Question Bank Answer Key - Chemistry

🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (Definition-Based | 1 mark each)

1. Define molarity:
Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of
solution.
Formula:

2. What is the order of a reaction?

The order of a reaction is the sum of powers of the concentration terms of reactants in
the rate law expression.
3. State Raoult’s law:
The partial vapour pressure of each volatile component of a solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
4. What is Henry’s law constant?
Henry’s law constant (kₕ) is a proportionality constant that relates the solubility of a
gas in a liquid to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

5. Write the formula for cell constant:

where l = distance between electrodes,

A = area of cross-section of electrodes.

6. Define electrolytic cell:

An electrolytic cell is a device in which electrical energy is used to carry out a non-
spontaneous chemical reaction.
7. What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy,
without undergoing any permanent chemical change.
8. IUPAC name: CH₃CH₂COOH
Propanoic acid
9. Hybridization of carbon in ethyne:
The carbon atoms in ethyne are sp hybridized.
10. Name the ore of aluminium:
Bauxite (Al₂O₃·2H₂O)
11. What is lanthanoid contraction?
It is the steady decrease in atomic and ionic sizes of lanthanides with increasing
atomic number due to poor shielding by 4f electrons.
 12. State Kohlrausch law:
The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the sum of the individual
contributions of the anion and cation.
13. Example of biodegradable polymer:
PHBV (Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate)
14. Effect of temperature on rate constant:
The rate constant increases with temperature, as described by the Arrhenius equation.

15. Formula of sodium thiosulphate:

Na₂S₂O₃

🔸 2-MARK QUESTIONS (Short Answers | 2 marks each)

1. Differentiate between order and molecularity of a reaction:

Property Order Molecularity

Basis Experimental Theoretical

Value Can be zero or fractional Always whole number

Reaction Type Overall reaction Elementary reaction only

Example Zero order (photochemical) Bimolecular SN2 reaction

2. Role of temperature in adsorption:

o Physical adsorption: Decreases with temperature (exothermic process).
o Chemical adsorption: Increases initially, then decreases (due to energy
barrier).
This behavior follows Le Chatelier’s principle.

3. Derivation – Relation between Kp and Kc:

 4. Explain racemic mixture with example:
A racemic mixture contains equimolar amounts of both enantiomers (d- and l- forms)
of a chiral compound.
Example: ±-Lactic acid
Such mixtures are optically inactive due to mutual cancellation of rotation.

5. Formation of micelle:
When soap is added to water, molecules arrange in spherical clusters called micelles.
o Hydrophobic tails (non-polar) trap grease/oil.
o Hydrophilic heads face water.
This helps in cleaning.

6. Reactions of alcohol with Na metal and Lucas reagent:

 With Sodium:

With Lucas Reagent (ZnCl₂ + HCl):
o 3° alcohol → turbidity immediately
o 2° alcohol → turbidity in 5–10 minutes
o 1° alcohol → no turbidity at room temp

7. Ideal vs Non-Ideal Solutions:

Ideal Solution Non-Ideal Solution

Obeys Raoult’s law Deviates from Raoult’s law

No enthalpy or volume change Shows ΔH and ΔV changes

8. Distinguishing alcohols using Lucas reagent:

Type of Alcohol Observation

1° No turbidity at room temp

2° Turbidity in 5–10 minutes

3° Immediate turbidity
9. SN1 Mechanism:
Two steps:
o Formation of carbocation (slow)
o Nucleophilic attack (fast)
Example:

10. Preparation of aldehydes:

11. Clemmensen vs Wolff-Kishner reduction:

12. Heat action on ammonium dichromate:

Green residue of Cr₂O₃ with flame (volcano effect).

 13. Uses of EDTA:

 Used in titrations for hardness of water

 Acts as a chelating agent in treatment of heavy metal poisoning

14. Electrochemical corrosion:

Occurs when metal acts as anode and loses electrons in presence of water + air
(electrolyte).
Example: Iron rusting

15. Water-soluble vitamins & deficiency:

Vitamin Deficiency Disease

Vitamin B₁ Beriberi

Vitamin C Scurvy

🔷 3/4-MARK QUESTIONS (Conceptual / Long Answers | 3 or 4 marks each)

1. Integrated Rate Law (First Order):

2. Working of Daniel Cell:

o Anode (Zn): Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻
o Cathode (Cu): Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
o Electrons flow from Zn to Cu
o Salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality
Diagram required
 3. Conductivity & Molar Conductivity:
o Conductivity (κ): decreases with dilution
o Molar conductivity (Λₘ): increases with dilution

o For strong electrolytes: regular increase

o For weak electrolytes: sharp increase due to ionization

4. Nernst Equation:

Where:
EEE = electrode potential,
E∘E^\circE∘ = standard potential,
n = number of electrons exchanged

5. Extraction of Aluminium – Hall-Héroult Process:

o Electrolysis of Al₂O₃ in molten cryolite (Na₃AlF₆)
o Cathode: Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al
o Anode: C + O²⁻ → CO₂
Diagram required

6. Classification of Colloids:

Dispersed Phase Dispersion Medium Type Example

Solid Gas Solid aerosol Smoke

Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol Fog

Gas Liquid Foam Whipped cream

7. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm:

o
o x/m = amount adsorbed per unit mass
o Plot of log(x/m) vs log P gives straight line

8. Properties of Transition Elements:

 Variable oxidation states

 Complex formation
 Magnetic behavior
 Catalytic activity
 Colored ions

9. Nomenclature and reactions of alkanes:

o Saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2)
o Reactions: combustion, substitution
o Example:

CH4+Cl2→CH3Cl+HClCH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HClCH4+Cl2→CH3Cl+HCl

10. Complete the reactions:

11. Amines by Hoffmann & Gabriel methods:

 Hoffmann bromamide:

 Gabriel synthesis:
Phthalimide + KOH → Potassium phthalimide → + R–X → R–NH₂
 12. Electrophilic substitution (Benzene):

 Example: Nitration

13. Potassium Dichromate & KMnO₄ Reactions & Uses:

 Strong oxidizing agents

 Used in redox titrations, disinfection

14. Biodegradable vs Non-biodegradable polymers:

Type Examples

Biodegradable PHBV, PLA

Non-biodegradable PVC, Polyethylene

15. Green Chemistry (H₂O₂ as example):

 Uses safer, eco-friendly chemicals

 Minimizes waste
 Example:

Use of H₂O₂ instead of KMnO₄ for oxidation

Chem - Numericals answer key

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solve this numericals step by step with respect to class 12 maharashtra state board

Great! Let’s solve the numerical problems step-by-step from the images you've shared, as per the Class
12 Maharashtra State Board syllabus. I’ll solve them chapter-wise in the order of appearance.

🔷 1. Solid State
Q2. An element has a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. Its atomic radius is 1.32
Å. Calculate its density if atomic mass is 50 g/mol.

Step 1: Relation between radius and edge length (a) in BCC

4r
For BCC: 3a = 4r ⇒ a =
3
​ ​

Given:

r = 1.32 Å = 1.32 × 10−8 cm

4 × 1.32 × 10−8
a= ≈ 3.05 × 10−8 cm
3
​

Step 2: Density formula

Z ×M
Density ρ =
a 3 × NA
​

Where:

Z = 2 (BCC)
M = 50 g/mol
NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
​

a3 = (3.05 × 10−8 )3 = 2.84 × 10−23 cm3

2 × 50
ρ= −23 23
≈ 5.86 g/cm3
2.84 × 10 × 6.022 × 10
​

Q3. FCC unit cell, radius = 125 pm. Find edge length.
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 2 2r
For FCC: a = 1
​

r = 125 pm = 1.25 × 10−8 cm

a = 2 2 × r = 2.828 × 1.25 × 10−8 = 3.535 × 10−8 cm

​

🔷 2. Solutions
Q1. 5 g NaCl dissolved in 500 g water. Find molality.
moles of solute
Molality (m) =
mass of solvent in kg
​

Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol

5
Moles of NaCl = ≈ 0.0855
58.5
​

Mass of water = 500 g = 0.5 kg

0.0855
Molality = = 0.171 mol/kg
0.5
​

Q2. 2.5 g solute in 100 g benzene. Vapour pressure of pure benzene = 640 mmHg.

Relative lowering of vapor pressure:

ΔP n2 n2
= ≈ (since n2 ≪ n1 )
​ ​

0 n1 + n2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

P n1 ​ ​ ​

Molar mass not given. Let’s assume M₂.

2.5 100
n2 = , n1 = ≈ 1.282
78
​ ​ ​ ​

M2 ​

ΔP 2.5/M2 2.5
= =
​

640 1.282 1.282M2

​ ​ ​

640 × 2.5
ΔP = → Final answer depends on given molar mass
1.282M2
​

Q3. 10 g urea in 200 g water. Find boiling point elevation.

Given:

Kb = 0.52 K kg/mol
​

Molar mass of urea = 60 g/mol

10
Molality = = 0.833 mol/kg
60 × 0.2
​

ΔTb = Kb × m = 0.52 × 0.833 = 0.433 K

​ ​

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Let me know if you'd like me to continue with Electrochemistry and the rest of the chapters from the
remaining images.

yes

Let's now continue solving the numericals step-by-step from the remaining chapters based on the
Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry syllabus.

🔷 3. Electrochemistry
Q1. Calculate the cell potential at 298 K:

Zn(s) | Zn²⁺(0.1 M) || Cu²⁺(1 M) | Cu(s)

Given:

∘
EZn 2+ /Zn = −0.76 V
​

∘
ECu 2+ /Cu = +0.34 V
​

Step 1: Standard EMF of the cell

∘ ∘ ∘
Ecell = Ecathode
​ − Eanode
​ = 0.34 − (−0.76) = 1.10 V
​

Step 2: Nernst equation

∘ 0.0591 [Zn2+ ]
Ecell = Ecell − log
[Cu2+ ]
​ ​ ​ ​

Given:

[Zn2+ ] = 0.1
[Cu2+ ] = 1
n=2
0.0591 0.1
Ecell = 1.10 − log ( ) = 1.10 − 0.02955 × (−1) = 1.10 + 0.02955 = 1.1296 V
2 1
​ ​ ​

Q2. Molar conductivity of 0.01 mol KCl in 250 mL solution.

Given:

κ = 1.5 S cm−1
V = 250 mL = 0.250 L

Step 1: Molar conductivity

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 κ × 1000
Λm =
​ ​

C
0.01
Concentration, C = 0.25
​ = 0.04 mol/L
1.5 × 1000
Λm = = 37500 S cm2 mol−1
0.04
​ ​

Q3. Time required to deposit 2 g Cu using 3 A current from CuSO₄ solution.

Given:

Molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g/mol

n=2
I = 3 A, W = 2 g, F = 96500

Faraday’s law:

E×t×M W ×n×F
W = ⇒t=
E×M
​ ​

nF
2 × 2 × 96500 386000
t= = ≈ 2027.56 sec
3 × 63.5 190.5
​ ​

🔷 4. Chemical Kinetics
Q1. First-order reaction, k = 0.693 min−1 . Find half-life.
0.693 0.693
t1/2 = = = 1 min
0.693
​ ​ ​

Q2. First-order reaction, 50% complete in 20 min. Time for 75% completion?

For first-order:

2.303 [R0 ]
t= log ( )
​

[R]
​ ​

For 50% complete:

0.693
t1/2 = 20 ⇒ k = = 0.03465 min−1
20
​ ​

For 75% completion: [R] = 25% = 0.25

2.303 1 2.303
t= log ( )= × log(4)
0.03465 0.25 0.03465
​ ​ ​

t ≈ 66.44 min

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Q3. Determine order from given data:

[A] mol/L Rate (mol/L/s)

0.1 0.02
0.2 0.08

Let rate = k[A]n

Use the formula:

n n
[A]2 0.08 0.2
=( ) ⇒ =( ) ⇒ 4 = 2n ⇒ n = 2
R2 ​ ​

[A]1 0.02 0.1

​ ​ ​ ​

R1 ​ ​

✅ Order of reaction = 2
Shall I continue with chapters 5 to 14 next (Surface Chemistry to Chemistry in Everyday Life)?

yes

Great! Let’s now continue solving the remaining numericals step-by-step from chapters 5 to 14 of Class
12 Maharashtra State Board Chemistry.

🔷 5. Surface Chemistry
Q1. 1 g of charcoal adsorbs 100 mL of CH₄ at STP. Calculate volume of gas adsorbed
at STP.

Given:

1 mole gas at STP = 22.4 L

Volume adsorbed = 100 mL = 0.1 L

This is a direct value-based question. Since the question already says 100 mL is adsorbed, no
calculation is required unless mass/moles were asked. So:

✅ Volume of gas adsorbed = 100 mL

🔷 6. Coordination Compounds
Q2. Calculate oxidation number of Fe in [F e(CN )6 ]3− ​

Let oxidation number of Fe be x

Each CN⁻ = –1
There are 6 CN⁻ ligands → total = –6
Charge on complex = –3

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 x + (−6) = −3 ⇒ x = +3

✅ Oxidation number of Fe = +3
Q3. How many ions produced by [Co(N H3 )6 ]Cl3 ​ ​ ​

This complex dissociates as:

[Co(N H3 )6 ]Cl3 → [Co(N H3 )6 ]3+ + 3Cl−

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total number of ions = 1 (cation) + 3 (anions) = 4 ions

✅ Answer: 4 ions
🔷 7. d- and f-Block Elements
Q1. Number of unpaired electrons in Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺

Fe atomic number = 26 → Configuration = [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²

Fe²⁺ → Remove 2 electrons → 3d⁶ → 4 unpaired electrons

Fe³⁺ → Remove 3 electrons → 3d⁵ → 5 unpaired electrons

✅ Fe²⁺ = 4, Fe³⁺ = 5 unpaired electrons

Q2. Magnetic moment of Mn²⁺

Mn = 25 → Mn²⁺ = 3d⁵

Use formula:

μ= n(n + 2) BM (where n = unpaired electrons)

​

Here, n =5

μ= 5(5 + 2) =
​
35 ≈ 5.92 BM

✅ Answer: 5.92 BM
🔷 8. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Q2. Calculate % composition of halogen in CH₃Cl

Molar mass of CH₃Cl:

C = 12, H = 1×3 = 3, Cl = 35.5

Total = 12 + 3 + 35.5 = 50.5 g/mol

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 35.5
%of Cl = × 100 ≈ 70.3%
50.5
​

✅ Answer: 70.3%
🔷 9. Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers
Q2. Calculate mass of ethanol to prepare 1 L of 1 M ethanol solution.

Molarity = 1 mol/L

Molar mass of ethanol (C₂H₅OH) = 46 g/mol

Mass = M olarity × V olume × M olarmass = 1 × 1 × 46 = 46 g

✅ Answer: 46 g
🔷 10. Aldehydes and Ketones
Q1. Volume of 0.5 M NaOH required to neutralize 10 mL of 0.25 M formic acid.

Using:

2.5
M1 V1 = M2 V2 ⇒ 0.5 × V1 = 0.25 × 10 ⇒ V1 = = 5 mL
0.5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

✅ Answer: 5 mL of 0.5 M NaOH

🔷 11. Amines
Q1. Calculate pKb of aniline, Kb ​ = 4.27 × 10−10
pKb = − log Kb = − log(4.27 × 10−10 ) ≈ 9.37
​ ​

✅ Answer: pKb = 9.37

🔷 12. Biomolecules
Q2. Number of peptide bonds in a tripeptide

A tripeptide has 3 amino acids. Number of peptide bonds = Number of links = 2

✅ Answer: 2 peptide bonds
🔷 13. Polymers
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Q2. Degree of polymerization if 300 g polymer has molar mass 30,000 g/mol and
monomer = 100 g/mol
300
Number of moles = = 0.01 (This is total polymer)
30000
​

M olar mass of polymer 30000

Degree of polymerization = = = 300
100
​ ​

M olar mass of monomer

✅ Answer: 300 units
🔷 14. Chemistry in Everyday Life
Q1. Dose = 10 mg/kg; Patient = 70 kg

Dose = 70 × 10 = 700 mg = 0.7 g

✅ Answer: 0.7 g
Q2. Molarity of aspirin: 5 g C₉H₈O₄ in 250 mL

Molar mass = 180 g/mol

5 0.0278
Moles = ≈ 0.0278 Molarity = ≈ 0.111 mol/L
180 0.25
​ ​

✅ Answer: 0.111 M
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📘 Class 12 Chemistry Numericals – Maharashtra State Board

✍️ Fully Solved | Easy Step-by-Step
🔹 Chapter 1: Solid State
Numerical 1: Number of atoms in FCC unit cell
Q: How many atoms are present in a unit cell of FCC (Face-Centered Cubic) crystal?

Solution:

Atoms at corners = 8 corners × (1/8) = 1

Atoms at face centers = 6 faces × (1/2) = 3
✅ Total atoms = 1 + 3 = 4 atoms/unit cell
Numerical 2: Calculate density of a BCC crystal
Given:

Type: BCC (Z = 2)

Molar mass (M) = 50 g/mol

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 Radius (r) = 1.32 Å = 1.32 × 10⁻⁸ cm

NA = 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹

Step 1: Edge length for BCC

4r 4×1.32
a= 3
​

​
= 1.732
​ = 3.046 Å = 3.046 × 10−8 cm
Step 2: Volume of unit cell = a3
= (3.046 × 10−8 )3 = 2.83 × 10−23 cm3
Step 3: Use density formula
2⋅50 3
ρ= Z⋅M
a3 ⋅NA = 2.83×10−23 ⋅6.022×1023 = 8.88 g/cm
✅ Answer: 8.88 g/cm³
​

🔹 Chapter 2: Solutions
Numerical 1: Calculate molality
Q: Calculate molality when 5 g NaCl is dissolved in 500 g of water.

Solution:

Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol

Moles of NaCl = 5 / 58.5 ≈ 0.085 mol

Mass of solvent = 500 g = 0.5 kg

Molality = mol solute

kg solvent ​ = 0.085
0.5 ​ = 0.17 mol/kg

✅ Answer: 0.17 mol/kg

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