INTRODUCTION TO WIND LOADS (PART 1)

TERMINOLOGIES
 Ridge - the peak or highest point of a sloping roof
 Windward - the side of structure that faces the wind
 Leeward - the side of structure that sheltered from the wind
 Negative Wind Pressure - known as suction, it is the wind force that creates negative pressure on leeward wall and roof, pulling the elements
away from building
 Positive Wind Pressure - known as uplift, the wind force that pushes against windward wall and roof, creating inward pressure on structure

 Internal Pressure - the pressure that builds up in enclosed building due to wind forces
 Windward Wall Pressure - its pressure varies as value of Kz also varies, unlike Kh which is fixed

VARIABLES
Mean Roof Height
 𝒉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 10°  𝜽 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
 𝑹𝑯 = 𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡  𝑩 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑬𝑯 = 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡  𝑳 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝒛 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Design Pressure
 𝒑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝑮 = 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝒒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒  𝑪𝒑 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
 𝒒𝒊 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒  𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Velocity Pressure
 𝑞𝑧 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙  𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝑞ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙  𝐾𝑑 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝐾𝑧 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑧  𝐾𝑒 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, equivalent to 1
 𝐾ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ  𝑉 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

FORMULAS
Mean Roof Height (h)  h = 𝑅𝐻 + 𝐸𝐻⁄2

Design Pressure (p)  𝑝 = 𝑞𝐺𝐶𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖 (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )

Velocity Pressure at z height (𝑞𝑧 )  𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑒 𝑉 2

Velocity Pressure at h height (𝑞ℎ )  𝑞ℎ = 0.613𝐾ℎ 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑒 𝑉 2

FIGURE
TABLES
 INTRODUCTION TO WIND LOADS (PART 2)

TERMINOLOGIES
 Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) - an assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide stability of the buildng ; receibes
wind loading from more than one surface
 Components and Cladding (C&C) - elements of building that do not quality as part of I

 Cladding - receives the pressure and transfers load to the MWFRS ; e.g. wall coverings, doors, exterior windows, curtain walls
 Components - receives the wind loads directly from cladding ; e.g. fasteners, girts, studs, purlins

 Directional Procedure - a method of determinining wind loads by taking account the directionality of wind ; involves calculating the wind
loads separately for each wind direction, then combined
 Envelope Procedure - a method of determining wind loads by calculating the worse-case scenario of highest possible wind speed at most
critical section

FIGURES
 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
MWFRS Directional Procedure with Emphasis to Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings

TERMINOLOGIES
 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings with Flat, Gable, Hip, Monoslope, or Mansard Roofs - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-1; NSCP 2015 Figure
207B.4-1
 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings with Domed Roofs with Circular Base - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-2 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-2
 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings with Arched Roofs - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-3 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-3
 Open Buildings with Monoslope Roofs - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-4 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-4
 Open Buildings with Pitched Free Roofs - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-5 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-5
 Open Buildings with Trough Free Roofs - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-6 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-6
 Open Buildings Wind Paralllel to Ridge - ASCE 7-16 Chapter 27.3-7 ; NSCP 2015 Figure 207B.4-7

VARIABLES
Design Pressure
 𝒑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝑮 = 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝒒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒  𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 𝒒𝒊 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒  𝑪𝒑 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 𝒒𝒉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡  𝑪𝒏 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

FORMULAS
Pressure (for Enclosed and Partially
 𝑝 = 𝑞𝐺𝐶𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖 (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )
Enclosed Buildings)
Pressure (for Open Buildings)  𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ (𝐺𝐶𝑛 )

FIGURE
Scenario A - WIND DIRECTION NORMAL TO RIDGE
PROBLEM SOLVING

Example 1
Solution:
𝐸𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻 20.91 + 25.10
1. ℎ = = = 23 𝑚
2 2
𝑅𝐻−𝐸𝐻 25.10−20.91
2. 𝜃= tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 20°
𝐵/2 23/2
3. 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒
 𝐵 = 36 𝑚
 𝐿 = 23 𝑚
ℎ
 ℎ/𝐿 = 23/23 = 1 ---- 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7 & − 0.18 ( ≥ 1 ; 𝜃 = 20°)
𝐿
𝐿
 𝐿/𝐵 = 23/36 = 0.64 ---- Wind 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5 ( = 0 − 1)
𝐵
4. 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒
 𝐵 = 23 𝑚
 𝐿 = 36 𝑚
 ℎ/𝐿 = 23/36 = 0.64
 𝐿/𝐵 = 36/23 = 1.57

6. 𝐶𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 wind parallel to ridge