called
temporary files which decrease the performance of computer. Try to keep
clean this type of temporary files using disk cleaner software or deleting
temporary file directly from the “temporary folder”.

Removing SPAM from your Computer

Sometimes we get unwanted emails from companies who are advertising

a product or trying to attract you to their website. Such mails are called
SPAM. Set email filters in the settings to prevent SPAM from entering our
mailbox.

Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

We are keeping our personal information in our computer, so, it is

essential to keep computers secure and our data safe. If any of this
information gets lost or leaked and falls into the wrong hands, it can cause
a lot of harm to the people.
Computer Security Deals with Protecting Computers

Protecting Computer against Viruses

Computer security and privacy deals with the measures used to prevent
loss of data.

Reasons for Security Break – Security break is leakage of information,

personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:

1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the

Internet. For example, we share our account details and password
on unsecure sites.

2. A person gets unauthorised access to our computer. This can

happen in the office if we leave are computer without logging out.

Threats to Computer

Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a
computer without our knowing.

(a) Theft – Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These maybe

of three types:

 Physical – Where a person may steal your desktop computer or

laptop.

 Identity – Where a hacker steals your personal information and

using this information as a false identity.

 Software Piracy – This is stealing of software and includes using or

distributing unlicensed and unauthorised copies of a computer
program or software.

(b) Virus – Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and
software programs or steal the information stored on a computer. Major
types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.

 Worms – These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to

all files is known as Worms virus. This type of virus is very difficult to
remove from computer.

 Trojan Horse – A Trojan Horse appears as a useful software

program, but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a
virus and destroying data or transferring data from one computer to
another computer.

 Online Predator – Online predators are people who trap you into
inappropriate relationships. This type of online predator can do
bullying you into doing illegal activities.
  Internet Scams – Sometimes you are receiving offers in email or in
WhatsApp, they are offering attractive prizes or saying you won a
huge money in a lottery, these types of offers are known as Internet
Scams.

Protecting your Data

To protect our data from theft and viruses we can take the following
measures –

 Use passwords to login to your computer – Use passwords that

are difficult to guess. for example, using small letter, capital letters,
numbers and special characters in the password.

 Install Anti-virus and Firewall – Anti-viruses and firewalls helps

to monitor the data and prevent your computer from viruses and
from hackers.

 Encrypt Data – Banks and Companies encrypt their data using

Windows (BitLocker) or using any other data encrypt software and
preventing their data from unauthored usage using password.

 Secure sites – Always try to check https:// and lock symbol in

browser when every you are purchasing or transfer your money on
the Internet using Credit Card or Debit Card. HTTPS helps to transfer
the data in secure manner
Entrepreneurial Skills Class 10 Notes

What do you mean by entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running a

business to satisfy the needs of people and looking for ways to make the
business better to make profits.

Qualities of Successful Entrepreneur –

1. They are confident. They believe in themselves and their abilities.

2. They keep trying new ideas in their business.

3. They are patient.

4. They are creative and think differently about business ideas.

5. They take responsibility for their actions.

6. They take decisions after thinking about them.

7. They work hard.

8. They do not give up when they face a difficulty.

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

Who is Entrepreneur?

Self-employed people are those who start businesses to satisfy the needs
of people and always trying to make his/her business better by taking
risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.

What do entrepreneurs do when they run their business –

1. Fulfil Customer Needs: Entrepreneurs find out what people want

and then create businesses to fulfill those needs.

2. Use Local Resources: Entrepreneurs use the material and people

available around them, to make products at low cost.

3. Help Society: Entrepreneurs contribute positively to society, some

entrepreneurs work towards saving the environment, some give
money to build schools and hospitals. This way, the people and area
around them becomes better.

4. Create Jobs: Entrepreneurs make jobs by growing their businesses

and doing well and helping to create employment opportunities in
the community.
 5. Lower Price of Products: Increased competition among
entrepreneurs can lead to lower prices for products, benefiting
consumers.

6. Spread Wealth: As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people

working for them and in related businesses also grow. Hey, have
more money to live a better-quality life.

Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

What are the different qualities of an entrepreneur?

1. Hard working: Successful entrepreneurs believe on hard work and

dedicate their maximum time to become successful businessman.

2. Always Positive: Successful entrepreneurs have a positive mindset

taking things in the correct manner and always be positive
whenever he/she is making decisions in the business.

3. Independent – Successful entrepreneurs are confident and running

their businesses independently.

4. Full of Energy: Successful entrepreneurs are always having a full

of energy and participating actively to the business.

5. Self-confident: Successful entrepreneurs are bold decision-makers

and confident in their business.

Functions of an Entrepreneur –

1. Making decisions – An entrepreneur can make decisions

independently.

2. Managing the business – An entrepreneur arranges the raw

material, hires the people and tells the employee what to do.

3. Divide income – The entrepreneur spends the money to buy

material, give the salary and pay rent of the business.

4. Taking risk – Entrepreneurs understand the risk and try to

overcome the risk like risks against fires, theft, lost items etc.

5. Create a new method, idea or product – An entrepreneur

always applies new things to increase business and to increase
income.
Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

Myths about Entrepreneurship

 The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or

special.

 The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to

start a business.

 A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business

is an entrepreneur.

 A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a
person can earn a living –

 Self-employment – Working for yourself, running your own

business, example A graphic designer starting their own freelance
design business.

 Wage employment – Working for someone else, earning a salary

or hourly wage, example An office worker employed by a company,
receiving a monthly salary.

A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process.

This process is as follows:
Green Skills Class 10 Notes

Session 1: Sustainable Development

What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of

the present without compromising the capacity of future generations,
guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment and social well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment
and Development, 1987).

What are the problems Related to Sustainable Development?

Three major problems related to sustainable development are –

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land becoming less. Soil nutrients are
also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use
of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds but due to chemical
fertilisers and industrial waste the rivers and ponds are getting polluted.
This way after several years, we will have no clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for
construction of homes and furniture.
As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate.

How to conserve the sustainable development?

 Reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource

conservation.

 Recycling and reuse of waste materials.

 Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-

resources.

 Planting more trees.

 Using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material

 Use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on

efficient use of resources.

What do you mean by sustainable development goals?

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched by United
Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York in September 2015,
the agenda of sustainable development was countries should achieve the
17 sustainable development goals by 2030.

The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take care of important
issues facing businesses, governments and society. Some of these issues
are poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate change and
biodiversity.

All 17 Goal are –

 No Poverty

 Zero Hunger

 Good Health and Well-being

 Quality Education

 Gender Equality

 Clean Water and Sanitation

 Affordable and Clean Energy

 Decent Work and Economic Growth

 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

 Reduced Inequalities

 Sustainable Cities and Communities

 Responsible Consumption and Production

 Climate Action

 Life Below Water

 Life On Land

 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

 Partnerships for the Goals

Sustainable Development Initiatives –

Some of the people taken a sustainable development initiatives to make

the environment, society, and the economy better for a long time for
example –
 1. Eco-Friendly Bags: Mangalore banned plastics, so Avasth Hedge
created biodegradable bags dissolving in hot water, helping the
environment worldwide.

2. Edible Cutlery: To reduce plastic use, Narayana Peesapaty

invented spoons from grain, which are edible and decompose in the
soil, enriching it.

Session 2: our role In Sustainable development

Our Role towards Sustainable Development

United Nations has formed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) so

that countries and nations can work towards finding a solution to the
growing problems in the world.

Quality Education

Education helps us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen. We

should

1. use the facilities present in our areas.

2. take our friends to school.

3. help friends study.

4. stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation

Build toilets and spread awareness, polluting our water resources, which in
near future will cause scarcity of clean drinking and usable water.

Affordable and Clean Energy

We can use solar power generation so that our electricity needs are met,
we can also use of biogas as a eco-friendly alternative to natural gas

Decent Work and Economic Growth

We can

 Study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.

 Work hard and contribute to society.

 Learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community.

Reduced Inequalities

To reduce inequalities, we can

 1. be helpful to one another.

2. be friendly with everyone.

3. include everyone while working or playing.

4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl
or boy, belong to any class or caste.

Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating Sustainable Cities

1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.

2. Use natural light as much as possible.

3. Use energy efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.

Responsible Consumers and Producers

We can become responsible about our own environment by

1. Reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.

2. Taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.

3. Donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food,

etc.

4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.

5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.

6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.

Protect Life Below Water

Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting
marine life, saving our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the
marine life.

Protect Life on Land

Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and
unusable for cultivation. Planting more tree to replace the ones that we
have cut is an important step towards sustainable development.