18 EEE 308T ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND SCADA

UNIT 1

Session 1:

Value of Energy Management

Defining Value of Energy Management:

Energy management offers multiple benefits to organizations which include:
● Cutting costs through competitive procurement and strategically decreasing consumption
● Reducing greenhouse gas emissions for greater corporate social responsibility
● Tracking your utility costs to prepare more accurate budgets and gain greater insight into your
operational costs
● Reducing reliance on supply chains that are inherently volatile

Therefore, not only does energy management offer short-term benefits, it also can prepare
your business to effectively plan for the future by gaining greater insight into the needs of your
organization.

What is Energy Management?

The importance of energy management cannot be overstated. Energy management is the
practice of tracking and reducing your organization’s energy consumption. It can involve small
steps like monitoring your energy bills or upgrading to LED lights. But, it also involves complex
financial modeling for future year planning. As an energy management program becomes
forward-looking, the level of sophistication needs to increase to be accurate across a portfolio.
Sophisticated energy management programs like this typically incorporate the use of technology
to facilitate strategic decision- making that aligns your energy management strategy with
business objectives and financials.

Energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving energy in a

building or organization. Typically this involves the following steps:
1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.
2. Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each opportunity
could save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find and quantify routine energy
 waste, and you might also investigate the energy savings that you could make by replacing
equipment (e.g. lighting) or by upgrading your building's insulation.
3. Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the routine waste and
replacing or upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically you'd start with the best
opportunities first.
4. Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your energy-saving
efforts have worked.

Why is it important?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of
energy saving stems from the global need to save energy – this global need affects energy prices,
emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you
should save energy at your organization specifically.

The global need to save energy

If it wasn't for the global need to save energy, the term "energy management" might never have
even been coined... Globally we need to save energy in order to:

● Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would
probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make
it last.
● Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply.

How best to manage your energy consumption?

We identified four steps to the energy-management process above. We'll cover each of them in
turn:
1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data

As a rule of thumb: the more data you can get, and the more detailed it is, the better.
2. Finding and quantifying opportunities to save energy

The detailed meter data that you are collecting will be invaluable for helping you to find and
quantify energy-saving opportunities.
And one of the simplest ways to save a significant amount of energy is to encourage staff to
switch equipment off at the end of each working day.

3. Targeting the opportunities to save energy

Just finding the opportunities to save energy won't help you to save energy – you have to take
action to target them...
For those energy-saving opportunities that require you to motivate the people in your building. .
As for those energy-saving opportunities that require you to upgrade equipment or insulation.

4. Tracking your progress at saving energy

Once you've taken action to save energy, it's important that you find out how effective your
actions have been:

● Energy savings that come from behavioural changes (e.g. getting people to switch off their
computers before going home) need ongoing attention to ensure that they remain effective
and achieve their maximum potential.
● If you've invested money into new equipment, you'll probably want to prove that you've
achieved the energy savings you predicted.
● If you've corrected faulty timers or control-equipment settings, you'll need to keep checking
back to ensure that everything's still working as it should be. Simple things like a power cut
can easily cause timers to revert back to factory settings – if you're not keeping an eye on
your energy-consumption patterns you can easily miss such problems.
● If you've been given energy-saving targets from above, you'll need to provide evidence that
you're meeting them, or at least making progress towards that goal...
● And occasionally you might need to prove that progress isn't being made (e.g. if you're at
your wits' end trying to convince the decision makers to invest some money into your
energy-management drive).
 Total Quality Management

During the global recession of the late ’70s and early ’80s, the United States (and the rest
of the world) faced stiff competition from Japan. The Japanese had captured the world
automotive and electronics markets because they found a way to produce high-quality goods at
lower prices. And as a result, corporations in the U.S. looked more closely at the quality of
Japanese goods and services, trying to find ways to improve production and recapture market
share.
Their solution was Total Quality Management.

Definition:
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management technique based on the idea that all
“employees continuously improve their ability to provide on-demand products and services that
customers will find of particular value.”

8 principles of Total Quality Management

1. Customer focus
If your product fulfills a need and lasts as long or longer than expected, customers know
that they have spent their money on a quality product.
2. Total employee commitment
The key benefits of total employee commitment include:
● Increased employee retention because employees are motivated, committed, and actively
involved in working toward customer satisfaction
● Individual and team innovation and creativity in problem-solving and process
improvement
● Employees who take pride and accountability for their own work
● Enthusiasm for active participation and contribution to continual improvement
3. Process approach
Adhering to processes is critical in quality management. Processes ensure that the proper
steps are taken at the right time to ensure consistency and speed up production.
Benefits of a process approach include:
● Faster development and production cycles, lower costs, and increased revenue
● More consistency and predictable outcomes
● Focus on continued improvements and success
4. Integrated system
In an integrated system, everybody in every department should have a thorough
understanding of policies, standards, objectives, and processes. Integrated systems help the
company to look for continual improvement in order to achieve an edge over the competition.
5. Strategic and systematic approach
“Identifying, understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system contributes
to the organization’s effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives.”
Multiple processes within a development or production cycle are managed as a system of
processes in an effort to increase efficiency.
6. Continual improvement
Optimal efficiency and complete customer satisfaction doesn’t happen in a day—your business
should continually find ways to improve processes and adapt your products and services as
customer needs shift. As previously stated, the other Total Quality Management principles
should help your business keep an eye toward continual improvement.
7. Fact-based decision-making
Analysis and data gathering lead to better decisions based on the available information. Making
informed decisions leads to a better understanding of customers and your market.

8. Communications
Everybody in your organization needs to be aware of plans, strategies, and methods that will be
used to achieve goals. There is a greater risk of failure if you don’t have a good communication
plan.

THUS ---
Successful implementation of these Total Quality Management concepts will not come
overnight. Because TQM often represents a large cultural shift, you may want to implement
these changes in phases to lessen the impact.
Session 2:
Energy Management Profession

Things to Know About Careers in Energy Management

1. There are lakhs of jobs in any country’s energy sector (direct and indirect), making up about
5% of the workforce.
2. Changes in the energy field create new opportunities for energy professionals; from new
positions, to redefined roles, the need for energy managers is increasing.
3. The ability to adapt to changes, embrace new technology and continue to learn is the best way
to have a long career in energy management.
4. Top employment areas in the energy sector include: manufacturing and green building design,
construction, engineering and retrofitting, with “most energy professionals working as corporate
energy professionals, design professionals and implementers.”
5. Education and continued training is the best approach to stay up-to-date with the latest aspects
of energy management.
6. There is M.S in energy management systems in US institutions, offered by environment
divisions. This also comes with Building Science, necessitating inter-disciplinary knowledge
growth.

The Certified Energy Manager is an individual who optimizes the energy performance
of a facility, building or industrial plant. The CEM® is a systems integrator for electrical,
mechanical, process and building infrastructure, analyzing the optimum solutions to reduce
energy consumption in a cost effective approach. CEM’s are often team leaders and help to
develop and implement their organizations’ energy management strategies. CEM’s have gained
increased recognition within the energy industry and by companies looking to strengthen their
competitive position by having a CEM on staff.
ISO certified EM is one example.

Objectives of Certified Energy Manager

● To raise the professional standards of those engaged in energy management
 ● To improve the practice of energy management by encouraging energy managers in a
continuing program of professional development
● To identify persons with acceptable knowledge of the principles and practices of energy
management related disciplines and laws governing and affecting energy managers
through completing an examination and fulfilling prescribed standards of performance
and conduct
● To award special recognition to those energy managers who have demonstrated a high
level of competence and ethical fitness for energy management

Energy Management Skills

Energy Manager Duties and Responsibilities

1. Perform Energy Audits

2. Develop and Implement Energy-Saving Strategies
3. Manage Utility Budget
4. Document and Present Projects

Energy Manager Skills

Energy Managers are leaders who can manage, coach and teach others but are also
capable of working independently. They are highly organized individuals who can prioritize
tasks and complete multiple simultaneous projects on deadlines. Highly analytical, Energy
Managers pay great attention to detail and have strong quantitative abilities. They’re also
decision makers and great communicators who can present complex information in a simplified
manner.
Core skills: Based on job listings we looked at, employers want Energy Managers with these
core skills. If you want to work as an Energy Manager, focus on the following.
● Obtaining energy project experience
● Having a working knowledge of energy utility systems
● Showing proficiency in Microsoft Office
● Having strong quantitative and technical skills
Session 3:

Principles of Energy Management

Principles for Effective Energy Management

With the passage of time, the cost of energy has shot up to a great extent. This change has
resulted in making energy management a priority for all the facility managers and commercial
building owners.
Nowadays, a number of cutting-edge technologies are being exploited in the field
including the latest automated management systems. These technologies when used in
conjunction with certain principles of energy management exhibit potentials to create a
successful energy program which is quite efficient. The basic principles of energy management
so employed are as follows:

1. Identification and tracking of Energy Pattern: The first step of any program is
identifying and tracking the energy pattern of that program. If we do not have the
knowledge of when and where the energy is used, then there is no way to estimate the
relative importance of any Energy Management Project.
2. Controlled energy system’s use: To obtain more amount of energy saving, it is not
important to install more and more efficient components like electronic ballasts or T-8
lamps, etc. Instead, what is more important is that we must keep a check on the system’s
use and ensure that the resources are aptly used.
3. Properly maintained and managed facilities: A program with effectively maintained
and managed facilities is the only program that offers effectual Energy Management. The
quantity of technological equipment has nothing to do with the success of energy
management program.
4. Good Maintenance practices: To attain the highest rates of return on Energy
Conservation, it is important to keep in mind the maintenance practices in the program.
 We know that Great Maintenance and Successful Energy Management go hand in hand,
so simply by performing maintenance, we can achieve success in any energy
management programs.
5. Preventive and Reactive Maintenance: Despite the funding limitations, we know that
waiting for any crisis to take place is a waste of time, i.e., reactive maintenance is
imprudence. On the contrary, preventive maintenance is critical for the program’s
success. It can be ignored when systems are new, heat exchange systems are clean, seals
are tight and calibrations are precise. However, as the system ages, these items need care
or preventive maintenance.
6. Distinction between Maintenance and energy Management: One should know the
clear distinction between Maintenance and Energy Management. Cleaning and fixing of
equipment for better use come under good maintenance while installation of more
efficient equipment comes under good energy management. Both of these serve different
purposes. It is very important to remember their difference whenever a budget is being
prepared for any program.
7. Automated Energy Management Systems: Even the most overrated technologies of
automated energy management systems cannot recompense for a poor HVAC system
design. No automation can bring more performance out of any system components if
heating and cooling of loads is incorrectly calculated or if the set of equipment is
inappropriate.

To create an effective energy manager, it is imperative to keep these basic principles of

energy management in mind. Furthermore, the global scenario is changing at a rapid phase.
Hence, it demands for innovative as well as effective energy management solutions every single
day. So, organisations are hiring professionals to take care of this. These professionals have
in-depth knowledge of the technicalities, economics, legal requirements and entrepreneurial
concepts of the energy sector and so they are paid well.
 Some suggested Principles of Energy Management

In addition to considering these principles, you can take hands-on practical measures to
save energy this winter. Here are a few helpful tips:

1. Reduce use of heating systems in spaces that are used infrequently or only for short
periods of time.
2. Heat office buildings to 68° F when occupied, 50° to 60° F when unoccupied. Remember,
interior office spaces tend to experience significant heat gains due to lighting, equipment,
and people.
3. Preheat a building so that it achieves 65° F by the time occupants arrive. Complete
warm-up during the first hour of occupancy. (Lighting, office equipment, and people will
aid in warm-up).
4. Minimize outdoor air.
5. When appropriate, consider closing supply registers and radiators, reducing thermostat
settings, or turning off electric heaters in lobbies, corridors, and vestibules.
6. Turn off humidifiers whenever the building is closed for extended periods of time, except
when process or equipment requirements take place.
7. Ensure that all exhaust fans move no more than the amount of air that they were designed
to expel from the building.
8. Adjust and balance your heating system to minimize overheating, which results from
poor zoning, poor distribution, improper location of controls, or improper control.
Session 4:
Introduction to Energy Management Program

Build an energy management program

Thousands of organizations use ENERGY PROGRAM to help them build and improve
their EMS. Get on the road, to improved savings. Follow the steps below to build an energy
management system for continual energy savings.

Step one: Identify gaps

Put your energy program to the test. Simple assessment tools are taught in the energy
programs to quickly identify energy management practices that may be missing. Decide which
matrix fits you best and see how your program measures up through a simple gap analysis!

● Energy Program Assessment Matrix (corporate program)

 STEPS INVOLVED ARE:
Make Commitment – Assess Performance and Opportunities – Set Performance Goal –
Create Action Plan – Implement Action Plan – Evaluate Progress – Recognize
Achievemtns.
Other tools are..
● Facility Energy Program Assessment Matrix (single plant program)
● Small Company Assessment Matrix (small manufacturing company program)

Step two: Fill the gaps with energy management guidance

Every energy program has room to improve. Get the guidelines to find ways to fill the gaps you
identified.

Step three: Build an energy team

A strong energy team is the core of an effective energy program. gives tips and guidance on
forming a successful energy team.

Step four: Raise awareness and engage sites

People are the heart of an energy program. Employees must be involved and support an energy
program for it to have success. To build interest in energy efficiency and energy management,
tools can be made to help raise awareness of the value of energy efficiency.
One of the most effective ways to engage employees and build site energy teams is by
conducting Interesting events. In the process, you will also identify energy saving
opportunities! Pursuing and earning recognition for improved energy performance is a great way
to engage sites and raise awareness.

Step five: Advance your energy program

When the basics are in place, it is time to move energy management forward.

Energy Management programs shall focus on the following major areas to create efficient
energy managers:
Strategic Programming and Intelligent Planning
Facility and Fleet Optimization
 Energy and Water Resilience and Security
Energy and Project Procurement
and, related topics.
The above are the strategies to follow for establishing an energy management program.

Components of Comprehensive Energy Management Program

An energy management system allows an organisation to plan, manage, measure, and
continually improves the energy performance of its facilities and comprises the following
components:

● Roles and responsibility

● Energy policy
● Energy objectives and energy targets
● Energy efficiency improvement plan
● Monitoring, measurement and analysis. The above points are briefly highlighted below:
Roles and responsibility
An EMS shall be executed by an energy team which should include an appropriately
qualified employee who is designated as an appointed energy manager. The energy manager
should preferably be SCEM-certified (professional level), or someone undergoing the SCEM
training programme (professional level).
Energy policy
The energy policy should state the organization’s commitment to achieving energy
performance improvement. Top management shall define the energy policy and ensure that it:
a. is appropriate to the nature and scale of the organization’s energy use and consumption;
b. includes a commitment to continual improvement in energy performance;
c. includes a commitment to ensure the availability of information and of necessary
resources to achieve objectives and targets;
d. includes a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements and other
requirements to which the organization subscribes related to its energy use, consumption
and efficiency;
e. provides the framework for setting and reviewing energy objectives and targets;
 f. supports the purchase of energy-efficient products and services, and design for energy
performance improvement;
g. is documented and communicated at all levels within the organization; and
h. is regularly reviewed, and updated as necessary.
Energy objectives and energy targets
● An EMS should include energy objectives and targets. Time frames should be established
for achievement of the objectives and targets. The objectives and targets should be
consistent with the energy policy. Targets should be consistent with the objectives.
● Energy objective: Specified outcome or achievement set to meet the organization’s
energy policy related to improved energy performance, e.g. reduce energy consumption
by 25% in 2020 below 2010 levels.
● Energy target: Detailed and quantified energy performance requirement, applicable to the
organization or part thereof, that arises from the energy objective and that needs to be set
and met in order to achieve this objective, e.g. reduce energy consumption by 15% in
2015 below 2010 levels; reduce average electricity demand by 100kW in 2020 below
2010 levels; reduce natural gas consumption by 10% in 2020 compared to 2010 level.
Energy efficiency improvement plan
An EMS should include an energy efficiency improvement plan for achieving the
objectives and targets established.
Monitoring, measurement and analysis
An EMS should include provision for the monitoring, measurement and analysis of key
characteristics of an organisation’s operations that will determine its energy performance. Key
characteristics should include:
● Significant energy uses in the organization
● Relevant variables related to significant energy use
● Energy performance indicators
● Effectiveness of EE improvement plans in achieving objectives and targets.

Risk Management and Environment Sustainability are also important components to be

considered.
Session 5:
Organizational Structure
Refer to the folder session 5.1.

[Link]
s/IEMTCModule5_final.pdf

Some examples:

On the employees…

On the factors/components:
 Energy Manager, Team, Employees

An Energy Manager monitors and manages the energy efficiency of a facility or

organization. They implement conservation measures, monitor energy consumption, assess
business decisions for sustainability and seek out opportunities for increasing energy efficiency.
Energy Managers work in conjunction with engineers and consultants. They work for and
consult commercial businesses, industrial clients and government offices.
Already it has been discussed that, an Energy Manager has Duties and Responsibilities
like:
Perform Energy Audits
Develop and Implement Energy-Saving Strategies
Manage Utility Budget
Document and Present Projects
( USE THE SLIDE SHOW FROM FOLDER)
Session 6:
Energy Policy Objectives and Accountability
Objectives of energy policy:
To reduce the consumption of energy, especially from fossil fuels. Background: Energy
is power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide
light and heat or to work machines.
What does energy policy include?
Energy policy is the scheme in which the government (or any organization) addresses
issues related to energy growth and usage including energy production, distribution, and
consumption.
What is the need of energy policy?
The National Energy Policy (NEP) aims to chart the way forward to meet the
Government's bold announcements in the energy domain. The four key objectives of the new
energy policy are access at affordable prices, improved energy security and independence,
greater sustainability and economic growth.
What does the energy policy Act do?
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 mandated that gasoline sold in the U.S. contain greater
amounts of renewable fuel (e.g., ethanol or biodiesel). The act established that in 2006, the
nation's gasoline had to contain at least four billion gallons of renewable fuels.
What is a sustainable energy policy?
The UK has a legal obligation under EU law to generate 20% of all energy consumption
from renewable energy sources by 2020, and it has a legally mandated policy goal of an 80%
reduction in national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 80% of the base line i.e., 1990 GHG
emissions, by 2050.
What should be the main responsibility of an effective energy management committee?
With the commitment indicated in the policy, an internal organisation such as energy
committee or a dedicated permanent team to implement energy management system in the
organisation need to be established to indicate the next stage of the commitment which is to act
by implementing energy management system.
 The four key objectives of the new energy policy are access at affordable prices,
improved energy security and independence, greater sustainability and economic growth.
Let the objectives be focused on pure electrical engg., with respect to power systems.

Electrical Energy Management System (EEMS) widely refers to a computer system

which is designed specifically for the automated control and monitoring of electric power and
utility system. The scope may span from a load dispatch center to a group of power networks.
Most of these energy management systems also provide decision making facilities for operator in
the operation and control in real time. The data obtained from such actions are used to train
operators in a control center and for performing engineering studies for futuristic actions like
planning, optimization and maintenance scheduling, etc. on a frequent basis and to produce trend
analysis and annual consumption forecasts.

Energy Management System (EMS) is a collection of computerized tools used to

monitor, control, and optimize the performance of generation and transmission systems. This
intelligent energy management software control system is designed to reduce energy
consumption, improve the utilization of the system, increase reliability, and predict electrical
system performance as well as optimize energy usage to reduce cost. Energy Management
System applications use realtime data such as frequency, actual generation, tie-line load flows,
and plant units’ controller status to provide system changes. Energy Management System had its
origin in the need for electric utility companies to operate their generators as economically as
possible. To operate the system as economically as possible required that the characteristics of all
generating units be available in one location so that the most efficient units could be dispatched
properly along with the less efficient. In addition, there was a requirement that the on/off
scheduling of generating units be done in an efficient manner as well. Energy management
systems can also provide metering, sub metering, and monitoring functions that allow facility
and building managers to gather data and insight that allows them to make more informed
decisions about energy activities across their sites.

EMS in Power Systems:

 Electrical energy management systems (EMS) are an important function for the reliable
and efficient operation of power systems. EMS is related to the real time monitoring, operation
and control of a power system. The information from the power system is read through Remote
Terminal Units (RTUs), an integral part of SCADA to an EMS or Energy Control Centre (ECC).
EMS consists of both hardware and software. Hardware part of EMS consists of RTU, Intelligent
Electronic Device (IED), Protection, Computer networking, .etc. Software part of EMS consists
of Application programs for network analysis of power systems. In EMS, application programs
are run in a real time as well as extended real time environment to keep the power system in a
secure operating state. Now-days, EMS is an integral part of any power system. It is used as a
part of Substation Automation System (SAS), Demand Side Management (DSM), Protection,
and Distribution Management Systems (DMS) for renewable energy and so-on. In the next few
years, EMS-DMA will change the role of power systems, monitoring and control.
An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by
operators of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the
generation and/or transmission system. The monitor and control functions are known as
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), followed by several on-line application
functions. Energy Management Software (EMS) is a general term referring to a variety of
energy-related software applications which may provide utility bill tracking, real-time metering
and lighting control systems, building simulation and modeling, carbon and sustainability
reporting , demand response, and/or energy audits. Managing energy can require a system of
systems approach.
Objectives:
There are primary and secondary objectives of energy management system. The primary
objectives are related to the security and stability of the system, while the secondary objectives
relate to the Primary Objectives: Security and Stability of the system Secondary Objectives:
Economic Operation and Control Tertiary Objectives: Optimization, Operational Planning and
Maintenance Scheduling
Primary Objectives:
1. Maintaining the power system in a secure and stable operating state by continuously
monitoring the power flowing in the lines and voltage magnitudes at the buses.
2. Maintaining the frequency within allowable limits.
3. Maintaining the tie-line power close to the scheduled values.
Secondary Objectives:
1. Economic Operation of the power systems through real time dispatch and Control.
2. Optimal control of the power system using both preventive and corrective control actions.
3. Real time Economic Dispatch through real power and reactive power control
Tertiary Objectives:
1. Optimization of the power system for normal and abnormal operating scenarios.
2. Optimal control of the power system by appropriate using both preventive and corrective
control actions
3. Maintenance scheduling of generation and transmission systems.
The three objectives are executed at different levels by the operator in a control centre.
While the first objective is automatic or closed loop control without the intervention of the
operator, the secondary and tertiary are performed with the aid of the operator. In energy
management systems, voltage magnitudes and power flows over the lines are continuously
monitored through SCADA, to check for violations. The violations in voltage are addressed by
preventive control actions, while the power flow violations are addressed by means of corrective
actions. The tie line power flows at scheduled values will be maintained by adjusting the MW
outputs of the AGC generators so as to accommodate fluctuating load demands.
The energy management software application will also calculate the required parameters
to optimize the operation of the generation units under energy management action. EMS is a
computer-based Operation and Control System. It is used in mentoring and controlling the
system in real time. It receives large amount of information from power Systems through
SCADA. It selectively uses Information from SCADA for computation and analysis. It Send
back ‘important control signals’ to the System through SCADA.
EMS has different names, namely 1) ECC: Energy Control Centre, 2) Load Dispatch
Centre, 3) DSM: Demand side Management, 4) DMS: Distribution Management System, etc..
The main functions of these are to operate the power systems in real time.

Accountability
Accountability for energy use should be distributed to those who control it.
 Accountability Framework : – At the level of individual commitments,
commitment-makers are responsible for establishing milestones to keep track of their progress.
Commitment reporting and aggregation will also reflect progress on the initiative’s three
objectives, but from the “bottom up.” Such monitoring and reporting will also inform progress
on High-Impact Opportunities, to assess whether sufficient progress is being made relative to
their potential contribution.
The Sustainable Energy for All initiative seeks to bring strategic focus to individual
actions, scale up existing best practices and successful initiatives, foster partnerships, and
provide all stakeholders with clear indicators of progress toward the initiative’s objectives. The
goal is to create a system that leads to better information for better results and better tracking of
resources.
The Accountability Framework complements the Global Tracking Framework by
measuring progress on the voluntary public-private commitments made to advance the
initiative’s three objectives. Together the Accountability and Tracking Frameworks will ensure
that the initiative is well defined and can successfully track both commitments to action and
overall progress on the objectives.

Energy Policy Reporting and Training

Commitment Development
The initiative’s Global Facilitation Team helps potential commitment makers develop and
structure commitments, ensuring that they are relevant and well-defined, while sharing best
practices for implementation (see section below on “Making a commitment to Sustainable
Energy for All”). In order to support quality commitments, once commitments are submitted on
the Sustainable Energy for All website ([Link]), they are reviewed and screened by
initiative staff. If necessary, commitment makers are contacted for clarifications or to gather
additional information about the commitment.
Recognition
Once approved, commitments are formally registered with the Sustainable Energy for All
initiative and are made public on the initiative’s website ([Link]). Registered
commitments are searchable against a wide range of criteria such as objective, action area,
country, and sector (in development in late 2013). The most notable commitments are
highlighted on the website, in stories of progress and in case studies, in press releases, and/or are
featured at Sustainable Energy for All events. Action
Commitments are executed alone or in partnership with other stakeholders. Some
commitments lead to concrete actions and have a direct impact within a defined period of time.
Other commitments involve activities that make a significant and lasting impact by establishing
an enabling environment for action by other stakeholders or in the future.
Reporting
During the implementation of their commitment, businesses and industry organizations
will be required to provide an annual update on progress that will be made publicly available.
The update submitted is not required to be a standalone report, but can be part of the
organization’s annual communications, such as the annual report or other types of regular public
reports. Reporting should include updates on progress against any targets laid out in the
commitment submission, as well as progress achieved in establishing collaborative ventures
around the commitment.
Review
Initiative staff will review all reports to ensure that commitments are being acted upon.
Feedback will be given to help improve performance on commitments if they are not on track to
be met. Commitments may be delisted if they are significantly off track or not seriously being
pursued.
Learning
As activities are undertaken, achievements and best practices are shared via the website,
printed materials, and public events.
Session 7:
Energy Planning and
Audit Planning

Energy audit process

An energy audit is a four-step process that includes the

● phases of planning,
● investigating,
● implementing,
● and sustaining.
Thorough planning and careful action increase the chances of a successful energy
audit with a maximum return on investment.

Figure 1. The audit process consists of four phases. The audit process is repeated at intervals to
continually improve energy efficiency.

Audit Process
o An energy audit includes more than just taking measurements.
o Energy audits involve gathering system information, measuring energy use,
developing conservation strategies, choosing the most cost-effective plan,
implementing changes, and verifying results.
 o Also, a proactive facility continues improving energy efficiency by repeating this
process at regular intervals.

Preplanning
o Energy audit preplanning begins with making a commitment to energy
conservation.
o The initial goals of the preplanning phase are to establish the audit team members,
decide on the scope of the audit, develop a timeline of tasks to be completed, and
assign team member responsibilities.
o The preplanning process typically lasts between a few weeks and a few months,
depending on the size of the facility and scope of the audit.

Audit teams:
A relatively small group, such as three to five employees, is tasked with the bulk of audit
work.
o The group usually consists of maintenance personnel,
o Accountants gather and organize data from utility bills.
o Production staffers coordinate audit activities with employee and operating
schedules.
o High-level managers are closely involved so that necessary decisions can be made
quickly in order to facilitate audit tasks.

Audit scope:
o This includes which systems will be investigated and the depth of the
investigations.
o Audit scope can always be expanded later if initial results lead to deeper testing.

Baseline data gathering:

An energy audit relies heavily on comparisons between expected energy use and actual
use. Actual energy use is quantified as baseline and measured data. Baseline data is data that
represents a normal operating state and is used as a point of reference for future changes. Most
measured data is gathered later during an audit investigation, but baseline data is gathered
primarily from existing documents. The most common sources of baseline energy use data are
utility bills. Billing information should cover at least the preceding 12 months. However,
gathering information from over a few years may better represent any seasonal or long-term
trends.

Conducting the energy audit

The auditing portion of an energy audit consists of two phases. First, the core members of
the audit team conduct an investigation and then help prepare an audit report. The supporting
members of the audit team are also involved in preparing the audit report. Outside contractors
may be involved in any phase for their expertise or specialized tools.

Audit investigations:
o An audit investigation involves the inspection of each system within the scope of
the audit. It traces from the source of energy or the resource to each point of use.
o A variety of test instruments is used extensively during the investigation to
identify energy waste and other abnormal conditions. The audit assesses the
efficiency, physical condition, and operating profile of the equipment, including
the duty cycle, load changes, and controls.
o Collected data is recorded for later analysis.

Audit reports:
o The second phase of an audit is the preparation of the audit report. On the report,
the completed investigation is summarized and the findings are presented in an
organized and prioritized format.
o The financial cost of each instance of wasted energy is calculated, based on the
audit measurements. Related multiple issues may be grouped together for
analysis.
 o (For example, a series of three leaks in a compressed air system is causing the
compressor to operate approximately 50% more than expected. The cost of the
extra electricity consumed is estimated from the electrical measurements of the
audit and the rate data from the billing information. This is the amount that would
be saved if the leaks were eliminated.)

Implementing changes
o Based on the results outlined in the audit report, decision makers assign
responsibilities to Team members to initiate and monitor each project, ensure that
it is completed according to the recommendation, and consult with the audit team
if changes to the project plan become necessary.
o Project planning should also include preparation for how the success of the
project will be measured.

Verifying and sustaining results

o It is highly recommended to install permanent monitoring equipment on the largest or
most critical loads to continuously measure energy consumption.
o Maintenance programs should be adjusted as needed to help sustain the energy savings.
This typically involves improving preventive and predictive maintenance activities.
o Complete follow-up audits should be conducted at periodic intervals to verify expected
energy use and identify long term trends toward inefficiency. Simple walk-through audits
may be conducted monthly or quarterly and more thorough audits conducted at longer
intervals.
Session 8:
Educational Planning and
Strategic Planning

o Strategic planning is conceivably one of the most important aspects of teaching. It is

essential in many ways – for setting clear lesson goals, for understanding how to reach
them, for being able to analyze your work in retrospect.
o In general, strategic planning is a process of setting long-term overarching goals and then
defining a clear and structured path to reach them.
o The history of strategic planning in education is surprisingly young. Started in the year
1987.

Strategic planning guides educational development by giving a common vision and

shared priorities. Educational planning is both visionary and pragmatic, engaging a wide range of
actors in defining education’s future and mobilizing resources to reach its goals. For
policy-makers, planning offers the path to:
● implement education reform and system transformation;
● realize equal opportunities for children and youth;
● provide quality education for all.

Key to building a successful education strategic plan

From the aforementioned problems and the nature of strategic planning in teaching, we derive
several recommendations on how to do it right.
1. Make sure your plan scales well, whether you are a green or a seasoned teacher.
Ascertain that your plan is both thorough enough to cover all tasks at hand, and flexible
enough that you can deviate from it when needed. For example, if a topic proves to be
impenetrable for students, you will have to spend more time than expected explaining it.
2. Engage the community early on and collaborate. A successful strategic plan requires that
you gauge constituents’ preferences and gain their insights as early as possible. Get
school community support and engage with them frequently.
 3. Get all stakeholders on the same page. It’s important to avoid a different understanding of
the strategy and its applications. So a single comprehensive planning tool is
indispensable. It is so much more efficient than numerous spreadsheets and notebooks
scattered around the offices.

Strategic planning guides educational development by giving a common vision and

shared priorities. Educational planning is both visionary and pragmatic, engaging a wide range
of actors in defining education’s future and mobilizing resources to reach its goals. For
policy-makers, planning offers the path to:
● implement education reform and system transformation;
● realize equal opportunities for children and youth;
● provide quality education for all.

3 Keys to Strategic Planning Success

1. Get Everyone on the Same Page

2. Be a Collaborative Leader
3. Engage Your Community Early and Often

Session 9:
SELF STUDY
[Link]