Transitional Mathematics Framework

Building Conceptual Bridges in Grade 8

Focus Chapters:
• Rational Numbers
• Powers and Exponents
• Square, square roots and cube and cube roots
• Algebraic Expressions-Multiplication

Objective:
Support students' transition from concept introduction to confident application through a blend of
experiential learning, guided instruction, and independent practice. This plan emphasizes progression from
concrete experiences to abstract reasoning over four weeks .

Weekly Structure:

Week Theme / Learning Objectives Activities Assessment

Topic
Week 1 Rational - State and verify the - Property Maze: Navigate through a - Oral
Numbers properties of path based on correct properties. Questions
rational number - Number Card Match: Match - MCQs
operations. expressions to the correct property. - Online
- Identify rational - Magic Squares: Fill magic squares games/quizzes
numbers between using rational numbers.
any two given - Collage Project: "Rational Numbers in
rational numbers. Real Life" using magazine or online
images.
Week 2 Powers & - Apply laws of - Exponent Anchor Chart: Create a - Problem-
Exponents exponents to reference sheet of exponent laws. solving
simplify exponential - Dice Game: Roll numbers and worksheet,
expressions. simplify expressions. Peer check
- Solve problems - Exponent War Card Game.
involving scientific - Math Art: Create fractal designs using
notation using exponents.
powers and
exponents.
Week 3 Square, - Find squares and Algebraic Identities Method: Use Skill drill, peer-
square roots cubes of numbers formulas to find squares and cubes. assessed quiz
and cube, using repeated - Prime Factorization Puzzles.
cube roots multiplication & - Repeated Multiplication Relay.
identities. - Cube Root Challenge.
- Find square roots
and cube roots using

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

 prime factorization
and long division
Week 4 Multiplication - Multiply two FOIL Method Practice with guided Problem-
of Algebraic algebraic examples. solving
Expressions expressions using - Expression Match Game: Match worksheet
distributive law and product to factors.
identities. - Problem-solving Worksheets with
- Apply FOIL method real-world algebra problems.
for binomials.
- Simplify and verify
expressions.

Weekly Workflow Structure:

Each week follows a consistent instructional cycle to ensure deep conceptual understanding and
progressive learning:

1. Engage – Activate prior knowledge, introduce concept through discussion or context

2. Explore – Hands-on activities or guided discovery using manipulatives or real-life examples
3. Explain – Teacher-led instruction, modeling, and group discussion to clarify concepts
4. Elaborate – Collaborative tasks, problem-solving, application in new contexts
5. Evaluate – Assessment via formative/summative tools (worksheet, quiz, peer check)

Weekly Breakdown:

Week 1: Rational Numbers

• Engage: Use real world scenarios of rational numbers to spark curiosity
• Explore: Properties Maze using number cards—students move through a path based on the correct
property.
• Explain: The properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of rational numbers,
Rational numbers between any two rational numbers.
• Elaborate: Challenge in applying properties of rational numbers and finding rational numbers between
any two rational numbers.
• Evaluate: Oral quiz, MCQs

Week 2: Powers & Exponents

• Engage: Discuss scientific notation in astronomy (e.g., distance between stars). Show visuals/videos.
• Explore: Applying laws of exponents using game card
• Explain: Simplify the exponential expressions
• Elaborate: Show how exponents are used in measuring distances.
• Evaluate: Problem-solving worksheet, pair-peer checking of strategies

• Week 3: Square, square roots and cube , cube roots

• Engage: Find the square and cube of the numbers using repeated multiplication method
• Explore: Find the square of the numbers by applying algebraic identities

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

 • Explain: Demonstrate prime factorization method for square/cube roots. Use color-coded tree
diagrams
• Elaborate: Find the square root of a perfect square (natural numbers and non-negative rational
numbers) by long division method
• Evaluate: Skill drill, peer-assessed quiz or worksheet

Week 4: Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions

• Engage: Use area models and real-life examples (e.g., finding area of a rectangle with expressions).
• Explore: Use algebra tiles or cards to model products like (x+2)(x+3)
• Explain: Apply the distributive law and FOIL method to expand algebraic expressions
• Elaborate: Apply knowledge to simplify and solve expressions in puzzles or word problems.
• Evaluate: Worksheet on finding cube root of numbers and multiplication of algebraic expressions

WEEK 1
Rational Numbers
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, Students will be able to
- Describe and apply Properties of Rational Numbers[ closure, commutative, associative, distributive, existence
of additive identity, additive inverse involving all the four operations
- Find rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers using various methods

Properties of Rational numbers

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

Exercise 1.1

1. Name the property used in each of the following.

2. The closure property on integers holds for subtraction and not for division. What about rational numbers?
Verify.

3. Using suitable rearrangement and find the sum:

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

4. Give one example to show that the rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction and
multiplication. Are rational numbers closed under division? Give two examples in support of your answer.
5. Simplify each of the following by using suitable property. Also name the property.

6. Tell which property allows you to compute

7. Verify the property X x (Y x Z) = (X x Y) x Z of rational numbers by using

MAGIC SQUARE:

Rational Numbers between two rational Numbers

• There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two distinct rational numbers.

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

Exercise 1.2

4. Find seven rational numbers b/w -3/4 and 1/5

5. Find eight rational numbers b/w 2/7 and ¾
6. Write five rational numbers which are smaller than 2

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

 WEEK 2
Powers & Exponents

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to
• Simplify expressions involving exponents using the laws of exponents.
• Evaluate numerical expressions with exponents and powers.
• Solve problems related to scientific notation using exponents and powers.
• Use exponents to represent powers of 10 and solve related problems.

EXPONENTS: An exponent (also called power or degree) tells us how many times the base will be multiplied by
itself. For example, x5, the exponent is 5 and the base is x. This means that the variable x will be multiplied by
itself 5 times. You can also think of this as x to the fifth power.

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

Exercise 2.1
1. Simplify the expression by using the laws of exponents: 10-3 × 104
2. Using the exponent rules, state whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) If a fraction has a negative exponent, then we take the reciprocal of the fraction to make the
exponent positive, i.e., (a/b)-m = (b/a)m
(b) 6720 = 0
3. This pattern has the rule "divide the question and answer by 2 at every step".
e.g. 24 - 2 = 23 and 16 + 2 = 8, so 23 = 8. Fill in the blanks.

4. Simplify the following. Note: The simplest form of a° is 1.

5. Simplify

6. Look at the four questions below, each question has a numerator of 53:

7. [Link]

Use of exponents to express small numbers in standard form

• Any number can be expressed as decimal numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. This
form of representation is termed as the standard form
• We use the exponential form to express these extremely large and small numbers in a way that is easy
to read, write, and compare.
GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26
 • For example, From end to the edge, our galaxy, the Milky Way, is 946,000,000,000,000,000 km wide.

Exercise 2.2
1. Very large numbers can be expressed in standard form by using _________ exponents. Fill in the blank
to make the statement true.
2. By multiplying (10)5 by (10)-10 we get ________.
3. [(2/13)⁻⁶ ÷ (2/13)³]³ × (2/13)⁻⁹ = ___________.
4. The standard form of (1/100000000) is _________
5. The standard form of 12340000 is ______
6. In standard form, the number 829030000 is written as K × 108 where K is equal to…….
7. Express the given information in Scientific notation (standard form) and then arrange them in
ascending order of their size.

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

 WEEK 3
Square, square roots and cube , Cube roots
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, Students will be able to
• Find the square and cube of the numbers
• Find the square of the numbers by applying algebraic identities
• Find the square root of a perfect square (natural numbers and non-negative rational numbers) by
prime factorization
• Find the square root of a perfect square (natural numbers and non-negative rational numbers) by
long division method
• Find the cube root of numbers by prime factorization method

Warm up:

Look at the square of side 5 units. Can you answer the following questions.

• What is the area of the square?

• What is the value of 5×5?
• What is the value of (−5)×(−5)?
• What is the meaning of the square of a number?
• Can we say 25 is the square of both 5 and (-5)?
• What is the meaning of the square root of a number?
• What is the square root of 25?
• What is the square of 10?
• What is the square of 100?
• What happens to the number of zeros in a multiple of 10 when it is squared?

Observe all the four cubes given here.

1. What is the volume of these cubes? (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. What is the value of 5×5×5?
3. What is the value of (−5)×(−5)×(−5)?

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS

➢ Square of a number is the result of multiplying a number by itself.

For ex.: (i) 52=5 × 5=25. (ii) (−3)2=(−3)×(−3)=9

➢ If a number is written 3 times and multiplied, then the product is called the cube of the number.

For ex : (i) 43=4×4×4=16×4=64 (ii) (−7)3=(−7)×(−7)×(−7)=49×(−7)=−343

Exercise 3.1

[Link] the square and cube of the following numbers by repeated multiplication
1 3
a) 31 b) -15 c)7 d) 2 4

[Link] the square of the numbers using algebraic method

a)42 b)31 c) 73 d)56 e)999 f)199 g)997 h)499

Finding square root using prime factorization method

Example

Find the square root of 1764 using prime factorization.

1764 = (2×2 )× (3×3) × (7×7)

√1764 = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42

Exercise 3.3

1)Find the square roots of the following numbers by the Prime Factorisation Method.

(i) 729 (ii) 7744 (iii) 529 (iv) 400 (v) 9604 (iv) 1764 (vii) 5929

2) Find the smallest number by which 1568 has to be multiplied to make it a perfect square?

3) By which least number should 2925 be divided to make it a perfect square? Find the perfect square
number. Also, find the square root?

4)Find the perimeter of the square field of area 3969 sq.m.

5)An auditorium has 1225 seats arranged in rows and columns. Each row contains as many columns as the
total number of rows. Find the number of rows in the auditorium.

Square root of Rational numbers

Example
2025
Find the square root of 2601
GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26
Exercise 3.4

Simplify the following

SQUARE ROOT BY LONG DIVISION

Example

Find the square root of 1296 using long division Method

Exercise 3.5

Using the long division method, find the square root of the following numbers.

(i) 2.56 (ii) 7.29 (iii) 51.84 (iv) 42.25 (v) 31.36

Assessment-practice link

1)[Link]

2)[Link]

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

 WEEK 4
Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to
• Apply the distributive law to expand algebraic expressions of the form ±a (b ± c).
• Expand the product of two algebraic expressions

Warm up:
Discussion about [Link] – Ramanujan and Ramanujan Number
Finding cube root using prime factorization method

Example

Find the cube root of 2744.

Solution:

2744 = ( 2×2×2)×(7×7×7)
3
√2744 = 2 × 7= 14

Exercise 4.1

1)Find the cube root of each of the following numbers by prime factorization method.

(i) 77 (ii) 512 (iii) 13824 (iv) 175616 (v) -15625 (vi) -91125 (vii) -27000 (viii) -46656

2)Find the smallest number by which each of the following numbers must be multiplied to obtain a perfect
cube.

(i) 243 (ii) 256 (iii) 72

3)Find the smallest number by which each of the following numbers must be divided to obtain a perfect cube.

(i) 81 (ii) 128 (iii) 135

Apply the distributive law to expand algebraic expressions

Example

Multiply (𝟑𝒑𝟐 𝒒 + 𝟒𝒑𝒒𝟐 ) 𝒃𝒚 (−𝟑𝒑𝒒)

Solution:

(𝟑𝒑𝟐 𝒒 + 𝟒𝒑𝒒𝟐 ) × (−𝟑𝒑𝒒)

= (-3pq)(𝟑𝒑𝟐 𝒒) + (−𝟑𝒑𝒒)(𝟒𝒑𝒒𝟐 )

= (−𝟗𝒑𝟑 𝒒𝟐 ) +(-12𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟑 ) = −𝟗𝒑𝟑 𝒒𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟑

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

Exercise 4.2

Multiply the following

a) a(a+b) b) 9xy(x2y−xy2) c) 5(a2−b2) d) 7p2q3(pq−9p2q2)

e) −3(−57+4abc) f) xyz(x+y+z)

Product of two algebraic expressions

Example:

Exercise 4.3

1)Find the product.

(i) (5 – 2x) (3 + x) (ii) (x + 7y) (7x – y) (iii) (a2 + b) (a + b2) (iv) (p2 – q2) (2p + q)

2)Find the area of the shaded portion

3)If one field dedicated to vegetables measures 3x+7 by 2x−4, while another field dedicated to flowers
measures x2+1 by 6x+5, what is the combined area of the two fields?

4) Find the length of the side of the given square if area of the square is 625 square units and then find the
value of x

4) The figure shows the dimensions of a wall having a window and a door of a room. Write an algebraic
expression for the area of the wall to be painted.

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26

Assessment-Game link

1) [Link]
2) [Link]

GIHS/MATH DEPARTMENT/BRIDGE COURSE BOOKLET/GRADE 8/2025-26