Lecture 5: Looping Part I

Professor Marquise Pullen

Agenda
• while Loop
• do-while Loop
• for Loop
• Nested Loops
 Operator Precedence 3.0 – Defines the priority
for evaluating operations in a program
Highest Significance Operator Description Type Associativity Week

Naming :: Scope Resolution General 1-2

Grouping ( ) Parentheses General 1-2

Unary + - ! plus minus negation 2

Multiplicative * / % product quotient remainder Math / Logic

2
Additive + - add subtract

I/O << >> Insertion Extraction Stream 2

Comparison > >= < <= greater less Relational

4
Logic == != equal not equal Equality

Assigning = += -= *= /= %= Assignment General 2

Conditional && And

Logic 4
Logic || Or

Lowest Separator , Common General 1

Flow of Control
Sequential conditional Looping
entry entry entry

statement1 condition condition true statement1

true false false

statement2
statement1 statement2 statement2

statementN

exit exit exit

while loop – Pre-test loop that repeats while a
condition is satisfied
Looping
entry pre-test – a loop that tests before
repeating the conditional code
condition true statement

Syntax: while(condition)
false statement;

exit
5.1 Intro to the while Loop
While Loop – Mechanics
1. Initialize a control variable
2. Perform test w/ control variable
3. While test is true
4. Execute some code / Update control variable

Syntax: init-control;
while(test-control){
execute / update-control
}
5.1 Intro to the while Loop
Validation – Checking the user input to ensure
program can use it
Algorithm:
1. Check input for validity
2. If invalid
1. Print error message
2. Ask for input again
3. Repeat step 1
3. Else proceed w/ the rest of the program

Relation to Test-Suite:
• Normal / Boundary cases are valid
• Extreme / Error cases are invalid
• The goal of validation is to prevent extreme/error cases from happening
5.2 – Using the While Loop for Input Validation
1.
2.
Input Validation w/ if Statement
3. Example
4.
5. unsigned input;
6. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: ";
7. cin >> input;
8.
9. bool isValid = input >= 1 && input <= 15;
10.
11. if (!isValid)
12. return 0;
13.
14. cout << " Our number is valid. ";
15.
1.
2.
Input Validation w/ while Loop
3. Example
4.
5. unsigned input;
6. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: ";
7. cin >> input;
8.
9. bool isValid = input >= 1 && input <= 15;
10.
11. while (!isValid){
12. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: ";
13. cin >> input;
14. isValid = input >= 1 && input <= 15;
15. }
Loop Control Variable – specifically created to
control when to loop and when to end the loop
Requirements for finite loop:
1. Initialize control variable
2. Test w/ control variable
3. Execute loop code
4. Update control variable, repeat step 2

Note: infinite loop is the result of not updating a loop control

variable

3.4 Overflow and Underflow

1.
2.
Infinite w/ while Loop
3. Example
4. Control variables

5. unsigned num_tries = 0;
6. Test w/ Control
7. while (num_tries > -1){
8. cout << "Number of tries is " << num_tries;
9. num_tries++; Update Control
10. }
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of
User Attempts
Description: The program asks a user to enter an integer N
between 1 and 15 and computes the sum of integers from 0 to
N. The user has only two tries. If the user failed to enter an
integer between 1 and 15 on the second try then the program
should exit without computing the sum.

Analysis: Code Logic:

Input : integer ( 1 ≥ 𝑁𝑁 ≤ 15) 𝑁𝑁 ≥ 1 && 𝑁𝑁 ≤ 15
Equation: x = ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑖𝑖 Loop from 0 to N
Constraint: User has only two tries. tries ≤ 2
Output: x
3.4 Overflow and Underflow
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of
User Attempts
Solution:
1. Set a counter to 0
2. Ask user to enter integer N between 1 and 15
3. Check user input
a. If input is valid perform calculation
b. If input is invalid && counter has not equal to 2 (Extreme
Case)
 Increment counter
 Repeat step 2
4. Display Calculation and/or End Program 3.4 Overflow and Underflow
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of
User Attempts
Constraint #1: integer N between 1 and 15

𝑁𝑁 ≥ 1 && 𝑁𝑁 ≤ 15

What does this mean for valid vs. invalid inputs?

3.4 Overflow and Underflow

Increment/Decrement – change a value by 1

• Operators that changes a variable by 1

• Applies to a single variable
• Often used to update loop control variables

Syntax Prefix: (op)variable;

Syntax Postfix: variable(op);
Example: x++;
5.3 The increment and decrement operator
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of User
Attempts
Solution:
1. SET a counter to 0
2. PROMPT/GET user to enter integer N between 1 and 15
3. CHECK user input
a. IF input is valid perform calculation
b. IF input is invalid && counter less than 2 (Extreme Case)
 Increment counter
 Repeat step 2
4. DISPLAY Calculation and/or End Program
3.4 Overflow and Underflow
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of User
Attempts
Solution:
1. SET a counter to 0
2. PROMPT/GET user to enter integer N between 1 and 15
3. CHECK user input
a. IF input is valid perform calculation
b. IF input is invalid && counter less than 2 (Extreme Case)
 ++ counter
 Repeat step 2
4. DISPLAY Calculation and/or End Program
3.4 Overflow and Underflow
 Operator Precedence 4.0 – Defines the priority
for evaluating operations in a program
Highest Significance Operator Description Type Associativity Week

Naming :: Scope Resolution General 1-2

Grouping ( ) ++ -- Parentheses post-fix incr/decr General 1-2, 5, 6

Unary + - ! ++ -- plus/minus negation pre-fix 2, 4, 5,6

Multiplicative * / % product quotient remainder Math / Logic

2
Additive + - add subtract

I/O << >> Insertion Extraction Stream 2

Comparison > >= < <= greater less Relational

4
Logic == != equal not equal Equality

Assigning = += -= *= /= %= Assignment General 2

Conditional && And

Logic 4
Logic || Or

Lowest Separator , Common General 1

Increment/Decrement – Operators Modes

Prefix mode
E.g. m = 3;
n = ++m;

Postfix mode
E.g. m = 3;
n = m++;

5.3 The increment and decrement operator

1.
2.
Increment/Decrement Operators
3. Example
4.
5. int num = 4 // num starts out with 4
6.
7. // display the value in num
8. cout << "The variable num is " << num << '\n’;
9. cout << "I will now increment num. \n\n";
10.
11. // User postfix ++ to increment num
12. num++;
13. cout << "Now the variable num is " << num << '\n’;
14. cout << "I will increment num again. \n\n";
15.
16. //User prefix ++ to increment num
17. ++num;
18. cout << "Now the variable num is " << num << '\n’;
19. cout << "I will decrement num again. \n\n";
20.
21. //User postfix -- to decrement num
22. num--;
23. cout << "Now the variable num is " << num << '\n’;
24. cout << "I will decrement num again. \n\n";
25.
26. //User prefix -- to decrement num
27. --num;
28. cout << "Now the variable num is " << num << '\n';
29.
30.
Increment/Decrement – Notes

Can be used in expressions:

result = num1++ + --num2;
Must be applied to something that has a memory.
Cannot have:
result = (num1 + num2)++;
Can be used in logical expressions:
if (++num > limit)
pre- and post-operations will cause different comparisons

5.3 The increment and decrement operator

Prefix vs. Postfix– Notes

 ++ and -- operators can be used in complex statements and

expressions

 In prefix mode (++val, --val)

1. increment/decrement variable’s value
2. use new value of variable in expression
 In postfix mode (val++, val--)
1. Use current value of the variable in expression
2. Increment/decrement variable’s value

5.3 The increment and decrement operator

1.
2.
Increment/Decrement Operators
3. Example
4.
5. int num, val = 12;
6.
7. cout << val++;
8. cout << ++val;
9.
10.
num = --val;
11.
12.
num = val--;
13.
14.
15.
Loop Design Patterns

1. Counter-Controlled
2. Sentinel-Controlled
3. Flag-Controlled

3.4 Overflow and Underflow

Counter – loop control variable that counts up/down

Requirements for counter-controlled loop:

1. Set the counter (initialize)
2. Test w/ counter
3. Execute loop code
4. Update counter (increment/decrement)
5. Repeat step 2

Note: Counter type should be an integer, not a float

5.4 The counter-controlled Loop
1.
2.
Counter-controlled w/ while Loop
3. Example
4.
5. unsigned num_tries = 0; Counter

6.
Test w/ counter
7. while (num_tries < 2)
8. {
9. num_tries++; update counter

10. }
11.
12. cout << "Number of tries is " << num_tries;
13.
14.
15.
Lab #1 Case Study – Stricting the number of User
Attempts
Solution:
1. SET a counter to 0
2. PROMPT/GET user to enter integer N between 1 and 15
3. CHECK user input
a. IF input is valid perform calculation
b. IF input is invalid && counter less than 2 (Extreme Case)
 ++ counter
 Repeat step 2
4. DISPLAY Calculation and/or End Program
3.4 Overflow and Underflow
1.
2.
Input Validation & Counting
3. Case-study Example Version 1
4. Counter Control variables

5. unsigned num_tries = 0, input;

6. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: ";
7. cin >> input;
8. Invalid Input # of attempts
9. while ((input < 1 || input > 15)&& num_tries < 2){
10. cout << "Invalid entry, Enter an integer N between";
11. cout << " 1 and 15: ";
12. cin >> input; Update control #1

13. if (++num_tries == 2) Update control #2

14. return 0;
15. }
1.
2.
Running Total
3. Example
4.
5. unsigned total = 0, input; INITIALIZE total

6.
7. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: "; PROMPT

8. cin >> input; GET input

9.
10. for (unsigned i = 0; i <= input; i++)
11. total += i; UPDATE total

12.
13. cout << "The sum of all numbers from 0 to "
14. << input << " is " << total; DISPLAY total

15.
Sentinel – a specific pre-determined value used to
signal the end of reading input
Sentinel Loop Strategy:
1. Set the sentinel (initialize)
2. Test w/ sentinel and control variable
3. Execute loop code
4. Read the next data item into control variable (update)
5. Repeat step 2

Note: Has same type as the input data read in

5.6 The sentinel-controlled Loop
1.
2.
Sentinel Controlled Loop
3. Example
4.
5. int grade = 0, sum = 0, num_students = 30;
6. const int SENTINEL = -1; INITIALIZE sentinel

7. cout << “Enter the grade or -1 to finish\n"; PROMPT

8. cin >> grade; GET input

9.
10. while (grade != SENTINEL) { TEST control w/ SENTINEL

11. sum = sum + grade;

12. num_students = num_students + 1;
13. cout << "Please insert the grade or -1 to finish\n";

14. cin >> grade; UPDATE control

15. }
Flag – a variable that signals that a condition has
been met
Flag Loop Strategy:
1. Set the flag (initialize)
2. Test w/ flag (condition not met)
3. Execute loop code
4. CHECK if condition is met (update flag)
5. Repeat step 2

Note: Flags can be integers or bools

1.
2.
Flag Controlled Loop
3. Example
4.
5. int grade, sum = 0, num_students = 0;
6. bool isValid = false; // flag INITIALIZE flag

7.
8. // validate input
9. while (!isValid) TEST w/ flag

10. {
11. cout << "Enter the grade : \n";
DO something
12. cin >> grade;
13. isValid = grade > 0; UPDATE flag

14. }
15.
do-while loop – Pos-test loop that repeats while a
condition is satisfied
Looping
entry • post-test – a loop that tests after
conditional code is executed
statement true
• Only Loop that ends with a semi-colon
condition
Syntax: do
false statement;
Syntax: while(condition);

exit
5.7 The do-while Loop
do-while Loop – Mechanics

1. Initialize a control variable

2. Execute some code / Update control variable
3. Perform test w/ control variable
4. While test is true repeat Step 2

Syntax: init-control;
do{
execute / update-control
} while(test-control);
5.7 The do-while Loop
1.
2.
do-while Loop
3. Example
4.
5. int grade, sum = 0, num_students = 0; INITIALIZE control

6. do{
7. cout << “Enter the grade or -1 to finish\n";
8. cin >> grade; UPDATE control

9.
10. if(grade != -1){ DO something

11. sum = sum + grade;

12. num_students = num_students + 1;
13. }
14. } while (grade != -1); TEST w/ control

15.
1.
2.
Input Validation & Counting
3. Case-study Example Version 2
4.
5. unsigned num_tries = 0, input; INITIALIZE Control variables
6. do{ Do Something

7. if (num_tries == 2) TEST w/ control

8. return 0;
9. cout << "Enter an integer N between 1 and 15: ";
10. cin >> input;
11. Update control(s)

12. num_tries++;
13. } while (input < 1 || input > 15 ); TEST w/ control

14.
15.
do-while Loop – Notes

• Loop always executes at least once

• Execution continues as long as expression is true
• Useful in menu-driven programs to bring user back to menu to
make another choice
• Often used to implement data-validation

5.7 The do-while Loop

for loop – Pre-test loop that repeats for a finite
number of iterations
Looping
entry • pre-test – a loop that tests before
repeating the conditional code
condition true statement • Uses the counter-controlled strategy

Syntax:for(init; test; update)

false body

exit
5.8 The for Loop
for Loop – Mechanics

1. Initialize a control variable

2. Perform test w/ control variable
3. While test is true
4. Execute some code
5. Update control variable

Syntax: for(init-ctrl; test-ctrl; update)

body

5.8 The for Loop

1.
2.
Repeated Phrase
3. Example
4. INITIALIZE
5. int count;
6. TEST UPDATE
7. for (count = 1; count <= 5; count++)
8. cout << “Hello” << endl; DO something

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. 5.8 The for Loop
1.
2.
Factorial
3. Example
4.
5. int count;
6.
7. int product, n;
8. product = 1;
9. cin >> n;
10. INITIALIZE TEST UPDATE
11. for (int i = n; i > 1; i--)
12. product *= i; DO something

13.
14. cout << n << "! = " << product;
15.
1.
2.
Multiple Initialization/Test/Updates
3. Example
4.
5. int count;
6. INITIALIZE
7. int x, y;
8. TEST UPDATE
9. for (x = 1, y = 1; x <= 5, y <= 3; x++, y++)
10. {
11. cout << x << " plus " << y << " equals «
DO something
12. << (x + y) << endl;
13. }
14.
15.
for Loop – Notes

• Usually used when:

1. Initialization at the start of the loop is required
2. Update after each iteration is required
3. You know how many times you need to repeat something
• Initialization can be optional if you already initialized a control
variable
• Test is optional, jump statement would be required to end loop

5.8 The for Loop

Deciding Which Loop to Use
• The while loop is a conditional pretest loop
• Iterates as long as a certain condition exits
• Validating input
• Reading lists of data terminated by a sentinel

• The do-while loop is a conditional posttest loop

• Always iterates at least once
• Repeating a menu

• The for loop is a pretest loop

• Built-in expressions for initializing, testing, and updating
• Situations where the exact number of iterations is known

5.9 Deciding Which Loop to Use

Nested Loops – Loop contained inside of another
loop
entry

condition#1
Condition true statement1 entry

false
Condition #2 true statement1
statement2
false

statement3

exit exit

5.10 Nested Loop

Nested Loops

• A nested loop has two parts:

1. Inner (inside) loop
2. Outer (outside) loop

for (init;
(row=1;test;
row<=3; row++)
condition) //outer
for (col=1; col<=3; col++)
statement; //inner
cout << row * col << endl;

5.10 Nested Loop

Nested Loop - Notes

• Inner loop goes through all repetitions for each repetition of

outer loop

• Inner loop repetitions complete sooner than outer loop

• Total number of repetitions for inner loop is product of number

of repetitions of the two loops.

5.10 Nested Loop

1.
2.
Nested Loop
3. Example
4.
5. cout << setw(12) << "i" << setw(6) << "j\n";
6.
7. for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
8. { Outer Loop

9. cout << "Outer" << setw(7) << i << endl;

10. for (int j = 0; j < i; ++)
11. cout << " Inner" << setw(10) << j << endl; Inner Loop

12. } // end outer loop

13.
14.
15.
Nested for Loop

51
1.
2.
Nested Loop
3. Example
4.
5. for (int row = 0; row < 11; row++)
6. { Outer Loop
7. cout << "Multiples of " << row << endl;
8. for (int col = 0; col < 11; col++) {
9. cout << row << " x " << col << " = " << row * col
10. << " " << endl; Inner Loop
11. }
12. cout << endl;
13. }
14.
15.
Nested Loop – Multiplication Table

53
Jumping Loops – Jump statements alter the control
flow of loops
• continue – skips to the next iteration of the loop
• break – ends the execution of the loop (poor design)

Syntax: break;
Syntax Pcontinue;

5.11 Breaking Out of A Loop

1.
2.
Nested for Loop w/ continue
3. Example
iteration
4.
5. for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++){
6. if (i % 5 != 0 || i % 13 != 0) Outer Loop
7. continue; JUMP
8. int total = 0;
9.
10. for (int j = 0; j < i; j++){
11. total += j;
12. } Inner Loop

13. cout << total << endl;

14. }
15.