Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer rate of a network or

internet connection.
Bandwidth is used to measure how much data can be sent over a
specific period of time (usually 1 second) and is NOT the same as
network speed
Network speed refers to how quickly data can be uploaded or
downloaded.
Megabits per second (Mbps) is the most common measurement of
internet connections e.g 4 Mbps, 25 Mbps etc.
Upload - When you send data to the internet e.g uploading
files, streaming.
Download - When you receive data from the internet e.g
most things you do on the internet. Upload speeds are
usually much slower than download speeds

• Different applications require different amounts of

speeds:
• Browsing = 1 Mbps download speed
• Streaming = 4 Mbps upload speed
• (480p), 13 Mbps upload speed (1080p
A network is a connection between 2 or more computers where files and data are
transferred
- Data is broken down into packets. Packets travel in different routes and
reassemble to form the data when they reach their destination

Each data packet has:

- Source and destination IP Addresses (header)
- Payload (actual content)
- Sequence number
- Hop Count (time to leave)
- Checksum
A network is a connection between 2 or more computers where files and data are
transferred

Sequence number Used for knowing how to reassemble the packets

upon arriving and also to verify all packets are received.

Hop Count: The time to live value which indicates how many
hops (switches & routers) the packet can travel through before it drops

Checksum: Used for error checking and ensuring the integrity of the
packet.
• Verifies the checksum value. If there is a discrepancy, sends a
request to resend the packet.
• Checks sequence numbers of all packets to reassemble the data.

How Fast?
• In a fiberoptic cable, the speed for a data packet is about 200 000
km/s (124 300 miles/second)
• Can travel around the world 5 times in a second
• These are pieces of text stored by a web server on your hard disk
• They allow a web site to store information on your computer and
then later retrieve
• Their purpose is to identify a user, check for their past activity on
the website and use this record to provide the most relevant
information to the user
• In other words, cookies are like tags used by web servers to
identify a user
• cookies are like tags used by web servers to identify a
user
• Session cookies can store your shopping cart on e-
commerce sites
• Persistent cookies can store your 'remember me' data
on a website e.g login information
• BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform basic functions
such as booting and keyboard control.
• It's the very first program that runs on a computer.
• Settings stored in the BIOS is non volatile

• Boot order
• Date & time
• Amount of memory installed
• Hard drive settings
• Power settings
• Fan settings
• Complimentary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor
• The CMOS is stored in a battery
• The CMOS stores the changes you make to the
• BIOS e.g time
• UEFI- Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
• New interface replacing BIOS
• The motherboard holds and connects different parts of a
computer together
• CPU sockets
• Power connectors
• Slots for memory
• The ROM chip
• Graphics card
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The processor is the heart of the computer
• It’s responsible for telling all the other components in a
computer what to do, according to the instructions it is given
by the programs (software) running on that computer.

• Processor speed is expressed in gigahertz(GHz) and is an

indication of how many calculations a processor can make
each second – the higher the number, the more calculations.
2.4GHz, 3.6GHz
• Cache memory is an extremely fast memory that sits between the CPU
and RAM
• It holds the most frequently requested data and instructions so that
they are immediately available to the CPU when needed.
• When a request for data is made, the processor first checks to see if it
exists in the cache before checking the RAM
• L1 Cache - Sits directly on the CPU
• L2 Cache - a chip on the motheboard connected very close to the CPU
• L3 Cache - Serves as a backup for L1 & L2
• Used for firmware updates like BIOS which supports the booting
process
• Data is only read here and its non volatile
• A framework is built on a programming language and its a
platform for developing applications
• Frameworks help programmers to save time by not needing
to write some code from scratch
• Frameworks help with developing one specific type of
application e.g web applications, mobile applications
• Programming Languages & Frameworks:
• Javascript (Angular, React)
• Ruby (Rails)
• Python (Django & Flask)
• A library is like a framework but is more versatile and can be
used to build different types of applications
• Frameworks are easier to use but libraries offer more flexibility
• The cloud refers to servers accessed on the internet as well as the
software and data contained in them
• Users and companies no longer need to manage physical servers
anymore or run applications from their computers
• Users can also access their data from any device as long as they are
connected to the cloud
• Software as a Service (SaaS) e.g Instagram Mailchimp, Slack,
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) Companies do not pay for applications but
pay for the tools they would need to build their own applications
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Companies rent servers and storage
to build their own applications. Companies would already have access
to the tools they need to build their applications.
• Function as a Service (FaaS) Companies pay for specific tools &
software for a specific period of time
• Used for translating IP addresses into domain names
• e.g. [Link] = [Link]
• Commonly referred to as the phone book of the internet
• Consists of several DNS servers that work in a hierarchical
structure
• At the very top of the structure exist a special group of
DNS servers called the Root servers
• Every DNS server has the list of all root DNS Servers
• Your web hosts have DNS Servers that are responsible for
ensuring your domain name points to the right IP address
• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL
• a set of standardized rules that allow computers to communicate
on a network such as the internet.
• TCP/IP is a collection of protocols
• How do we start the conversation?
• Whose turn is it to communicate?
• How do I know your received my message correctly?
• How do we end the conversation?
• IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent.
• TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been
found.
• TCP/IP divides the different communications tasks into 4 layers
that have different functions.
• Data goes through these 4 individual layers before it is received
on the other end
• TCP/IP then goes through these layers in reverse order to
reassemble the data and to present it to the recipient.
 • Handles the physical parts of sending and receiving data using the Ethernet
cable, wireless network, network interface card etc

• The internet layer (also called the network layer) controls the movement
of packets around the network.

• Provides a reliable data connection between two devices.

• Divides the data into packets,
• Acknowledges the packets that it has received from the sender
• Makes sure that the receiver acknowledges the packets it receives.

• This is what the user typically interacts with, such as email and messaging.
• TCP/IP is modeled after the OSI model

OSI MODEL TCP/IP LAYERS

TCP/IP COMMUNICATION
• Creates a secured connection to a network
• Provides encryption for your data when using the internet
• Provides privacy and allows access to region restricted content
• Ability to change your IP address
• Website = Domain name + Web Hosting
• domain name represents the name of your website
• Domain names are used instead of IP addresses because they are
easier to remember
e.g. [Link] = [Link]
• .com, .org, .biz = Top Level Domain (TLD)
• .uk, .in= Country Code Top Level Domain – ccTLD
• .edu, .gov= Sponsored Top Level Domain – sTLD
• A domain registrar is a company that sells domain names that
aren't currently owned and are available for registration
• A web host is a business that provides the technologies and
services needed for a website to be viewed on the Internet.
• Web Servers
• Domain Name
• Security/Monitoring
• Backups
• Email Accounts
• Shared
• Dedicated
• VPS
• Cloud
• Several web hosting customers share the same computer. All of the websites
contents are stored in the same drive, processed by the same CPU, and
delivered by the same web server.
• Issues on other websites using the same web server can affect your own
website

• The web server is exclusively provided to you and your website is the
only one stored on it.
• Most powerful & Most expensive
• Middle ground between shared and dedicated hosting.
• Each website is hosted within its own space on the server, though it
still shares a physical server with other users.

• A large number of computers are all clustered together, and any

applications running on them can make use of their combined
computing resources.
• With this type of hosting, your Virtual Private Server is one of
hundreds all sharing a giant pool of computing resources.
• Man in the Middle Attack: Hacker intercepts the connection
between 2 networks and can steal or modify the data
exchanged
• Brute Force Attack: Hacker attempts to crack the password
by trying millions of combinations of numbers, letters &
symbols
• Zero Day Exploit: Hacker tries to take advantage of a known
vulnerability before a patch is developed
• SQL Injection: Hackers attempts to insert malicious code
using SQL so the database reveals sensitive informatio
• Anti-malware
• Firewalls
• VPNs
• Encryption
• Multi Factor Authentication Methods
• Biometrics
• Anti-virus, Anti-Phishing, Anti-Trojan
• Offer real time protection against malware
• Scan USB and other hard drives for infected files

• Virtual Private Network

• Encrypts data sent to the internet
• Can be used to change location virtually
• Act as a barrier between internal company network and
outside network i.e the internet
• Regulate communication and transfer of data between these
2 networks
• Process of encoding data making it unintelligible &
scrambled
• One key to encrypt data and another to decrypt it

Authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical

characteristics that can be automatically checked e.g
fingerprints, face scan, voice recognition
• Process where access is granted only after a user provides
more than one piece of evidence to confirm their identity
• Knowledge factor - something the user knows e.g password
• Possession factor - something the user has e.g token, key,
phone
• Inherence factor - something the user is e.g eye and finger
print (Biometrics)