HUMAN BEHAVIOR

IN ORGANIZATION
Chapter 8: Leadership
Learning Objectives

Compare the distinction of leadership and

management.
Classify key leadership traits, styles, and behaviours.
Explain the basics of four contingency theories of
leadership.
Differentiate an overview of transformational and
charismatic leadership.
Distinguish the forces that can sometimes decrease
the importance of leadership.
Core Values

“For I know the plans I have for you, declares the LORD,
plans for welfare and not for evil, to give you a future
and a hope.” - Jeremiah 29:11
Learning Activities and resources

Human Behavior in Organization, 2nd Edition 2012 by

Ricky W. Griffin and Gregory Moorhead
Other references:
Organizational Behavior, 9th edition by John W.
Newstorm and Keith Davis
Organizational Behavior: Managing People and
Organizations, Twelfth Edition 2019 Cengage Learning
Asia Pte Ltd, By Ricky W. Griffin, Jean M. Phillips and
Stanley M. Gully
What is LEADERSHIP?
LEADERSHIP

Leadership may be defined as the process of guiding

and directing of people in the organization in order to achieve
a certain objectives.
Leadership is that elements that convinces members of
an organization to behave in such a manner that will facilitate
the accomplishment of the goals of the organization.
Qualities of a Good Leader
Qualities of a Good Leader

Great leaders find the balance between business foresight,

performance, and character. They have vision, courage, integrity,
humility and focus along with the ability to plan strategically and
catalyze cooperation amongst their team.

 Honesty and Integrity

Honesty and integrity are two important ingredients which make a
good leader. How can you expect your followers to be honest when you
lack these qualities yourself? Leaders succeed when they stick to their
values and core beliefs and without ethics, this will not be possible.
““With honesty and integrity, you have nothing to fear, since
you have nothing to hide. With integrity, you will do the right
thing, so you will have no guilt.”
-Zig Ziglar
Qualities of a Good Leader

Great leaders find the balance between business foresight,

performance, and character. They have vision, courage, integrity,
humility and focus along with the ability to plan strategically and
catalyze cooperation amongst their team.

 Honesty and Integrity

Honesty and integrity are two important ingredients which make a
good leader. How can you expect your followers to be honest when you
lack these qualities yourself? Leaders succeed when they stick to their
values and core beliefs and without ethics, this will not be possible.
Qualities of a Good Leader
 Confidence
To be an effective leader, you should be confident enough to
ensure that other follow your commands. If you are unsure about your
own decisions and qualities, then your subordinates will never follow
you.
As a leader, you have to be oozing with confidence, show some
swagger and assertiveness to gain the respect of your subordinates.
This does not mean that you should be overconfident, but you should at
least reflect the degree of confidence required to ensure that your
followers trust you as a leader.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Inspire Others
Probably the most difficult job for a leader is to persuade others to
follow. It can only be possible if you inspire your followers by setting a
good example. When the going gets tough, they look up to you and see
how you react to the situation. If you handle it well, they will follow you.
As a leader, should think positive and this positive approach
should be visible through your actions. Stay calm under pressure and
keep the motivation level up. If you are successful in inspiring your
subordinates, you can easily overcome any current and future challenge
easily.
 As John Quincy Adams puts it,
“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do
more and become more, you are a leader.”
Qualities of a Good Leader
 Commitment and Passion
Your teams look up to you and if you want them to give them their
all, you will have to be passionate about it too. When your teammates
see you getting your hands dirty, they will also give their best shot. It will
also help you to gain the respect of your subordinates and infuse new
energy in your team members, which helps them to perform better. If
they feel that you are not fully committed or lacks passion, then it would
be an uphill task for the leader to motivate your followers to achieve the
goal.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Good Communicator
Until you clearly communicate your vision to your team and tell
them the strategy to achieve the goal, it will be very difficult for you to
get the results you want. Simply put, if you are unable to communicate
your message effectively to your team, you can never be a good leader. A
good communicator can be a good leader. Words have the power to
motivate people and make them do the unthinkable. If you use them
effectively, you can also achieve better results.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Charisma
Simply put, people are more likely to follow the lead of those they
like. The best leaders are well-spoken, approachable and friendly. They
show sincere care for others.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Accountability
When it comes to accountability, make sure that every one of your
subordinates is accountable for what they are doing. If they do well, give
them a pat on the back but if they struggle, make them realize their
mistakes and work together to improve. Holding them accountable for
their actions will create a sense of responsibility among your
subordinates and they will go about the business more seriously.
“A good leader takes little more than his share of the blame
and little less than his share of the credit”
-Arnold H Glasow
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Delegation and Empowerment

You cannot do everything, right. It is important for a leader to
focus on key responsibilities while leaving the rest to others. By that,
empowering your followers and delegating tasks to them. If you continue
to micromanage your subordinates, it will develop a lack of trust and
more importantly, you will not be able to focus on important matters, as
you should be. Delegate tasks to your subordinates and see how they
perform. Provide them with all the resources and support they need to
achieve the objective and give them a chance to bear the responsibility.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Humility
Humility doesn’t mean that you’re weak or unsure of yourself. It
means that you have the self-confidence and self-awareness to
recognize the value of others without feeling threatened.
This is one of the rarer attributes – or traits – of good leaders
because it requires containment of one’s ego.

It means that you are willing to admit you could be wrong, that you
recognize you may not have all the answers. And it means that you give
credit where credit is due – – which many people struggle to do.
 “The more you can contain your ego, the more realistic you are
about your problems. You learn how to listen, and admit that you
don’t know all the answers. You exhibit the attitude that you can
learn from anyone at any time. Your pride doesn’t get in the way of
gathering the information you need to achieve the best results. It
doesn’t keep you from sharing the credit that needs to be shared.
Humility allows you to acknowledge your mistakes.”
-Larry Bossidy
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Positivity
Great leaders have a sense of abundant positivity that energizes
everyone around them. Choose positive beliefs that will propel you
forward, not negative thought patterns that will weigh you down. When
you practice positive thinking it becomes your powerful cognitive habit
and allows you to reassure and motivate those around you.
Qualities of a Good Leader

 Empathy
Last but certainly not the least, is empathy. Leaders should
develop empathy with their followers. Unfortunately, most leaders follow
a dictatorial style and neglect empathy altogether. Due to this, they fail to
make a closer connection with their followers. Understanding the
problems of your followers and feeling their pain is the first step to
become an effective leader. Even that is not enough until you work hard
and provide your followers with the suitable solution to their problems.
Types of Leadership
Types of Leadership

Different types of leadership styles exist in work

environments. The culture and goals of an organization
determine which leadership style fits the firm best, while
personality differences often dictate which is most often used.
Some companies offer several leadership styles within the
organization, dependent upon the necessary tasks to
complete and departmental needs.
Types of Leadership
 Laissez-faire Leader
Laissez-faire literally means “let them do” in French. A
laissez-faire leader lacks direct supervision of employees and fails
to provide regular feedback to those under his supervision. Highly
experienced and trained employees requiring little supervision fall
under the laissez-faire leadership style. However, not all employees
possess those characteristics.
This leadership style hinders the production of employees
needing supervision. The laissez-faire style produces no leadership
or supervision efforts from managers, which can lead to poor
production, lack of control and increasing costs.
Types of Leadership
 Autocratic Leadership
The autocratic leadership style allows managers to make
decisions alone without the input of others. Managers possess
total authority and impose their will on employees. No one
challenges the decisions of autocratic leaders.
Ruling with an iron fist is rarely appreciated by staff, which
can lead to high turnover and absenteeism. There can also be a
lack of creativity due to strategic direction coming from a single
individual.
Types of Leadership
 Democratic Leadership
Also known as participative leadership, democratic
leadership values the input of team members and peers, but the
responsibility of making the final decision rests with the
democratic leader. Democratic leadership boosts employee morale
because employees make contributions to the decision-making
process. It causes them to feel as if their opinions matter.
Workers usually report higher levels of job satisfaction in
these environments and the company can benefit from better
creativity. On the downside, the democratic process is normally
slower and may not function well in workplaces where quick
decision-making is crucial.
Leadership and Management
 The words “leader” and “manager” are among
the most commonly used words in business and
are often used interchangeably. But have you ever
wondered what the terms actually mean?
What Do Managers Do?
Leadership and Management

A manager is the member of an organization with the

responsibility of carrying out the four important functions of
management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
But are all managers leaders?
Most managers also tend to be leaders, but only IF they
also adequately carry out the leadership responsibilities of
management, which include communication, motivation,
providing inspiration and guidance, and encouraging
employees to rise to a higher level of productivity.
Leadership and Management

Unfortunately, not all managers are leaders. Some

managers have poor leadership qualities, and employees
follow orders from their managers because they are obligated
to do so—not necessarily because they are influenced or
inspired by the leader.
What Do Leaders Do?
Leadership and Management
The primary difference between management and leadership
is that leaders don’t necessarily hold or occupy a management
position. Simply put, a leader doesn’t have to be an authority figure
in the organization; a leader can be anyone.

Unlike managers, leaders are followed because of their

personality, behavior, and beliefs. A leader personally invests in
tasks and projects and demonstrates a high level of passion for
work. Leaders take a great deal of interest in the success of their
followers, enabling them to reach their goals to satisfaction—these
are not necessarily organizational goals.
Differences Between Being A
Leader And A Manager
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders are change agents, managers maintain the status quo

Leaders are proud disrupters. Innovation is their mantra. They
embrace change and know that even if things are working, there
could be a better way forward. And they understand and accept the
fact that changes to the system often create waves. Managers
stick with what works, refining systems, structures and processes
to make them better.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders are unique, managers copy

Leaders are willing to be themselves. They are self-aware and
work actively to build their unique and differentiated personal
brand. They are comfortable in their own shoes and willing to stand
out. They’re authentic and transparent. Managers mimic the
competencies and behaviors they learn from others and adopt their
leadership style rather than defining it.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders take risks, managers control risk

Leaders are willing to try new things even if they may fail
miserably. They know that failure is often a step on the path to
success. Managers work to minimize risk. They seek to avoid or
control problems rather than embracing them.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders build relationships, managers build systems and

processes
Leaders focus on people – all the stakeholders they need to
influence in order to realize their vision. They know who their
stakeholders are and spend most of their time with them. They
build loyalty and trust by consistently delivering on their promise.
Managers focus on the structures necessary to set and achieve
goals. They focus on the analytical and ensure systems are in
place to attain desired outcomes. They work with individuals and
their goals and objectives.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders coach, managers direct

Leaders know that people who work for them have the
answers or are able to find them. They see their people as
competent and are optimistic about their potential. They resist the
temptation to tell their people what to do and how to do it.
Managers assign tasks and provide guidance on how to
accomplish them.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager

 Leaders create fans, managers have employees

Leaders have people who go beyond following them; their
followers become their raving fans and fervent promoters –
helping them build their brand and achieve their goals. Their fans
help them increase their visibility and credibility. Managers have
staff who follow directions and seek to please the boss.
Differences Between Being A
Leader And A Boss
 Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
BOSS LEADER
COMPARISON
Meaning A person who gives A person who influences,
orders to employees and inspires, supports and
behaves in an encourages a group of
authoritative way, seeks individuals, and works
control and tells his men continuously on the
what to do, is a Boss. achievement of goals is a
leader.
Subordinates Employees Followers

Gains respect Due to seniority. Due to the ability and

quality of his character.
Orientation Profit oriented People oriented
 Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
BOSS LEADER
COMPARISON

What he does? Administers and Innovates and

dominates collaborates

Seeks Control Commitment

Driving force Standards Values

Focuses On structure On vision

 Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
BOSS LEADER
COMPARISON

Work Knows how work is Shows how work is

done. done.
Delegates Tasks and Authority
Responsibilities

What to do? Likes to tell employees. Prefers to teach

employees.

Mistake Places blame, shows Fixes it, shows what is

who is wrong. wrong.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Boss

Key Differences Between Boss and Leader

The significant differences between boss and leader are discussed
in the following points:

 Boss is a person in charge at the office who gives the order to

employees and behaves in an authoritative way, seeks control and
tells his men what to do. A leader is a person who leads other by
influencing, inspiring, supporting and encouraging a group of
individuals, and works continuously on the achievement of the goal.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Boss

 A boss has employees whereas a leader has followers.

 A boss administers and rules by fear while a leader innovates and
inspires with trust.
 A boss gains respect due to his authority or seniority, but a leader
earns respect for himself by his conduct, goodwill and quality of
character.
 A boss is always profit oriented. Conversely, a leader is people
oriented.
 A boss exercises control, unlike leader who seeks commitment.
Differences Between Being A Leader And A Boss
 A boss takes decisions on the basis of standards, organization’s
norms and rule. As opposed to a leader whose conduct is based on
the values.
 A boss very well knows how to perform a particular task. On the
contrary, a leader shows his followers how to do the task properly.
 A boss assigns tasks and delegate responsibilities to his men.
However, a leader delegates authorities.
 A boss tells employees what to do. On the other hand, a leader
teaches employees what to do.
 A boss places blame for the breakdown and point out the who is
wrong. In contrast to the leader, who fixes the breakdown and
identifies what is wrong.
-END-